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Signore A, Bentivoglio V, Varani M, Lauri C. Current Status of SPECT Radiopharmaceuticals for Specific Bacteria Imaging. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:142-151. [PMID: 36609002 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Imaging infection still represents a challenge for researchers. Despite nuclear medicine (NM) offers valuable tools able to discriminate between infections and inflammation, there is an unmet clinical need to develop new strategies able to specifically target the causative pathogen, to select the best antimicrobial treatment for each patient and to accurately assess therapeutic efficacy. These aspects are commonly addressed by microbiology or histology but the diagnosis often relies on invasive procedures that are prone to contamination or sample bias and do not reflect the spatial heterogeneity of the infective process. Therefore, in the era of personalized medicine and treatment, a lot of efforts are in play to improve a personalized diagnosis. Molecular imaging is an ideal candidate for this purpose and, indeed, research is going fast to this direction aiming to find more selective and proper antimicrobial treatments and to overcome broad-spectrum antibiotic use, which still represents the major cause of bacterial drug-resistance. Several approaches for specifically image bacteria have been proposed and provided encouraging perspectives in preclinical studies. Nevertheless, the majority of these promising approaches are still confined in "bench stages" and crucial issues still need to be addressed before their translation in clinical practice. This review will focus on radiolabeled antibiotics for SPECT imaging of bacteria, their mechanisms of action, their potentiality and limitations for "bed-side" applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Signore
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Valeria Bentivoglio
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Varani
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Lauri
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
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2
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Rizvi SFA, Jabbar T, Shahid W, Sanad MH, Zhang H. Facile One-Pot Strategy for Radiosynthesis of 99mTc-Doxycycline to Diagnose Staphylococcus aureus in Infectious Animal Models. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:2672-2683. [PMID: 35239149 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The accurate and early diagnosis of infection is an important feature in the biomedical sciences for better treatment and to decrease the rate of morbidity associated with diseases. Doxycycline (DC) is a semisynthetic antibiotic that belongs to tetracycline family and usually prescribed to treat a variety of infections. The objective of the present research work was to develop a new radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-Doxycycline (99mTc-DC), by using SnCl2·2H2O as a reducing agent for diagnostic applications. It was confirmed through this study that 99mTc-DC possessed high radiolabeling yield (95%). In vitro studies were performed by incubating 99mTc-DC in human serum at 37 °C. The in vitro binding interaction of the labeled antibiotic was analyzed with bacterial strain (live Staphylococcus aureus cells), and its stability was further determined. Moreover, for in vivo infection imaging study, the infection was induced with S. aureus (gram positive) cells intramuscularly injected in mice models followed by biodistribution studies for 99mTc-DC that were performed. Biodistribution studies of 99mTc-DC showed that the radiotracer was significantly accumulated at the site of infection and indicated the renal route of excretion. Scintigraphic images obtained as a result of in vivo study showed good uptake of prepared radiotracer (99mTc-DC) in the infectious lesions at 1-, 4-, and 24-h post-injection. Target-to-non-target ratios for 99mTc-DC were significantly different for the infectious lesions and non-infected tissues and remained 2.13 ± 0.3 up to 24-h post-injection of 99mTc-DC. 99mTc-DC showed preferential binding to living bacterial infected sites as compared to other parts of the body, and thus it can be inferred that 99mTc-DC might be a potential candidate to diagnose the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Faheem Askari Rizvi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tania Jabbar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINUM) Cancer Hospital, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Wajeehah Shahid
- Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - M H Sanad
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Labs Center, Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box 13759, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haixia Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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Signore A, Conserva M, Varani M, Galli F, Lauri C, Velikyan I, Roivainen A. PET imaging of bacteria. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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4
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El-Kawy OA, Abdelaziz G, Abdel-Razek AS. Radiolabeling, characterization and preclinical evaluation of plazomicin: a potential tracer for bacterial infection. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:688-702. [PMID: 34923759 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 99m Tc-plazomicin, a new radio-antibiotic complex, was prepared specifically for bacterial infection localization and monitoring. Factors affecting the labeling reaction were studied and optimized to obtain a high yield (98.8 ± 0.2%). In-silico, radiochemical and physicochemical characterization and biodistribution were performed to assess the complex aptness as a radiopharmaceutical. The complex was biologically evaluated in-vitro using bacteria and in-vivo using different inflammation models (sterile, bacterial, and fungal). Uptake in the bacterial model was highest (7.8 ± 0.3%). Results indicated that the technetium label did not alter the antibiotic biological behavior and backed the usefulness of 99m Tc-plazomicin as a potential tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A El-Kawy
- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, 13759, Egypt
| | - G Abdelaziz
- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, 13759, Egypt
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Physicochemical and Biological Study of 99mTc and 68Ga Radiolabelled Ciprofloxacin and Evaluation of [ 99mTc]Tc-CIP as Potential Diagnostic Radiopharmaceutical for Diabetic Foot Syndrome Imaging. Tomography 2021; 7:829-842. [PMID: 34941642 PMCID: PMC8707861 DOI: 10.3390/tomography7040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the application of ciprofloxacin as a biologically active molecule (vector) for delivering diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals to the sites of bacterial infection. Ciprofloxacin-based radioconjugates containing technetium-99m or gallium-68 radionuclides were synthesised, and their physicochemical (stability, lipophilicity) and biological (binding study to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) properties were investigated. Both the tested radiopreparations met the requirements for radiopharmaceuticals, and technetium-99m-labelled ciprofloxacin turned out to be a good radiotracer for the tomography of diabetic foot syndrome using SPECT.
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Naqvi SAR. 99m Tc-labeled antibiotics for infection diagnosis: Mechanism, action, and progress. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:56-74. [PMID: 34265177 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of penicillin marked a turning point in the history of infection therapy which also led to the emergence of bacterial resistance. It is now 100 years to fight with ever-muted variants of pathogens by developing more and more antibiotics. Since 1987 to todate, no successful class of antibiotic was introduced; this three decade period is known as "the discovery void" period. While, the clinically approved antibiotics are gradually dying in front of bacterial resistance due to which bacterial infections are appearing leading cause of death and disability. Nuclear medicine imaging technique is the strongest modality to diagnose and follow-up of deep-seated and complicated infections. However, the selection of radiolabeled antimicrobial agents plays critical role in gaining sensitivity and specificity of the imaging results. This review comprises of two main sections; first section explains antibiotic targets, and second section explains the imaging efficacy of 99m Tc-labeled antimicrobial agents against bacterial infection along with the emphasis on progress and update of 99m Tc-labeled antibiotics as infection imaging probes. The review, in conclusion, could be an acceleration for radiopharmaceutical chemists for designing and developing 99m Tc-labeled antimicrobial agents to improve infection imaging quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ali Raza Naqvi
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Silindir-Gunay M, Ozer AY. 99mTc-radiolabeled Levofloxacin and micelles as infection and inflammation imaging agents. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020; 56:101571. [PMID: 32288835 PMCID: PMC7104933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Easy and early detection of infection and inflammation is essential for early and effective treatment. In this study, PEGylated micelles were designed and both micelles and Levofloxacin were radiolabeled with 99mTcO4 - to develop potential radiotracers for detection of infection/inflammation. Radiolabeling efficiency, in vitro stability and bacterial binding of 99mTc-Levofloxacin and 99mTc-micelles were compared. The aim of this study is to formulate and compare 99mTc-Levofloxacin and 99mTc-micelles as infection and inflammation agents having different mechanisms for the accumulation at infection and inflammation site. PEGylated micelles were designed with a particle size of 80 ± 0.7 nm and proper characterization properties. High radiolabeling efficiency was achieved for 99mTc-Levofloxacin (96%) and 99mTc-micelles (87%). The radiolabeling efficiency was remained stable with some insignificant alterations for both radiotracers at 25 °C for 24 h. Although in vitro bacterial binding of 99mTc-levofloxacine was higher than 99mTc-micelles, 99mTc-micelles may also be evaluated potential agent due to long circulation and passive accumulation mechanisms at infection/inflammation site. Both radiopharmaceutical agents exhibit potential results in design, characterization, radiolabeling efficiency and in vitro bacterial binding point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Silindir-Gunay
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Radiopharmacy, 06100, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Asuman Yekta Ozer
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Radiopharmacy, 06100, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
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Shahzad S, Qadir MA, Rasheed R, Ahmed M. Synthesis of 99mTc-gemifloxacin freeze dried kits and their biodistribution in Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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9
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Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of bactericidal agent isolated from soil bacterium (Streptomyces). Nucl Med Commun 2018; 39:1081-1090. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tunçel A, Ocakoglu K, Colak SG, Yılmaz O, Öztürk İ, Yurt F. Evaluation of infection imaging potential of 131I-labeled imidazolium salt. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Dutta J, Naicker T, Ebenhan T, Kruger HG, Arvidsson PI, Govender T. Synthetic approaches to radiochemical probes for imaging of bacterial infections. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 133:287-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Rasheed R, Naqvi SAR, Gillani SJH, Zahoor AF, Jielani A, Saeed N. 99m
Tc-tazobactam, a novel infection imaging agent: Radiosynthesis, quality control, biodistribution, and infection imaging studies. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:242-249. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Rasheed
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy (INOR); Abbottabad Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry; Government College University; Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan
| | - Syed Ali Raza Naqvi
- Department of Chemistry; Government College University; Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan
| | | | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry; Government College University; Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan
| | - Asif Jielani
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy (INOR); Abbottabad Pakistan
| | - Nidda Saeed
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Practice; COMSATS Institute of Information Technology; Abbottabad Pakistan
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Ahmed MT, Naqvi SAR, Rasheed R, Zahoor AF, Usman M, Hussain Z. Technetium-99m-Labeled Sulfadiazine: a Targeting Radiopharmaceutical for Scintigraphic Imaging of Infectious Foci Due To Escherichia coli in Mouse and Rabbit Models. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:374-384. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Kniess T, Laube M, Wüst F, Pietzsch J. Technetium-99m based small molecule radiopharmaceuticals and radiotracers targeting inflammation and infection. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:14435-14451. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01735a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
99mTc-labeled antibiotics, antifungal drugs, antimicrobial peptides and COX-2 inhibitors are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Kniess
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- 01328 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Markus Laube
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- 01328 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Frank Wüst
- University of Alberta
- Department of Oncology
- 11560 University Avenue
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- 01328 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
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15
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Akbar MU, Ahmad MR, Shaheen A, Mushtaq S. A review on evaluation of technetium-99m labeled radiopharmaceuticals. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-5019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Auletta S, Galli F, Lauri C, Martinelli D, Santino I, Signore A. Imaging bacteria with radiolabelled quinolones, cephalosporins and siderophores for imaging infection: a systematic review. Clin Transl Imaging 2016; 4:229-252. [PMID: 27512687 PMCID: PMC4960278 DOI: 10.1007/s40336-016-0185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are still one of the main causes of patient morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nowadays, many imaging techniques, like computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, are used to identify inflammatory processes, but, although they recognize anatomical modifications, they cannot easily distinguish bacterial infective foci from non bacterial infections. In nuclear medicine, many efforts have been made to develop specific radiopharmaceuticals to discriminate infection from sterile inflammation. Several compounds (antimicrobial peptides, leukocytes, cytokines, antibiotics…) have been radiolabelled and tested in vitro and in vivo, but none proved to be highly specific for bacteria. Indeed factors, including the number and strain of bacteria, the infection site, and the host condition may affect the specificity of tested radiopharmaceuticals. Ciprofloxacin has been proposed and intensively studied because of its easy radiolabelling method, broad spectrum, and low cost, but at the same time it presents some problems such as low stability or the risk of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, in the present review studies with ciprofloxacin and other radiolabelled antibiotics as possible substitutes of ciprofloxacin are reported. Among them we can distinguish different classes, such as cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis, inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis and inhibitors of protein synthesis; then also others, like siderophores or maltodextrin-based probes, have been discussed as bacterial infection imaging agents. A systematic analysis was performed to report the main characteristics and differences of each antibiotic to provide an overview about the state of the art of imaging infection with radiolabelled antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Auletta
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, St. Andrea Hospital, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - F. Galli
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, St. Andrea Hospital, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - C. Lauri
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, St. Andrea Hospital, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - D. Martinelli
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - I. Santino
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Signore
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, St. Andrea Hospital, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
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Salahinejad M, Mirshojaei SF. Quantitative structure–activity relationship analysis to elucidate the clearance mechanisms of Tc-99m labeled quinolone antibiotics. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Radiocomplexation and evaluation of the 99mTc-Gemifloxacin in artificially Escherichia coli infected mice. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Mirshojaei SF. Advances in infectious foci imaging using 99mTc radiolabelled antibiotics. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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20
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Fazli A, Salouti M, Mazidi M. 99mTc-ceftriaxone, as a targeting radiopharmaceutical for scintigraphic imaging of infectious foci due to Staphylococcus aureus in mouse model. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-013-2523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Shah SQ, Khan MR. 99mTcN–gatifloxacin dithiocarbamate complex: a novel multi-drug-resistance Streptococcus pneumoniae (MRSP) infection radiotracer. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-011-1180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Radiosynthesis and biodistribution of 99mTc-tricarbonyl complex of temafloxacin dithiocarbamate: a potential Streptococci pneumoniae infection radiotracer. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-010-0936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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