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Gebrie HT, Thankachan D, Tsai HC, Lai JY, Chang HM, Wu SY. Doxorubicin-loaded Polymeric Biotin-PEG-SeSe-PBLA Micelles with surface Binding of Biotin-Mediated Cancer Cell Targeting and Redox-Responsive Drug release for enhanced anticancer efficacy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 241:114028. [PMID: 38905811 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Biotin receptors are overexpressed in various cancer cell types, essential in tumor development, metabolism, and metastasis. Chemotherapeutic agents may be more effective and have fewer adverse effects if they specifically target the biotin receptors on cancer cells. Polymeric micelles (PMs) with nanoscale size via the EPR effect to accumulate near tumor tissue. We utilized the solvent exchange technique to crate polymeric Biotin-PEG-SeSe-PBLA micelles. This underwent self-assembly to create uniformly dispersed PMs with a hydrodynamic diameter of 81.54 ± 0.23 nm. The resulting PMs characterized by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. PMs exhibited a high efficacy of Doxorubicin encapsulation (EE) and loading content (DLC), with values of 5.93 wt% and 74.32 %, respectively. DOX@Biotin-PEG-SeSe-PBLA micelles showed optimal DOX release, around 89 % and 74 % in 10 mM glutathione and 0.1 % H2O2, respectively, within 72 hours, in the simulated cancer redox pool. Fascinatingly, the blank Biotin-PEG-SeSe-PBLA micelles did not affect the HaCaT or HeLa cell lines; approximately 85 % of the cells were metabolically active. Contrarily, at a 5 μg/ml concentration, DOX@Biotin-PEG-SeSe-PBLA specifically inhibited the proliferation of roughly 76 % of HeLa cells and 11 % of HaCaT cells. The fluorescence microscopy results demonstrated that biotin-decorated micelles were more successfully internalized by HeLa cells, which overexpress the biotin receptor, than by non-targeted micelles in vitro. In summary, the diselenide-linked Biotin-PEGSeSe-PBLA formed smart PMs that could offer DOX specific to cancer cells with precision and are physiologically durable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailemichael Tegenu Gebrie
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Darieo Thankachan
- Department of materials science and engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC; Advanced Membrane Material Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC; R&d Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Juin-Yih Lai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC; Advanced Membrane Material Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC; R&d Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hao-Ming Chang
- Division of General Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Szu-Yuan Wu
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Big Data Center, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Business Administration, College of Management, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Artificial Intelligence Development Center, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Center for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ghandforoushan P, Alehosseini M, Golafshan N, Castilho M, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Hanaee J, Davaran S, Orive G. Injectable hydrogels for cartilage and bone tissue regeneration: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125674. [PMID: 37406921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Annually, millions of patients suffer from irreversible injury owing to the loss or failure of an organ or tissue caused by accident, aging, or disease. The combination of injectable hydrogels and the science of stem cells have emerged to address this persistent issue in society by generating minimally invasive treatments to augment tissue function. Hydrogels are composed of a cross-linked network of polymers that exhibit a high-water retention capacity, thereby mimicking the wet environment of native cells. Due to their inherent mechanical softness, hydrogels can be used as needle-injectable stem cell carrier materials to mend tissue defects. Hydrogels are made of different natural or synthetic polymers, displaying a broad portfolio of eligible properties, which include biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, shear-thinning properties as well as tunable biological and physicochemical properties. Presently, novel ongoing developments and native-like hydrogels are increasingly being used broadly to improve the quality of life of those with disabling tissue-related diseases. The present review outlines various future and in-vitro applications of injectable hydrogel-based biomaterials, focusing on the newest ongoing developments of in-situ forming injectable hydrogels for bone and cartilage tissue engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ghandforoushan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran; Clinical Research Development, Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Alehosseini
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nasim Golafshan
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Miguel Castilho
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jalal Hanaee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Networking Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain; University of the Basque Country, Spain.
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A novel pH-and temperature sensitive polymer based on MoS2 modified poly (N-Isopropyl Acrylamide)/ allyl acetoacetate for doxorubicin delivery: synthesis, characterization, in-vitro release and cytotoxicity studies. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
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Abed HF, Abuwatfa WH, Husseini GA. Redox-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems: A Chemical Perspective. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3183. [PMID: 36144971 PMCID: PMC9503659 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread global impact of cancer on humans and the extensive side effects associated with current cancer treatments, a novel, effective, and safe treatment is needed. Redox-responsive drug delivery systems (DDSs) have emerged as a potential cancer treatment with minimal side effects and enhanced site-specific targeted delivery. This paper explores the physiological and biochemical nature of tumors that allow for redox-responsive drug delivery systems and reviews recent advances in the chemical composition and design of such systems. The five main redox-responsive chemical entities that are the focus of this paper are disulfide bonds, diselenide bonds, succinimide-thioether linkages, tetrasulfide bonds, and platin conjugates. Moreover, as disulfide bonds are the most commonly used entities, the review explored disulfide-containing liposomes, polymeric micelles, and nanogels. While various systems have been devised, further research is needed to advance redox-responsive drug delivery systems for cancer treatment clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba F. Abed
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waad H. Abuwatfa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghaleb A. Husseini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
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Gebrie HT, Addisu KD, Darge HF, Birhan YS, Thankachan D, Tsai HC, Wu SY. pH/redox-responsive core cross-linked based prodrug micelle for enhancing micellar stability and controlling delivery of chemo drugs: An effective combination drug delivery platform for cancer therapy. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 139:213015. [PMID: 35882161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Core-crosslinking of micelles (CCMs) appears to be a favorable strategy to enhance micellar stability and sustained release of the loaded drug. In this study, the DOX-conjugated pH-sensitive polymeric prodrug Methoxy Poly (ethylene oxide)-b-Poly (Aspartate-Hydrazide) (mPEG-P [Asp-(Hyd-DOX)] was created using ring-opening polymerization. To further enhance the micellar system, 3,3'-diselanediyldipropanoic acid (DSeDPA) was applied to link the hydrophobic segment via click reaction to form pH/redox-responsive CCMs. Dual anti-cancer drugs, DOX as a pro-drug and SN-38 as a targeting drug, were used to enhance inhibition. DLS confirmed that the non-cross-linked micelle (NCMs) showed a higher (96.43 nm) particle size compared to the CCMs (72.63 nm). Due to micellar shrinkage after crosslinking, CCMs displayed SN-38 drug loading (7.32 %) and encapsulation efficiency (86.23 %). The mPEG-P(Asp-Hyd) copolymer's in vitro cytotoxicity on HeLa and HaCaT cell lines found that 84.52 % of the cells are alive, and zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae are highly biocompatible. The DOX/SN-38@CCMs had a sustained discharge profile in vitro, unlike the DOX/SN-38@NCMs. In DOX/SN-38@CCMs, HeLa cells were inhibited 50.90 % more than HaCaT (14.25 %) at the maximum drug dose (10 μg/mL). The CCMs successfully targeted and supplied DOX/SN-38 in HeLa cells rather than HaCaT cells, based on cellular uptake of 2D cell culture. CCMs, unlike NCMs, inhibit the growth of spheroids for extended periods of time due to the prolonged release of the loaded drug. Overall, CCMs are good-looking for use as regulated delivery of DOX/SN-38 in cancer cells because of all of these appealing characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailemichael Tegenu Gebrie
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kefyalew Dagnew Addisu
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Haile Fentahun Darge
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yihenew Simegniew Birhan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Darieo Thankachan
- Department of Materials Science And Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC; Advanced Membrane Material Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC; R&d Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Szu-Yuan Wu
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan; Big Data Center, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan; Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Artificial Intelligence Development Center, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan.; Graduate Institute of Business Administration, College of Management, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Petrisor G, Ficai D, Motelica L, Trusca RD, Bîrcă AC, Vasile BS, Voicu G, Oprea OC, Semenescu A, Ficai A, Popitiu MI, Fierascu I, Fierascu RC, Radu EL, Matei L, Dragu LD, Pitica IM, Economescu M, Bleotu C. Mesoporous Silica Materials Loaded with Gallic Acid with Antimicrobial Potential. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101648. [PMID: 35630870 PMCID: PMC9147919 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper aimed to develop two types of support materials with a mesoporous structure of mobile crystalline matter (known in the literature as MCM, namely MCM-41 and MCM-48) and to load them with gallic acid. Soft templating methodology was chosen for the preparation of the mesoporous structures—the cylindrical micelles with certain structural characteristics being formed due to the hydrophilic and hydrophobic intermolecular forces which occur between the molecules of the surfactants (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide—CTAB) when a minimal micellar ionic concentration is reached. These mesoporous supports were loaded with gallic acid using three different types of MCM—gallic acid ratios (1:0.41; 1:0.82 and 1:1.21)—and their characterizations by FTIR, SEM, XRD, BET and drug release were performed. It is worth mentioning that the loading was carried out using a vacuum-assisted methodology: the mesoporous materials are firstly kept under vacuum at ~0.1 barr for 30 min followed by the addition of the polyphenol solutions. The concentration of the solutions was adapted such that the final volume covered the wet mesoporous support and—in this case—upon reaching normal atmospheric pressure, the solution was pushed inside the pores, and thus the polyphenols were mainly loaded inside the pores. Based on the SBET data, it can be seen that the specific surface area decreased considerably with the increasing ratio of gallic acid; the specific surface area decreased 3.07 and 4.25 times for MCM-41 and MCM-48, respectively. The sample with the highest polyphenol content was further evaluated from a biological point of view, alone or in association with amoxicillin administration. As expected, the MCM-41 and MCM-48 were not protective against infections—but, due to the loading of the gallic acid, a potentiated inhibition was recorded for the tested gram-negative bacterial strains. Moreover, it is important to mention that these systems can be efficient solutions for the recovery of the gut microbiota after exposure to antibiotics, for instance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Petrisor
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (L.M.); (R.D.T.); (A.C.B.); (B.S.V.); (G.V.); (A.F.)
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Ficai
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Ludmila Motelica
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (L.M.); (R.D.T.); (A.C.B.); (B.S.V.); (G.V.); (A.F.)
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana Doina Trusca
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (L.M.); (R.D.T.); (A.C.B.); (B.S.V.); (G.V.); (A.F.)
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (L.M.); (R.D.T.); (A.C.B.); (B.S.V.); (G.V.); (A.F.)
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Stefan Vasile
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (L.M.); (R.D.T.); (A.C.B.); (B.S.V.); (G.V.); (A.F.)
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Georgeta Voicu
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (L.M.); (R.D.T.); (A.C.B.); (B.S.V.); (G.V.); (A.F.)
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Cristian Oprea
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Augustin Semenescu
- Department Engineering and Management for Transports, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anton Ficai
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.P.); (L.M.); (R.D.T.); (A.C.B.); (B.S.V.); (G.V.); (A.F.)
- National Research Center for Food Safety, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea Ionut Popitiu
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Reconstructive Microsurgery, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Piata Eftimie Murgu, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Irina Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.F.); (R.C.F.)
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Claudiu Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.F.); (R.C.F.)
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Lacramioara Radu
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Mihai Bravu 285, 030304 Bucharest, Romania; (E.L.R.); (L.M.); (L.D.D.); (I.M.P.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
| | - Lilia Matei
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Mihai Bravu 285, 030304 Bucharest, Romania; (E.L.R.); (L.M.); (L.D.D.); (I.M.P.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
| | - Laura Denisa Dragu
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Mihai Bravu 285, 030304 Bucharest, Romania; (E.L.R.); (L.M.); (L.D.D.); (I.M.P.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
| | - Ioana Madalina Pitica
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Mihai Bravu 285, 030304 Bucharest, Romania; (E.L.R.); (L.M.); (L.D.D.); (I.M.P.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
| | - Mihaela Economescu
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Mihai Bravu 285, 030304 Bucharest, Romania; (E.L.R.); (L.M.); (L.D.D.); (I.M.P.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Mihai Bravu 285, 030304 Bucharest, Romania; (E.L.R.); (L.M.); (L.D.D.); (I.M.P.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
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