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O'Neil PT, Machen AJ, Deatherage BC, Trecazzi C, Tischer A, Machha VR, Auton MT, Baldwin MR, White TA, Fisher MT. The Chaperonin GroEL: A Versatile Tool for Applied Biotechnology Platforms. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:46. [PMID: 29868607 PMCID: PMC5962814 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-free chaperonin GroEL is capable of capturing transient unfolded or partially unfolded states that flicker in and out of existence due to large-scale protein dynamic vibrational modes. In this work, three short vignettes are presented to highlight our continuing advances in the application of GroEL biosensor biolayer interferometry (BLI) technologies and includes expanded uses of GroEL as a molecular scaffold for electron microscopy determination. The first example presents an extension of the ability to detect dynamic pre-aggregate transients in therapeutic protein solutions where the assessment of the kinetic stability of any folded protein or, as shown herein, quantitative detection of mutant-type protein when mixed with wild-type native counterparts. Secondly, using a BLI denaturation pulse assay with GroEL, the comparison of kinetically controlled denaturation isotherms of various von Willebrand factor (vWF) triple A domain mutant-types is shown. These mutant-types are single point mutations that locally disorder the A1 platelet binding domain resulting in one gain of function and one loss of function phenotype. Clear, separate, and reproducible kinetic deviations in the mutant-type isotherms exist when compared with the wild-type curve. Finally, expanding on previous electron microscopy (EM) advances using GroEL as both a protein scaffold surface and a release platform, examples are presented where GroEL-protein complexes can be imaged using electron microscopy tilt series and the low-resolution structures of aggregation-prone proteins that have interacted with GroEL. The ability of GroEL to bind hydrophobic regions and transient partially folded states allows one to employ this unique molecular chaperone both as a versatile structural scaffold and as a sensor of a protein's folded states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce T O'Neil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Alexandra J Machen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Benjamin C Deatherage
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Caleb Trecazzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Alexander Tischer
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Venkata R Machha
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Matthew T Auton
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michael R Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Tommi A White
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Mark T Fisher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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Abstract
Recombinant production has become an invaluable tool for supplying research and therapy with proteins of interest. The target proteins are not in every case soluble and/or correctly folded. That is why different production parameters such as host, cultivation conditions and co-expression of chaperones and foldases are applied in order to yield functional recombinant protein. There has been a constant increase and success in the use of folding promoting agents in recombinant protein production. Recent cases are reviewed and discussed in this chapter. Any impact of such strategies cannot be predicted and has to be analyzed and optimized for the corresponding target protein. The in vivo effects of the agents are at least partially comparable to their in vitro mode of action and have been studied by means of modern systems approaches and even in combination with folding/activity screening assays. Resulting data can be used directly for experimental planning or can be fed into knowledge-based modelling. An overview of such technologies is included in the chapter in order to facilitate a decision about the potential in vivo use of folding promoting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Fahnert
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.
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Naik S, Haque I, Degner N, Kornilayev B, Bomhoff G, Hodges J, Khorassani AA, Katayama H, Morris J, Kelly J, Seed J, Fisher MT. Identifying protein stabilizing ligands using GroEL. Biopolymers 2010; 93:237-51. [PMID: 19802819 PMCID: PMC2805906 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 5 years, it has become increasingly apparent to researchers that the initial promise and excitement of using gene replacement therapies to ameliorate folding diseases are still far from being broadly or easily applicable. Because a large number of human diseases are protein folding diseases (approximately 30 to 50%), many researchers now realize that more directed approaches to target and reverse the fundamental misfolding reactions preceding disease are highly feasible and offer the potential of developing more targeted drug therapies. This is also true with a large number of so called orphan protein folding diseases. The development of a broad-based general screening array method using the chaperonin as a detection platform will enable us to screen large chemical combinatorial libraries for specific ligands against the elusive transient, primary reactions that often lead to protein misfolding. This development will provide a highly desirable tool for the pharmaceutical, academic, and medical professions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashchandra Naik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Katayama H, McGill M, Kearns A, Brzozowski M, Degner N, Harnett B, Kornilayev B, Matković-Calogović D, Holyoak T, Calvet JP, Gogol EP, Seed J, Fisher MT. Strategies for folding of affinity tagged proteins using GroEL and osmolytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:57-66. [PMID: 19082872 DOI: 10.1007/s10969-008-9053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining a proper fold of affinity tagged chimera proteins can be difficult. Frequently, the protein of interest aggregates after the chimeric affinity tag is cleaved off, even when the entire chimeric construct is initially soluble. If the attached protein is incorrectly folded, chaperone proteins such as GroEL bind to the misfolded construct and complicate both folding and affinity purification. Since chaperonin/osmolyte mixtures facilitate correct folding from the chaperonin, we explored the possibility that we could use this intrinsic binding reaction to advantage to refold two difficult-to-fold chimeric constructs. In one instance, we were able to recover activity from a properly folded construct after the construct was released from the chaperonin in the presence of osmolytes. As an added advantage, we have also found that this method involving chaperonins can enable researchers to decide (1) if further stabilization of the folded product is required and (2) if the protein construct in question will ever be competent to fold with osmolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Katayama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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GroEL as a molecular scaffold for structural analysis of the anthrax toxin pore. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2008; 15:754-60. [PMID: 18568038 PMCID: PMC2504863 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the 440-kDa transmembrane pore formed by the protective antigen (PA) moiety of anthrax toxin in the presence of GroEL by negative-stain electron microscopy. GroEL binds both the heptameric PA prepore and the PA pore. The latter interaction retards aggregation of the pore, prolonging its insertion-competent state. Two populations of unaggregated pores were visible: GroEL-bound pores and unbound pores. This allowed two virtually identical structures to be reconstructed, at 25-Å and 28-Å resolution, respectively. The structures were mushroom-shaped objects with a 125-Å-diameter cap and a 100-Å-long stem, consistent with earlier biochemical data. Thus, GroEL provides a platform for obtaining initial glimpses of a membrane protein structure in the absence of lipids or detergents and can function as a scaffold for higher-resolution structural analysis of the PA pore.
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