1
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Manne S, Chakraborty A, Rustler K, Bruckdorfer T, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Solid-Phase Synthesis of an "Inaccessible" hGH-Derived Peptide Using a Pseudoproline Monomer and SIT-Protection for Cysteine. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:28487-28492. [PMID: 35990446 PMCID: PMC9386842 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of the C-terminal sequence of hGH with one extra Tyr attached to its N-terminus (total of 16 residues with a disulfide bridge) has been accomplished for the first time by optimizing several synthetic parameters. First of all, the two Ser residues (positions 9 and 13 of the molecule) have been introduced as a single amino acid, Fmoc-Ser(ψMe,Mepro)-OH, demonstrating that the acylation of these hindered moieties is possible. This allows us to avoid the use of the corresponding dipeptides, Fmoc-AA-Ser(ψMe,Mepro)-OH, which are very often not commercially available or very costly. The second part of the sequence has been elongated via a double coupling approach using two of the most effective coupling methods (DIC-OxymaPure and HATU-DIEA). Finally, the disulfide bridging has been carried out very smoothly by a chemoselective thiol-disulfide interchange reaction between a SIT (sec-isoamyl mercaptan)-protected Cys residue and the free thiol of the second Cys. The synthesis of this short peptide has evidenced that SPPS is a multifactorial process which should be optimized in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa
Rao Manne
- Peptide
Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 4000 Durban, South Africa
| | - Amit Chakraborty
- Peptide
Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 4000 Durban, South Africa
| | - Karin Rustler
- Iris
Biotech GmbH, Adalbert-Zoellner-Str. 1, 95615 Marktredwitz, Germany
| | - Thomas Bruckdorfer
- Iris
Biotech GmbH, Adalbert-Zoellner-Str. 1, 95615 Marktredwitz, Germany
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal
Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory
Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide
Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 4000 Durban, South Africa
- Institute
for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN,
Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine,
and Department of Organic Chemistry, University
of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Winkler DFH. Automated Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2103:59-94. [PMID: 31879919 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0227-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of solid-phase peptide synthesis by Bruce Merrifield paved the way for a synthesis carried out by machines. Automated peptide synthesis is a fast and convenient way of synthesizing many peptides simultaneously. This chapter tries to give a general guidance for the development of synthesis protocols for the peptide synthesizer. It also provides some suggestions for the modification of the synthesized peptides. Additionally, many examples of possible challenges during and after the synthesis are given in order to support the reader in finding the best synthesis strategy. Numerous references are given to many of the described matters.
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3
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Farkas V, Ferentzi K, Horváti K, Perczel A. Cost-Effective Flow Peptide Synthesis: Metamorphosis of HPLC. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Farkas
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/a, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Ferentzi
- ELTE Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/a, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Kata Horváti
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/a, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - András Perczel
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/a, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/a, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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4
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Isidro-Llobet A, Kenworthy MN, Mukherjee S, Kopach ME, Wegner K, Gallou F, Smith AG, Roschangar F. Sustainability Challenges in Peptide Synthesis and Purification: From R&D to Production. J Org Chem 2019; 84:4615-4628. [PMID: 30900880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in therapeutic peptides within the pharmaceutical industry with more than 50 peptide drugs on the market, approximately 170 in clinical trials, and >200 in preclinical development. However, the current state of the art in peptide synthesis involves primarily legacy technologies with use of large amounts of highly hazardous reagents and solvents and little focus on green chemistry and engineering. In 2016, the ACS Green Chemistry Institute Pharmaceutical Roundtable identified development of greener processes for peptide API as a critical unmet need, and as a result, a new Roundtable team formed to address this important area. The initial focus of this new team is to highlight best practices in peptide synthesis and encourage much needed innovations. In this Perspective, we aim to summarize the current challenges of peptide synthesis and purification in terms of sustainability, highlight possible solutions, and encourage synergies between academia, the pharmaceutical industry, and contract research organizations/contract manufacturing organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Isidro-Llobet
- Medicines Research Centre , GlaxoSmithKline , Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage SG1 2NY , U.K
| | - Martin N Kenworthy
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development , AstraZeneca , Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way , Macclesfield SK10 2NA , U.K
| | - Subha Mukherjee
- Chemical and Synthetic Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , One Squibb Drive , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08903 , United States
| | - Michael E Kopach
- Small Molecule Design and Development , Eli Lilly and Company , 1400 West Raymond Street , Indianapolis , Indiana , United States
| | - Katarzyna Wegner
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Development , IPSEN Manufacturing Ireland, Ltd. , Blanchardstown Industrial Park , Dublin 15 , Ireland
| | - Fabrice Gallou
- Chemical & Analytical Development , Novartis , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Austin G Smith
- Drug Substance Process Development , Amgen, Inc. , 1 Amgen Center Drive , Thousand Oaks , California 91320 , United States
| | - Frank Roschangar
- Chemical Development , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals , Ridgefield , Connecticut 06877 , United States
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5
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Hansen AM, Skovbakke SL, Christensen SB, Perez-Gassol I, Franzyk H. Studies on acid stability and solid-phase block synthesis of peptide-peptoid hybrids: ligands for formyl peptide receptors. Amino Acids 2018; 51:205-218. [PMID: 30267164 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
α-Peptoids as well as peptide/α-peptoid hybrids and peptide/β-peptoid hybrids constitute major classes of proteolytically stable peptidomimetics that have been extensively investigated as mimetics of biologically active peptides. Representatives of lipidated peptide/β-peptoid hybrids have been identified as promising immunomodulatory lead compounds, and hence access to these via protocols suitable for gram-scale synthesis is warranted to enable animal in vivo studies. Recent observations indicated that several byproducts appear in crude mixtures of relatively short benzyl-based peptide/β-peptoid oligomers, and that these were most predominant when the β-peptoid units displayed an α-chiral benzyl side chain. This prompted an investigation of their stability under acidic conditions. Simultaneous deprotection and cleavage of peptidomimetics containing either α-chiral α- or β-peptoid residues required treatment with strong acid only for a short time to minimize the formation of partially debenzylated byproducts. The initial work on peptide/β-peptoid oligomers with an alternating design established that it was beneficial to form the amide bond between the carboxyl group of the α-amino acid and the congested amino functionality of the β-peptoid residue in solution. To further simplify oligomer assembly on solid phase, we now present a protocol for purification-free solid-phase synthesis of tetrameric building blocks. Next, syntheses of peptidomimetic ligands via manual solid-phase methodologies involving tetrameric building blocks were found to give more readily purified products as compared to those obtained with dimeric building blocks. Moreover, the tetrameric building blocks could be utilized in automated synthesis with microwave-assisted heating, albeit the purity of the crude products was not increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mette Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Line Skovbakke
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25b, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Simon Bendt Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iris Perez-Gassol
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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6
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Yang X, Gelfanov V, Liu F, DiMarchi R. Synthetic Route to Human Relaxin-2 via Iodine-Free Sequential Disulfide Bond Formation. Org Lett 2016; 18:5516-5519. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk
Research
Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk
Research
Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Richard DiMarchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Novo Nordisk
Research
Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
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7
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Dias AMGC, Santos RD, Iranzo O, Roque ACA. Affinity adsorbents for proline-rich peptide sequences: a new role for WW domains. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10900d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The WW domain derived from human Yes-associated protein (hYAP65_WW) recognizes proline-rich peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. G. C. Dias
- UCIBIO
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
| | - R. dos Santos
- UCIBIO
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
| | - O. Iranzo
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Centrale Marseille
- iSm2
- Marseille
| | - A. C. A. Roque
- UCIBIO
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
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8
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Investigation of the automated solid-phase synthesis of a 38mer peptide with difficult sequence pattern under different synthesis strategies. Amino Acids 2015; 47:787-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Dias AMGC, Iranzo O, Roque ACA. An in silico and chemical approach towards small protein production and application in phosphoproteomics. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16934d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates the advantages of peptide chemical synthesis as a robust method for the production and modification of small proteins, such as the human Pin1 WW domain. The protein was immobilized on a solid support and used to enrich phosphorylated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. G. C. Dias
- UCIBIO
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
| | - Olga Iranzo
- Aix Marseille Université
- Centrale Marseille
- CNRS
- iSm2 UMR 7313
- 13397 Marseille
| | - Ana C. A. Roque
- UCIBIO
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
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10
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Dutta J, Ramesh S, Radebe SM, Somboro AM, de la Torre BG, Kruger HG, Essack SY, Albericio F, Govender T. Optimized Microwave Assisted Synthesis of LL37, a Cathelicidin Human Antimicrobial Peptide. Int J Pept Res Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-014-9439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Voronin K, Allentoff AJ, Bonacorsi SJ, Mapelli C, Gong SX, Lee V, Riexinger D, Sanghvi N, Jiang H, Zeng J. Synthesis of a stable isotopically labeled universal surrogate peptide for use as an internal standard in LC-MS/MS bioanalysis of human IgG and Fc-fusion protein drug candidates. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:579-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Voronin
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms Radiochemistry; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Alban J. Allentoff
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms Radiochemistry; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Samuel J. Bonacorsi
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms Radiochemistry; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Claudio Mapelli
- Peptide Synthesis group; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Sharon X. Gong
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms Radiochemistry; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Ving Lee
- Peptide Synthesis group; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Douglas Riexinger
- Peptide Synthesis group; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Nishith Sanghvi
- Peptide Synthesis group; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Hao Jiang
- Bioanalytical Sciences; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
| | - Jianing Zeng
- Bioanalytical Sciences; Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development; Route 206 and Province Line Road Princeton NJ USA
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12
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Liu F, Liu Q, Mezo AR. An Iodine-Free and Directed-Disulfide-Bond-Forming Route to Insulin Analogues. Org Lett 2014; 16:3126-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501252b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Qingyuan Liu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Adam R. Mezo
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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13
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Carrette LLG, Morii T, Madder A. Peptidosteroid Tweezers Revisited: DNA Binding Through an Optimised Design. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Liu F, Luo EY, Flora DB, Mezo AR. A synthetic route to human insulin using isoacyl peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3983-7. [PMID: 24615765 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of insulin has been a longstanding challenge, mainly because of the notorious hydrophobicity of the A chain and the complicated topology of this 51-mer peptide hormone consisting of two chains and three disulfide bonds. Reported herein is a new synthetic route utilizing the isoacyl peptide approach to address the hydrophobicity problems. The incorporation of isoacyl dipeptide segments into both A and B chains greatly improved their preparation and purification, and the RP-HPLC recovery of the chain ligation intermediates. The new route affords human insulin with a yield of 68 % based on the starting purified A chain and an overall yield of 24 % based on the substitution of the resin used for the preparation of A chain. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the most efficient route of human insulin chemical synthesis reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285 (USA).
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15
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Liu F, Luo EY, Flora DB, Mezo AR. A Synthetic Route to Human Insulin Using Isoacyl Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Vernieri E, Valle J, Andreu D, de la Torre BG. An optimized Fmoc synthesis of human defensin 5. Amino Acids 2013; 46:395-400. [PMID: 24311274 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human α-defensin 5 (DEF5), expressed by the Paneth cells of human small intestine, plays an important role in host defense against microbial infections. DEF5, a 32-residue peptide adopting a three-stranded β-sheet fold stabilized by three internal disulfide bonds, is not efficiently produced by recombinant expression techniques and is, therefore, an interesting goal for chemical synthesis. While DEF5 production by Boc-based solid-phase synthesis has been described, to date no synthetic account by the more convenient Fmoc method has been published. Herein, we report an optimized solid-phase synthesis of DEF5 using the Fmoc strategy. Starting from a rather problematic initial synthesis using standard Wang resin and coupling protocols, the sequence elongation process has been monitored by mini-cleavage and MS analysis at strategic points, to identify problematic spots and act accordingly. For expediency, some of the optimization rounds have been run on defensin 5 amide. Main modifications have included the ChemMatrix(®) resin, known to decrease chain aggregation, and the use of pseudoproline dipeptide units at selected positions. Combination of some of these improvements results in a significantly purer product, to the extent that it can undergo in situ anaerobic oxidative folding to the native form without the need of an intermediate purification step. A typical synthesis run yielded about 15 mg of >95 % pure material. This approach should facilitate production of DEF5 and of selected analogs for structure-activity studies and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermelinda Vernieri
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Paradís-Bas M, Tulla-Puche J, Zompra AA, Albericio F. RADA-16: A Tough Peptide - Strategies for Synthesis and Purification. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Abstract
We report a set of concise and efficient routes for the chemical synthesis of human insulin using a two- or three-step combination procedure that employs Trt, Acm, and t-Bu cysteine protection schemes. Starting with resin-bound assembled A and B chains, human insulin can be obtained within the span of a single work day in 5.4% overall yield based on the crude A or B chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States.
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19
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García-Ramos Y, Paradís-Bas M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. ChemMatrix(®) for complex peptides and combinatorial chemistry. J Pept Sci 2011; 16:675-8. [PMID: 20853309 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CM resin is a totally PEG-based resin, made exclusively from primary ether bonds and therefore highly chemically stable. Compared to other PEG resins, it exhibits good loading and is user friendly because of its free-flowing form upon drying. It shows improved performance over PS resins for the preparation of hydrophobic, highly structured poly-Arg peptides. In combination with ψPros, it allows the synthesis of small proteins such as the chemokine RANTES. Like other PEG-based resins, CM resin swells well in biocompatible solvents such as water, thereby allowing on-bead screening. Furthermore, the high loading of this resin permits the use of a tiny quarter of a bead as a microreactor for HPLC and MALDI-TOF analysis, thus further extending its applications in the field of combinatorial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yésica García-Ramos
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Monsó M, Tarradas J, de la Torre BG, Sobrino F, Ganges L, Andreu D. Peptide vaccine candidates against classical swine fever virus: T cell and neutralizing antibody responses of dendrimers displaying E2 and NS2-3 epitopes. J Pept Sci 2010; 17:24-31. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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22
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Muthusamy K, Albericio F, Arvidsson PI, Govender P, Kruger HG, Maguire GEM, Govender T. Microwave assisted SPPS of amylin and its toxicity of the pure product to RIN-5F cells. Biopolymers 2010; 94:323-30. [PMID: 20069542 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 37-amino acid polypeptide islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), or amylin, is found as amyloid aggregates in the islets of Langerhans in patients with type II diabetes. Herein, we report an efficient microwave assisted solid phase peptide synthesis of amylin (IAPP). The most efficient synthesis used double and triple couplings and 10 equiv. of amino acids. Double couplings were used for most amino acids, whereas triple couplings were utilized for amino acids in selected regions. The most effective method for formation of the disulfide bond in amylin was found to be iodine oxidation. The highest purity amylin was obtained when the crude peptide was purified with HPLC before formation of the disulfide bond. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized amylin product to RIN-5F cells was determined. The synthesized amylin exhibits an exponential increase of cytotoxicity at concentrations >35 microM. Transmission electron microscope studies of a sample of amylin shows that insoluble amyloid fibrils spontaneously formed when 45 microM solution of synthesized amylin was incubated in a suitable buffer for 6 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Muthusamy
- School of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
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23
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NF-31 color test uncovers ‘hidden’ alcohol functionalities in PEG-based resins for solid phase peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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García-Ramos Y, Giraud M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. Optimized Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of Thymosin alpha1 by side-chain anchoring onto a PEG resin. Biopolymers 2010; 92:565-72. [PMID: 19802821 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin alpha1 is a 28-amino acid acetylated peptide used for the treatment of hepatitis B and C. This peptide has a difficult sequence because of the presence of consecutive beta-branched amino acids and shows a tendency to form beta-sheet structures, partly as a result of the many protecting groups required to assemble the peptide (up to 20 side-chain protecting groups). Consequently, its synthesis has been generally achieved by convergent solution chemistry. Here we report a straightforward stepwise solid-phase synthesis on a polyethylene glycol solid-support that enables the scaling-up of this key therapeutic peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yésica García-Ramos
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Subiros-Funosas R, Acosta GA, El-Faham A, Albericio F. Microwave irradiation and COMU: a potent combination for solid-phase peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Acosta GA, del Fresno M, Paradis-Bas M, Rigau-DeLlobet M, Côté S, Royo M, Albericio F. Solid-phase peptide synthesis using acetonitrile as a solvent in combination with PEG-based resins. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:629-33. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bacsa B, Horváti K, Bõsze S, Andreae F, Kappe CO. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Difficult Peptide Sequences at Elevated Temperatures: A Critical Comparison of Microwave and Conventional Heating Technologies. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7532-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8013897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Bacsa
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary, and piCHEM Forschungs und EntwicklungsgmbH, Kahngasse 20, A-8045 Graz, Austria
| | - Kata Horváti
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary, and piCHEM Forschungs und EntwicklungsgmbH, Kahngasse 20, A-8045 Graz, Austria
| | - Szilvia Bõsze
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary, and piCHEM Forschungs und EntwicklungsgmbH, Kahngasse 20, A-8045 Graz, Austria
| | - Fritz Andreae
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary, and piCHEM Forschungs und EntwicklungsgmbH, Kahngasse 20, A-8045 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary, and piCHEM Forschungs und EntwicklungsgmbH, Kahngasse 20, A-8045 Graz, Austria
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Marani MM, Paradís-Bas M, Tulla-Puche J, Côté S, Camperi SA, Cascone O, Albericio F. From the One-Bead-One-Compound Concept to One-Bead-One-Reactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:395-8. [PMID: 17397228 DOI: 10.1021/cc070012h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The one-bead-one-compound method gives access to millions of compounds that can be screened directly on the bead. Although characterization techniques are increasingly potent and reliable, problems can still be encountered in deciphering the sequence of the active compound because of sensitiveness or manipulation of the bead. ChemMatrix, a totally PEG-based resin, has resolved the synthesis of peptides of outstanding difficulty. Like other PEG-based resins, it permits on-bead screening because of its compatibility in aqueous media and has the further advantage of having a high loading, comparable to polystyrene resins. ChemMatrix beads previously swelled in water can be nicely divided into four parts that can be characterized using different analytical techniques or just stored for safety or for further testing. The four bead parts show high homogeneity and can thus be considered to be replicas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela M Marani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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