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Gelain DP, Pasquali MADB, Caregnato FF, Castro MAA, Moreira JCF. Retinol induces morphological alterations and proliferative focus formation through free radical-mediated activation of multiple signaling pathways. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:558-67. [PMID: 22426700 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Toxicity of retinol (vitamin A) has been previously associated with apoptosis and/or cell malignant transformation. Thus, we investigated the pathways involved in the induction of proliferation, deformation and proliferative focus formation by retinol in cultured Sertoli cells of rats. METHODS Sertoli cells were isolated from immature rats and cultured. The cells were subjected to a 24-h treatment with different concentrations of retinol. Parameters of oxidative stress and cytotoxicity were analyzed. The effects of the p38 inhibitor SB203580 (10 μmol/L), the JNK inhibitor SP600125 (10 μmol/L), the Akt inhibitor LY294002 (10 μmol/L), the ERK inhibitor U0126 (10 μmol/L) the pan-PKC inhibitor Gö6983 (10 μmol/L) and the PKA inhibitor H89 (1 μmol/L) on morphological and proliferative/transformation-associated modifications were studied. RESULTS Retinol (7 and 14 μmol/L) significantly increases the reactive species production in Sertoli cells. Inhibition of p38, JNK, ERK1/2, Akt, and PKA suppressed retinol-induced [(3)H]dT incorporation into the cells, while PKC inhibition had no effect. ERK1/2 and p38 inhibition also blocked retinol-induced proliferative focus formation in the cells, while Akt and JNK inhibition partially decreased focus formation. ERK1/2 and p38 inhibition hindered transformation-associated deformation in retinol-treated cells, while other treatments had no effect. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that activation of multiple kinases is responsible for morphological and proliferative changes associated to malignancy development in Sertoli cells by retinol at the concentrations higher than physiological level.
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Oses JP, Batassini C, Pochmann D, Böhmer AE, Vuaden FC, Silvestrin RB, Oliveira A, Bonan CD, Bogo MR, Souza DO, Portela LVC, Sarkis JJDF, Mello e Souza T. The hydrolysis of striatal adenine- and guanine-based purines in a 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:215-22. [PMID: 21046237 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra and a striatal dopamine decrease. Striatal extracellular adenosine and ATP modulate the dopaminergic neurotransmission whereas guanosine has a protective role in the brain. Therefore, the regulation of their levels by enzymatic activity may be relevant to the clinical feature of PD. Here it was evaluated the extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis from striatal slices 4 weeks after a unilateral infusion with 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle. This infusion increased ADP, AMP, and GTP hydrolysis by 15, 25, and 41%, respectively, and decreased GDP hydrolysis by 60%. There was no change in NTPDases1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 5'-nucleotidase transcription. Dopamine depletion changes nucleotide hydrolysis and, therefore, alters the regulation of striatal nucleotide levels. These changes observed in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals may contribute to the symptoms observed in the model and provide evidence to indicate that extracellular purine hydrolysis is a key factor in understanding PD, giving hints for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Oses
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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De Oliveira MR, Oliveira MWS, Behr GA, Moreira JCF. Vitamin A supplementation at clinical doses induces a dysfunction in the redox and bioenergetics states, but did change neither caspases activities nor TNF-alpha levels in the frontal cortex of adult Wistar rats. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43:754-62. [PMID: 19022460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its derivatives, the retinoids, exert modulatory roles on central nervous system (CNS) function. However, the clinical use of vitamin A at moderate to high doses induces serious side effects, including dysfunctional brain metabolism and mood disorders. Then, we have investigated in this work the effects of vitamin A supplementation at 1000, 2500, 4500, or 9000IU/kg/day for 28 days on redox and bioenergetics parameters in adult rat frontal cortex. Additionally, we have measured caspase-3 and caspase-8 activities to analyze whether vitamin A supplementation as retinol palmitate induces neuronal death in such brain area. The levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha were also quantified. We have found increased rates of O(2)(-) production and increased levels of markers of oxidative insult in frontal cortex and also in mitochondrial membranes. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity was increased, and catalase (CAT) enzyme activity did not change in this experimental model. Surprisingly, we observed increased mitochondrial electron transfer chain (METC) activity. Caspase-3 and caspase-8 activities and TNF-alpha levels did not change in this experimental model. Finally, vitamin A supplementation did not induce depression in adult rats after 28 days of treatment. However, exploration in the center of an open field was decreased and time spent in freezing behavior was increased in vitamin A treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto De Oliveira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo (Lab. 32), Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, RS, Brazil.
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Zanotto-Filho A, Schröder R, Moreira JCF. Xanthine oxidase-dependent ROS production mediates vitamin A pro-oxidant effects in cultured Sertoli cells. Free Radic Res 2008; 42:593-601. [PMID: 18569017 DOI: 10.1080/10715760802144422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that vitamin A (retinol, ROH) presents pro-oxidant properties in biological systems. Recent studies point out that xantine oxidase, a ROS-generating enzyme, catalyses ROH oxidation to RA in vitro. These works stimulated the authors to investigate whether xanthine oxidase could be involved on the ROH pro-oxidative effects reported in cultured Sertoli cells. In vitro, it was demonstrate that xanthine oxidase generates superoxide in the presence of ROH as assessed by superoxide mediated-NBT reduction. Superoxide production is potentiated in the presence of NADH and inhibited by allopurinol. In Sertoli cells, ROH treatment increased xanthine oxidase activity and inhibition of the enzyme with allopurinol attenuated ROH-induced ROS production, protein damage and cytotoxicity. Moreover, inhibition of ROH oxidation to RA by retinaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor potentiated both xanthine oxidase-dependent ROS production and cell damage in ROH-treated cells. The data show that xanthine oxidase may play a role on vitamin A pro-oxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfeu Zanotto-Filho
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Retinol and retinoic acid modulate catalase activity in Sertoli cells by distinct and gene expression-independent mechanisms. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1177-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dalmolin RJS, Zanotto-Filho A, De Oliveira RB, Duarte RF, Pasquali MAB, Moreira JCF. Retinol and retinoic acid increase MMP-2 activity by different pathways in cultured Sertoli cells. Free Radic Res 2008; 41:1338-47. [PMID: 18075836 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701717427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diseases such as atherosclerosis, arthritis and cancer have been related with imbalance in ROS production and failures in regulation of the MMPs. Authors suggested a relationship between MPP activity and ROS. Our research group has demonstrated that retinol 7 microM induced changes in Sertoli cell metabolism linking retinol treatment and oxidative stress. We verified MMP activity in Sertoli cells treated with vitamin A using gelatin zymography. We found that retinol (7 microM) and retinoic acid (1 nM) induced MMP-2 activity in Sertoli cells. Antioxidants reversed retinol-induced but not retinoic acid-induced MMP-2 activity. Moreover, retinol but not retinoic acid increased ROS production quantified by DCFH-DA oxidation. We found that retinol and retinoic acid induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but only retinol-increased MMP-2 activity was inhibited by UO126, an ERK1/2 phosphorylation inhibitor. Our findings suggested that retinol-induced MMP-2 activity, but not retinoic acid-induced MMP-2 activity, was related to ERK1/2 phosphorylation and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo J S Dalmolin
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
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Stumpp T, Freymuller E, Miraglia SM. Sertoli cell morphological alterations in albino rats treated with etoposide during prepubertal phase. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2008; 14:225-235. [PMID: 18482470 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927608080318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sertoli cells are very important to spermatogenesis homeostasis because they control germ cell proliferation, differentiation, and death. Damages to Sertoli cells cause germ cell death and affect fertility. Etoposide is a potent chemotherapeutic drug largely used against a variety of cancers. However, this drug also kills normal cells, especially those undergoing rapid proliferation. In the testis, etoposide acts predominantly on intermediate and type B spermatogonia. Etoposide was shown to permanently alter Sertoli cell function when administered to prepubertal rats. Based on this, we decided to investigate whether etoposide can affect Sertoli cell morphology. For this, 25-day-old rats were treated with etoposide during 8 consecutive days and killed at 32, 45, 64, 127, and 180 days old. Testes were fixed in Bouin's liquid or in a mixture of 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 2% formaldehyde for analysis under light and electron microscopes, respectively. Sertoli cells showed morphological alterations such as the presence of chromatin clumps close to the nuclear membrane, nucleus displacement, and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Some Sertoli cells also showed nuclear and cytoplasmic degenerative characteristics, suggesting that etoposide causes severe damages to Sertoli cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiza Stumpp
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 740 Botucatu, Ed. Leitao da Cunha, Sao Paulo - SP 04023-900, Brazil.
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de Oliveira RB, de Bittencourt Pasquali MA, Filho AZ, Dalmolin RJS, Gelain DP, Gottfried C, Rodrigues JL, Klamt F, Moreira JCF. Can electrons travel through actin microfilaments and generate oxidative stress in retinol treated Sertoli cell? Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 301:33-45. [PMID: 17203241 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In early reports our research group has demonstrated that 7 microM retinol (vitamin A) treatment leads to many changes in Sertoli cell metabolism, such as up-regulation of antioxidant enzyme activities, increase in damage to biomolecules, abnormal cellular division, pre-neoplasic transformation, and cytoskeleton conformational changes. These effects were observed to be dependent on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting extra-nuclear (non-genomic) effects of retinol metabolism. Besides 7 microM retinol treatment causing oxidative stress, we have demonstrated that changes observed in cytoskeleton of Sertoli cells under these conditions were protective, and seem to be an adaptive phenomenon against a pro-oxidant environment resulting from retinol treatment. We have hypothesized that the cytoskeleton can conduct electrons through actin microfilaments, which would be a natural process necessary for cell homeostasis. In the present study we demonstrate results correlating retinol metabolism, actin architecture, mitochondria physiology and ROS, in order to demonstrate that the electron conduction through actin microfilaments might explain our results. We believe that electrons produced by retinol metabolism are dislocated through actin microfilaments to mitochondria, and are transferred to electron transport chain to produce water. When mitochondria capacity to receive electrons is overloaded, superoxide radical production is increased and the oxidative stress process starts. Our results suggested that actin cytoskeleton is essential to oxidative stress production induced by retinol treatment, and electrons conduction through actin microfilaments can be the key of this correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramatis Birnfeld de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Laboratório 32, ICBS-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600 anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Agarwal A, Said TM, Bedaiwy MA, Banerjee J, Alvarez JG. Oxidative stress in an assisted reproductive techniques setting. Fertil Steril 2006; 86:503-12. [PMID: 16860798 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The manipulation of gametes and embryos in an in vitro environment when performing assisted reproductive techniques (ART) carries the risk of exposure of these cells to supraphysiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The main objective of this review is to provide ART personnel with all the necessary information regarding the development of oxidative stress in an ART setting, as well as the sources of ROS and the mechanisms of oxidative stress-induced damage during ART procedures. The impact of oxidative stress on ART outcome and the different strategies designed to prevent it are also discussed. DESIGN Review of international scientific literature. A question-and-answer format was adopted in an attempt to convey comprehensive information in a simple yet focused manner. RESULT(S) The pO(2) to which gametes and the embryo are normally exposed in vivo is significantly lower than in vitro. This results in increased production of ROS. Increase in levels of ROS without a concomitant rise in antioxidant defenses leads to oxidative stress. Lipid, protein, and DNA damage have all been associated with oxidative stress. This may ultimately result in suboptimal ART success rates. CONCLUSION(S) Many modifiable conditions exist in an ART setting that may aid in reducing the toxic effects of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Agarwal
- Center for Advanced Research in Human Reproduction, Infertility and Sexual Function, Glickman Urological Institute and Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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