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Yu F, Shen Y, Pang Y, Fan H, Liu M, Liu X. Effects of branched-chain amino acids on surfactin structure and antibacterial activity in Bacillus velezensis YA215. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:281. [PMID: 39060617 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics are essential for combating pathogens; however, their misuse has led to increased resistance, necessitating the search for effective, low-toxicity alternatives. Surfactin, a cyclic lipopeptide with a C12-C17 β-hydroxy fatty acid chain, exhibits significant antibacterial activity and resists resistance, making it a research focus. Nonetheless, the effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) on surfactin's structure and activity are not well understood. This study examines the influence of BCAAs (L-valine, L-leucine, and L-isoleucine) on the lipopeptide (surfactin) produced by Bacillus velezensis YA215. Process optimization shows that adding 1 g/L of L-Leu and L-Ile, and 0.5 g/L of L-Val, maximized surfactin production to 18.59%, 19.23%, and 20.64%, respectively. Surfactin content peaked at 36 h with L-Val and L-Ile, yielding 19.72% and 11.37%. In contrast, L-Leu addition peaked at 24 h, yielding 11.33%. Notably, L-Val supplementation resulted in the highest relative surfactin content. Antimicrobial testing demonstrated that BCAAs significantly enhance the antibacterial effects of lipopeptides against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with Val showing the most pronounced effect. The addition of BCAAs notably altered the composition of surfactin fatty acid chains. Specifically, Val increased the proportions of iso C14 and iso C16 β-hydroxy fatty acids from 13.3% and 4.216-23.803% and 8.31%, respectively. Additionally, the amino acid composition at the 7th position of the peptide chain changed significantly, especially with Val addition, which increased the proportion of C14 [Val 7] surfactin by 3.29 times. These structural changes are likely associated with the enhanced antibacterial activity of surfactin. These findings provide valuable insights into the roles of BCAAs in microbial fermentation, underscoring their importance in metabolic engineering to enhance the production of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futian Yu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yiyang Pang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Heliang Fan
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Key Laboratory of Deep Processing and Safety Control for Specialty Agricultural Products in Guangxi Universities, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530004, China.
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Guo Z, Sun J, Ma Q, Li M, Dou Y, Yang S, Gao X. Improving Surfactin Production in Bacillus subtilis 168 by Metabolic Engineering. Microorganisms 2024; 12:998. [PMID: 38792827 PMCID: PMC11124408 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Surfactin is widely used in the petroleum extraction, cosmetics, biopharmaceuticals and agriculture industries. It possesses antibacterial and antiviral activities and can reduce interfacial tension. Bacillus are commonly used as production chassis, but wild-type Bacillus subtilis 168 cannot synthesise surfactin. In this study, the phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) gene sfp* (with a T base removed) was overexpressed and enzyme activity was restored, enabling B. subtilis 168 to synthesise surfactin with a yield of 747.5 ± 6.5 mg/L. Knocking out ppsD and yvkC did not enhance surfactin synthesis. Overexpression of predicted surfactin transporter gene yfiS increased its titre to 1060.7 ± 89.4 mg/L, while overexpression of yerP, ycxA and ycxA-efp had little or negative effects on surfactin synthesis, suggesting YfiS is involved in surfactin efflux. By replacing the native promoter of the srfA operon encoding surfactin synthase with three promoters, surfactin synthesis was significantly reduced. However, knockout of the global transcriptional regulator gene codY enhanced the surfactin titre to 1601.8 ± 91.9 mg/L. The highest surfactin titre reached 3.89 ± 0.07 g/L, with the yield of 0.63 ± 0.02 g/g DCW, after 36 h of fed-batch fermentation in 5 L fermenter. This study provides a reference for further understanding surfactin synthesis and constructing microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shaomei Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo 255049, China; (Z.G.); (J.S.); (Q.M.); (M.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Xiuzhen Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo 255049, China; (Z.G.); (J.S.); (Q.M.); (M.L.); (Y.D.)
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Wu D, Fu L, Cao Y, Dong N, Li D. Genomic insights into antimicrobial potential and optimization of fermentation conditions of pig-derived Bacillus subtilis BS21. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1239837. [PMID: 37840708 PMCID: PMC10570807 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1239837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus spp. have been widely used as probiotic supplements in animal feed as alternatives to antibiotics. In the present study, we screened a Bacillus subtilis strain named BS21 from pig feces. Antimicrobial activities, whole genome mining and UHPLC-MS/MS analysis were used to explore its antimicrobial mechanism. Strain BS21 showed Significant growth inhibition against a variety of animal pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica Pullorum, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Citrobacter rodentium, Shigella flexneri and Staphylococcus aureus. Seven gene clusters involved in antimicrobial biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were encoded by strain BS21 genome, including four non-ribosomal peptides (bacillibactin, fengycin, surfactin and zwittermicin A), one ribosomal peptide (subtilosin A), one dipeptide (bacilysin) and one polyketide (bacillaene). Among them, production of surfactin, fengycin, bacillibactin, bacilysin and bacillaene was detected in the supernatant of B. subtilis strain BS21. To develop the potential application of BS21 in animal production, medium components and fermentation parameters optimization was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). Production of antimicrobial secondary metabolites of strain BS21 was increased by 43.4%, and the best medium formula after optimization was corn flour 2%, soybean meal 1.7% and NaCl 0.5% with optimum culture parameters of initial pH 7.0, temperature 30°C, rotating speed at 220 rpm for 26 h. Our results suggested that strain BS21 has the potential for large-scale production and application as a potential source of probiotics and alternative to antibiotics for animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Na Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Wei X, Chen L, Chaves BD, Ponder MA, Subbiah J. Modeling the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the ethylene oxide fumigation of Salmonella and Enterococcus faecium in whole black peppercorn. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wang M, Ma Y, Mou H, Kong Q. Bacillomycin D lipopeptides from marine
Bacillus megaterium
as antimicrobial and preservative agents for large yellow croaker,
Larimichthys crocea. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Wang
- Division of Applied MicrobiologyCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Yunxiao Ma
- Division of Applied MicrobiologyCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Haijin Mou
- Division of Applied MicrobiologyCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Qing Kong
- Division of Applied MicrobiologyCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong China
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Kadaikunnan S, Rejiniemon T, Khaled JM, Alharbi NS, Mothana R. In-vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and functional properties of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2015; 14:9. [PMID: 25858278 PMCID: PMC4342198 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-015-0069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food born pathogenic bacteria and filamentous fungi are able to grow on most foods, including natural foods, processed foods, and fermented foods and create considerable economic loss. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and functional properties of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens recovered from silage. METHODS Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the compounds was assessed by using broth micro dilution method. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging and hydroxyl radical-scavenging abilities were measured to evaluate antioxidant activity of the strain. RESULTS Primary antimicrobial compound production screening revealed that B. amyloliquefaciens exhibited significant activity against all the tested bacteria and fungi compared to other strains. The 16S rRNA and gyrase A gene sequence analysis determined using molecular biological tools confirmed that the strain was 99% similarity towards B. amyloliquefaciens. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ethyl acetate extract against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus cloacae and Staphylococcus aureus were 25.0 μg ml-1, and S, epidermidis were 12.5 μg ml-1, respectively. Filamentous fungi Aspergillus clavatus, A. fumigates, A. niger and Gibberella moniliformis showed 25 μg ml-1. VJ-1 was able to survive the gastrointestinal conditions simulating the stomach and duodenum passage with the highest percentage of hydrophobicity. In addition, its resistance to hydrogen peroxide and highest hydroxyl radical and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities, with inhibition rates of 56.84% and 67.12% respectively, were its advantage. An antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was an intrinsic feature of this strain, and thus, consumption does not represent a health risk to humans. CONCLUSION Bacillus amyloliquefaciens might be a promising candidate for new pharmaceutical agents and probiotics.
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Seydlová G, Fišer R, Cabala R, Kozlík P, Svobodová J, Pátek M. Surfactin production enhances the level of cardiolipin in the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacillus subtilis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2370-8. [PMID: 23845875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Surfactin is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that disturbs the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane. In this study, the role of membrane lipids in the adaptation and possible surfactin tolerance of the surfactin producer Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332 was investigated. During a 1-day cultivation, the phospholipids of the cell membrane were analyzed at the selected time points, which covered both the early and late stationary phases of growth, when surfactin concentration in the medium gradually rose from 2 to 84μmol·l(-1). During this time period, the phospholipid composition of the surfactin producer's membrane (Sf(+)) was compared to that of its non-producing mutant (Sf(-)). Substantial modifications of the polar head group region in response to the presence of surfactin were found, while the fatty acid content remained unaffected. Simultaneously with surfactin production, a progressive accumulation up to 22% of the stress phospholipid cardiolipin was determined in the Sf(+) membrane, whereas the proportion of phosphatidylethanolamine remained constant. At 24h, cardiolipin was found to be the second major phospholipid of the membrane. In parallel, the Laurdan generalized polarization reported an increasing rigidity of the lipid bilayer. We concluded that an enhanced level of cardiolipin is responsible for the membrane rigidification that hinders the fluidizing effect of surfactin. At the same time cardiolipin, due to its negative charge, may also prevent the surfactin-membrane interaction or surfactin pore formation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Seydlová
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Compaoré CS, Nielsen DS, Sawadogo-Lingani H, Berner TS, Nielsen KF, Adimpong DB, Diawara B, Ouédraogo GA, Jakobsen M, Thorsen L. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum strains as potential protective starter cultures for the production of Bikalga, an alkaline fermented food. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:133-46. [PMID: 23565829 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify and screen dominant Bacillus spp. strains isolated from Bikalga, fermented seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa for their antimicrobial activities in brain heart infusion (BHI) medium and in a H. sabdariffa seed-based medium. Further, to characterize the antimicrobial substances produced. METHODS AND RESULTS The strains were identified by gyrB gene sequencing and phenotypic tests as B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum. Their antimicrobial activity was determined by the agar spot and well assay, being inhibitory to a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus was produced in H. sabdariffa seed-based medium. PCR results revealed that the isolates have potential for the lipopeptides iturin, fengycin, surfactin, the polyketides difficidin, macrolactin, bacillaene and the dipeptide bacilysin production. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis of antimicrobial substance produced in BHI broth allowed identification of iturin, fengycin and surfactin. CONCLUSIONS The Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal and antibacterial properties. They produced several lipopeptide antibiotics and showed good potential for biological control of Bikalga. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Pathogenic bacteria often occur in spontaneous food fermentations. This is the first report to identify indigenous B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum strains as potential protective starter cultures for safeguarding Bikalga.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Compaoré
- Département Technologie Alimentaire (DTA/IRSAT/CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
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Benitez LB, Velho RV, de Souza da Motta A, Segalin J, Brandelli A. Antimicrobial factor from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens inhibits Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American foulbrood. Arch Microbiol 2011; 194:177-85. [PMID: 21858429 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-011-0743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LBM 5006 produces an antimicrobial factor active against Paenibacillus larvae, a major honeybee pathogen. The antagonistic effect and the mode of action of the antimicrobial factor were investigated. The antibacterial activity was produced starting at mid-logarithmic growth phase, reaching its maximum during the stationary phase. Exposure of cell suspensions of P. larvae to this antimicrobial resulted in loss of cell viability and reduction in optical density associated with cell lysis. Scanning electron microscopy showed damaged cell envelope and loss of protoplasmic material. The antimicrobial factor was stable for up to 80°C, but it was sensitive to proteinase K and trypsin. Mass spectrometry analysis indicates that the antimicrobial activity is associated with iturin-like peptides. The antimicrobial factor from B. amyloliquefaciens LBM 5006 showed a bactericidal effect against P. larvae cells and spores. This is the first report on iturin activity against P. larvae. This antimicrobial presents potential for use in the control of American foulbrood disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisianne Brittes Benitez
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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