Inhibition of nitric oxide and caspase-3 mediated apoptosis by a tetrapeptide derivative (PEP1261) in cultured synovial fibroblasts from collagen-induced arthritis

Effects of testosterone, estrogen and progesterone on TNF-α mediated cellular damage in rat arthritic synovial fibroblasts

Sexual dimorphism is a well-established phenomenon in rheumatoid arthritis, with women exhibiting higher disease severity. Understanding the role of sex hormones using in vivo animal models is limited due to the systemic effects as well as the difficulty in exploring different dose combinations of the hormones simultaneously. However, cell culture systems pose ideal systems for exploring different combinations and concentrations of the hormones simultaneously. In this study, the procedure for isolation of arthritic fibroblasts was standardized using a combination of collagenase and trypsin based on maximal yield and viability after employing different enzymatic disaggregation procedures. The cultured synovial fibroblasts from arthritic rats did not differ significantly from normal rat fibroblasts in terms of proliferation or secretion of inflammatory mediators. Stimulation of fibroblasts with TNF-α was standardized and TNF-α stimulated rat arthritic synovial fibroblasts exhibited an ideal in vitro system for screening antiinflammatory molecules. The effects of physiological and pharmacological concentrations of testosterone, estrogen and progesterone were studied on TNF-α induced cellular damage in rat arthritic synovial fibroblasts. The results showed that estrogen and testosterone exerted antiinflammatory effects on rat arthritic synovial fibroblasts at physiological and pharmacological concentrations. However, there was no significant difference in the effects between physiological and pharmacological concentrations. Progesterone independently did not show any protective effects. In combination with physiological concentrations of estrogen, progesterone abrogated estrogen's protective effect but it exhibited protection in combination with pharmacological concentrations of estrogen.

Estrogen and testosterone attenuate extracellular matrix loss in collagen-induced arthritis in rats

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a sexually dimorphic, autoimmune inflammatory disorder affecting the joints. Joint disability in RA results primarily from loss of matrix components (collagen and glycosoaminoglycan) in the cartilage and synovium. This study was carried out to understand the effect of physiological levels of testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone on oxidative stress-induced changes in matrix composition in rat synovium in arthritis. Arthritis induction in castrated and ovariectomized rats resulted in enhanced oxidative stress and this was assessed by lipid peroxidation levels and depletion of antioxidants. This, in turn, led to significantly (p < 0.01) increased levels of TNF-alpha and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), subsequently resulting in loss of collagen, elastin, and glycosoaminoglycan (GAG) and disorganization of reticulin as evidenced by biochemical quantitation and also by staining for collagen, reticulin, and elastin. Treatment with physiological doses of dihydrotestosterone (25 mg topically) and estrogen (5 microg/0.1 ml subcutaneously) restored the antioxidant levels significantly (p < 0.05) and reduced the levels of TNF-alpha and MMP-2, with estrogen exhibiting a higher potency. This, in turn, attenuated the damage to reticulin organization as well as the loss of collagen and GAG in the articular tissues. However, elastin loss could not be attenuated by either treatment. Progesterone (2 mg/0.1 ml subcutaneously) was not shown to have any significance in disease modification, and on the contrary, it inhibited the protective effects of estrogen. However, progesterone contributed to increased collagen levels in the tissues.

Comparative studies on the interplay of testosterone, estrogen and progesterone in collagen induced arthritis in rats

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a sexually dimorphic autoimmune disorder exhibiting a higher disease prevalence and severity among females. This study was carried out to understand the role of the major sex hormones viz., testosterone, estrogen and progesterone on the severity in arthritis. The interplay of the sex hormones was studied in a rat model of collagen induced arthritis (CIA). The parameters used for analyzing the disease severity included paw volume, radiology, histopathology of joint, markers for bone turnover, cytokine profile, levels of pain mediator (prostaglandin E(2)) and immune response to type II collagen. Arthritis induction to castrated and ovariectomised rats resulted in enhanced inflammation thereby indicating the importance of sex hormones. Treatment with physiological doses of dihydrotestosterone and estrogen attenuated the inflammation, with estrogen exhibiting higher potency. Progesterone was not shown to have any significance in disease modification; however, when progesterone was administered in combination with estrogen, the protective effects of estrogen were noticed to decrease.

Gender differences and protective effects of testosterone in collagen induced arthritis in rats

To understand the gender differences noticed in autoimmune disorders, particularly rheumatoid arthritis, we used a rat model of collagen induced arthritis (CIA). This study was carried out in two parts. In the first study, severity of inflammation was compared between male and female rats with respect to radiology, histology, activities of lysosomal enzymes, lipid peroxidation, immune response to type II collagen and the level of prostaglandin, a major inflammatory mediator. Since female rats developed severe inflammation, this study was extended to confirm if testosterone at physiological concentration had protective effect against CIA. Hence, studies were carried out on the effect of testosterone application on castrated arthritic rats. Female arthritic rats were also treated with testosterone to find out the effectiveness of the androgen in the presence of female hormones. Results of this study conclusively showed that testosterone possessed significant anti-inflammatory effects at physiological concentration and exerted its action in a gender nonspecific manner.