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Daminescu D, Duteanu N, Ciopec M, Negrea A, Negrea P, Nemeş NS, Pascu B, Ianăşi C, Cotet L. Adsorption of Scandium Ions by Amberlite XAD7HP Polymeric Adsorbent Loaded with Tri-n-Octylphosphine Oxide. Molecules 2024; 29:1578. [PMID: 38611857 PMCID: PMC11013607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In an actual economic context, the demand for scandium has grown due to its applications in top technologies. However, further development of new technologies will lead to an increase in the market for Sc related to such technologies. The present study aims to improve and upgrade existing technology in terms of efficient scandium recovery, proposing a new material with selective adsorptive properties for scandium recovery. To highlight the impregnation of Amberlite XAD7HP resin with tri-n-octylphosphine oxide extractant by the solvent-impregnated resin method, the obtained adsorbent material was characterized by physico-chemical techniques. Further, the specific surface of the adsorbent and the zero-point charge of the adsorbent surface have been determined. Different parameters, such as initial concentration, adsorbent amount, contact time, or temperature, have been studied. The initial pH effect was investigated when a maximum adsorption capacity of 31.84 mg g-1 was obtained at pH > 3, using 0.1 g of adsorbent and a contact time of 90 min and 298 K. An attempt was made to discuss and provide a clear representation of the studied adsorption process, proposing a specific mechanism for Sc(III) recovery from aqueous solutions through kinetic, thermodynamic, and equilibrium studies. Adsorption/desorption studies reveal that the prepared adsorbent material can be reused five times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Daminescu
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Narcis Duteanu
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Ciopec
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adina Negrea
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Petru Negrea
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Victoriei Square, No. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Sorina Nemeş
- Renewable Energy Research Institute-ICER, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Gavril Musicescu Street, No. 138, 300774 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Pascu
- Renewable Energy Research Institute-ICER, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Gavril Musicescu Street, No. 138, 300774 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Cătălin Ianăşi
- Coriolan Drăgulescu’ Institute of Chemistry, Bv. Mihai Viteazul, No. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lucian Cotet
- Alum, S.A, Isaccei Street No. 83, 820228 Tulcea, Romania;
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Chen Q, Li B, Wang J, Zhu H, Chen X, Hu Y, Zhou J, Wang W, Zheng W, Yan T. Selective coordination behaviors of Uranium(VI) with novel asymmetrical tetra-alkylcarbamides. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Extraction of Uranium in Nitric Media with Novel Asymmetric Tetra-Alkylcarbamide. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175527. [PMID: 36080293 PMCID: PMC9457804 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of tetra-alkylcarbamides as novel ligands: N,N-butyl-N’,N’-hexylurea (L1: ABHU), and N,N-butyl-N’,N’-pentylurea (L2: ABPU), for the solvent extraction and complexation behaviors of uranium(VI) was synthesized and investigated in this study. The effects of HNO3 and NO3− concentrations in the aqueous phase on the distribution ratio of U(VI) were examined. Under 5 mol/L HNO3 concentration, DU reached 5.02 and 4.94 respectively without third-phase formation. During the extraction, slope measurements and IR spectral analysis revealed that the U(VI) complexes are a form of UO2(NO3)2·2L for both ligands. In addition, thermodynamic studies showed that the uranium extraction reaction was a spontaneous exothermic reaction. The deep structural analysis of the complexes was realized with DFT calculation. The bond length, bond properties, and topology of the complexes were discussed in detail to analyze the extraction behavior. This study enriches the coordination chemistry of U(VI) by tetra-alkylcarbamides, which may offer new clues for the design and synthesis of novel ligands for the separation, enrichment, and recovery of uranium in the nuclear fuel cycle.
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Chelating Extractants for Metals. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12081275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the present review, works on the classes of chelating extractants for metals, compounds with several amide and carboxyl groups, azomethines, oximes, macrocyclic compounds (crown ethers and calixarenes), phenanthroline derivatives, and others are systematized. This review focuses on the efficiency and selectivity of the extractants in the recovery of metals from industrial wastewater, soil, spent raw materials, and the separation of metal mixtures. As a result of this study, it was found that over the past seven years, the largest number of works has been devoted to the extraction of heavy metals with amino acids (16 articles), azomethines and oximes (12 articles), lanthanids with amide compounds (15 articles), lanthanides and actinides with phenanthroline derivatives (7 articles), and noble metals with calixarenes (4 articles). Analysis of the literature showed that amino acids are especially effective for extracting heavy metals from the soil; thiodiglycolamides and aminocalixarenes for extracting noble metals from industrial waste; amide compounds, azomethines, oximes, and phenanthroline derivatives for extracting actinides; amide compounds for extracting lanthanides; crown ethers for extracting radioactive strontium, rhenium and technetium. The most studied parameters of extraction processes in the reviewed articles were the distribution ratios and separation factors. Based on the reviewed articles, it follows that chelate polydentate compounds are more efficient compounds for the extraction of metals from secondary resources compared to monodentate compounds.
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Yan L, Saha A, Zhao W, Neal JF, Chen Y, Flood AH, Allen HC. Recognition competes with hydration in anion-triggered monolayer formation of cyanostar supra-amphiphiles at aqueous interfaces. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4283-4294. [PMID: 35509460 PMCID: PMC9006960 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00986b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The triggered self-assembly of surfactants into organized layers at aqueous interfaces is important for creating adaptive nanosystems and understanding selective ion extraction. While these transformations require molecular recognition, the underlying driving forces are modified by the local environment in ways that are not well understood. Herein, we investigate the role of ion binding and ion hydration using cyanosurf, which is composed of the cyanostar macrocycle, and its binding to anions that are either size-matched or mis-matched and either weakly or highly hydrated. We utilize the supra-amphiphile concept where anion binding converts cyanosurf into a charged and amphiphilic complex triggering its self-organization into monolayers at the air-water interface. Initially, cyanosurf forms aggregates at the surface of a pure water solution. When the weakly hydrated and size-matched hexafluorophosphate (PF6 -) and perchlorate (ClO4 -) anions are added, the macrocycles form distinct monolayer architectures. Surface-pressure isotherms reveal significant reorganization of the surface-active molecules upon anion binding while infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy show the ion-bound complexes are well ordered at the interface. Vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy shows the water molecules in the interfacial region are highly ordered in response to the charged monolayer of cyanosurf complexes. Consistent with the importance of recognition, we find the smaller mis-matched chloride does not trigger the transformation. However, the size-matched phosphate (H2PO4 -) also does not trigger monolayer formation indicating hydration inhibits its interfacial binding. These studies reveal how anion-selective recognition and hydration both control the binding and thus the switching of a responsive molecular interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA +1-614-292-1685 +1-614-292-4707
| | - Ankur Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA +1-614-292-1685 +1-614-292-4707
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA +1-812-855-8300 +1-812-856-3642
| | - Jennifer F Neal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA +1-614-292-1685 +1-614-292-4707
| | - Yusheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA +1-812-855-8300 +1-812-856-3642
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA +1-812-855-8300 +1-812-856-3642
| | - Heather C Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA +1-614-292-1685 +1-614-292-4707
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Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhao C, Jiao C, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Li H, He H. Comparative study on the extraction performance of Nd(III) by isomeric unsymmetrical diglycoamides. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
This review addresses research and development on the use of ionic liquids as extractants and diluents in the solvent extraction of metals. Primary attention is given to the efficiency and selectivity of metal extraction from industrial wastewater with ionic liquids composed of various cations and anions. The review covers literature sources published in the period of 2010–2021. The bibliography includes 98 references dedicated to research on the extraction and separation of lanthanides (17 sources), actinides (5 sources), heavy metals (35 sources), noble metals, including the platinum group (16 sources), and some other metals.
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Liu Y, Zhao C, Liu Z, Liu S, Zhou Y, Jiao C, Zhang M, Gao Y, He H, Zhang S. Study on the extraction of lanthanides by isomeric diglycolamide extractants: an experimental and theoretical study. RSC Adv 2021; 12:790-797. [PMID: 35425104 PMCID: PMC8978646 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07020g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two isomeric diglycolamide (DGA) extractants, N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dioctyl diglycolamide (LI) and N,N-dimethyl-N',N'-dioctyl diglycolamide (LII), were used to perform a comparative study on the extraction performances towards several lanthanides by extraction experiments and theoretical calculations. The experimental results show that both LI and LII show a positive sequence on the extraction of lanthanides, and LI exhibits the higher complex ability with these lanthanides than LII, except for La and Ce. Slope analysis shows that 1:2 or 1:3 complexes are formed between the two ligands and the metal ions. The geometrical structures of the complexes were optimized in the gas phase by density functional theory (DFT) on the basis of complex compositions. The results of bond lengths, MBOs and topological analysis indicated that the electrostatic interaction between metal ions and two amide O atoms in the LII ligand is not as homogeneous as in LI, and this inhomogeneity is likely to be related to the poor extraction performance of LII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyang Liu
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Chuang Zhao
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Caishan Jiao
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Yang Gao
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Hui He
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang Province China
- China Institute of Atomic Energy P. O. Box 275 (126) Beijing 102413 China
| | - Shaowen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
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Environmentally sound technology development for processing of rare earth elements from waste permanent magnets synthetic leach solutions: recovery and separation perspectives. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu Y, Liu S, Liu Z, Zhao C, Li C, Zhou Y, Jiao C, Gao Y, He H, Zhang S. A comparative study on the coordination of diglycolamide isomers with Nd(iii): extraction, third phase formation, structure, and computational studies. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27969-27977. [PMID: 35480733 PMCID: PMC9037995 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel asymmetric diglycolamide N,N-dimethyl-N′,N′-dioctyl diglycolamide (LII) was synthesized. The Nd(iii) extraction behavior from HNO3 and loading capability of the solution of LII in 40/60 (v/v)% n-octanol/kerosene were studied. Analyses by the slope method, ESI-MS, and FT-IR indicated that, similar to the previously studied isomer ligand N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-dioctyl diglycolamide (LI), 1 : 3 Nd(iii)/LII complexes formed. Under the same experimental conditions, the distribution ratio and limiting organic concentration of LII towards Nd(iii) were smaller than those of LI, but the critical aqueous concentration of LII was larger, which implies that LII exhibited poorer extraction and loading capabilities towards Nd(iii) than LI, and LII has a tendency to be less likely to form the third phase. The quasi-relativistic density functional theory (DFT) calculation was performed to provide some explanations for the differences in their extraction behaviors. The electrostatic potential of the ligands indicated that the electron-donating ability of the amide O atoms in LII displayed certain differences compared with LI. This inhomogeneity in LII affected the interaction between LII and Nd(iii), as supported by QTAIM and bonding nature analysis, and it seemed to reflect in the extraction performance towards Nd(iii). The inhomogeneous interactions of M–Oamide in the LII ligand result in differences between the metal-ion extraction performances of two isomeric ligands.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyang Liu
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin Heilongjiang Province China 150001
| | - Sheng Liu
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin Heilongjiang Province China 150001
| | - Zhibin Liu
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin Heilongjiang Province China 150001
| | - Chuang Zhao
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin Heilongjiang Province China 150001
| | - Chunhui Li
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin Heilongjiang Province China 150001
| | - Yu Zhou
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin Heilongjiang Province China 150001
| | - Caishan Jiao
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin Heilongjiang Province China 150001
| | - Yang Gao
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin Heilongjiang Province China 150001
| | - Hui He
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University Harbin Heilongjiang Province China 150001 .,China Institute of Atomic Energy P. O. Box 275 (126) Beijing 102413 China
| | - Shaowen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
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The extraction of trivalent actinides and lanthanides by a novel unsymmetrical diglycolamide. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07867-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Extraction behavior of several lanthanides from nitric acid with DMDODGA in [C4mim][NTf2] ionic liquid. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Stamberga D, Healy MR, Bryantsev VS, Albisser C, Karslyan Y, Reinhart B, Paulenova A, Foster M, Popovs I, Lyon K, Moyer BA, Jansone-Popova S. Structure Activity Relationship Approach toward the Improved Separation of Rare-Earth Elements Using Diglycolamides. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17620-17630. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Stamberga
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Mary R. Healy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Vyacheslav S. Bryantsev
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Camille Albisser
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yana Karslyan
- Laboratory of Transuranic Elements, Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, United States
- Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | - Alena Paulenova
- Laboratory of Transuranic Elements, Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, United States
| | - Mac Foster
- Marshallton Research Laboratories, King, North Caroline 27021, United States
| | - Ilja Popovs
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kevin Lyon
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Bruce A. Moyer
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Santa Jansone-Popova
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Wei Z, Lu C, Zhou Y, Jiao C, Zhang M, Hou H, Gao Y, Tian G. Asymmetric diglycolamide in BmimNTf2 as an effective solvent system for the uranyl extraction. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Extraction and stripping behaviors of 14 lanthanides from nitric acid medium by N,N’-dimethyl-N,N’-dioctyl diglycolamide. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Tumanov VV, Storozhenko PA, Stolyarova IV. Composition of Hydrosolvates during the Extraction of Nitric Acid in the HNO3–H2O–EHEHPA System. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024420060291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Wei Z, Lu C, Zhou Y, Jiao C, Zhang M, Hou H, Gao Y, Tian G. Extraction and separation performance of rhenium(VII) and uranium(VI) from nitric acid medium using N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-dioctyldiglycolamide. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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