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Chelerythrine Inhibits Stemness of Cancer Stem-Like Cells of Osteosarcoma and PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signal. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:6435431. [PMID: 36131794 PMCID: PMC9484924 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6435431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chelerythrine (CHE) is widely found in many herbs and is the main alkaloid constituent of Toddalia asiatica (L.) LAM. It has been proved to exert remarkable antitumor, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antiparasitic effects. In osteosarcoma, CHE is reported to inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis. However, the effect of CHE on cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), which contribute to metastasis and recurrence in osteosarcoma, is still largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of CHE on the stemness and malignant behaviors of CSCs derived from osteosarcoma cells. CSCs were enriched by culturing in serum-free medium. The effects of CHE on stemness were measured by detecting stemness factors and sphere formation ability. The effects of CHE on chemosensitivity to doxorubicin and MTX were measured by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. The effects of CHE on CSC malignancy were measured by performing CCK-8, colony formation, tumor formation in soft agar, migration, and invasion assays. We first enriched CSCs from osteosarcoma cells, which were characterized by upregulated stemness markers, including Oct4, Nanog, and Nestin. The addition of CHE clearly decreased malignant behaviors, including colony formation, tumor formation in soft agar, migration, and invasion. CHE also inhibited stemness and thus induced the failure of sphere formation. Moreover, CHE promoted apoptosis induced by chemo agents, including doxorubicin (DOX) and methotrexate (MTX). After CHE treatment, the protein expression of MMP-2/9 was significantly decreased, potentially inhibiting invasion. CHE also exhibited an inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR, which is an upstream regulatory signaling pathway of MMP-2/9. In summary, CSCs derived from U2OS and MG-63 cells, CHE could inhibit the stemness and malignant behaviors of CSCs potentially by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Kim DE, Kim B, Shin HS, Kwon HJ, Park ES. The protective effect of hispidin against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells through Akt/GSK-3β and ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2014; 327:264-75. [PMID: 25128810 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hispidin, a phenolic compound from Phellinus linteus (a medicinal mushroom), has been shown to possess strong anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-dementia properties. However, the cardioprotective efficacy of hispidin has not yet been investigated. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of hispidin against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells and neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. While the treatment of H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells with hydrogen peroxide caused a loss of cell viability and an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, hispidin significantly protected the cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death without any cytotoxicity as determined by XTT assay, LDH release assay, Hoechst 33342 assay, and Western blotting of apoptosis proteins such as caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2. Our data also shows that hispidin significantly scavenged intracellular ROS, and markedly enhanced the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 and catalase, which was accompanied by the concomitant activation of Akt/GSK-3β and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. The effects of hispidin on Akt and ERK phosphorylation were abrogated by LY294002 (a PI3K/Akt inhibitor) and U0126 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor). The effect of hispidin on GSK-3b activities was also blocked by LY294002. Furthermore, inhibiting the Akt/GSK-3β and ERK1/2 pathway by these inhibitors significantly reversed the hispidin-induced Bax and Bcl-2 expression, apoptosis induction, and ROS production. These findings indicate that hispidin protects against apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide through reducing intracellular ROS production, regulating apoptosis-related proteins, and the activation of the Akt/GSK-3β and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kyungbok University, Sinbuk-myeon, Pochen, Gyeonggi 487-717, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Functional Genomics, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Sup Shin
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Kwon
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Seok Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kyungbok University, Sinbuk-myeon, Pochen, Gyeonggi 487-717, Republic of Korea.
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Wan W, Jiang X, Li X, Zhang C, Yi X. Silencing of angiotensin‑converting enzyme by RNA interference prevents H9c2 cardiomyocytes from apoptosis induced by anoxia/reoxygenation through regulation of the intracellular renin-angiotensin system. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:1380-6. [PMID: 24126381 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the angiotensin‑converting enzyme (ACE) attenuated apoptotic cardiomyocytes induced by ischemic reperfusion (I/R). However, it is difficult to evaluate the effects of inhibition of the intracellular ACE in vivo. The objective of this study was to determine whether the apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes following anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) would be improved by the silencing of intracellular ACE by RNA interference (RNAi). H9c2 cardiomyocytes were subjected to A/R 48 h following transfection with ACE-shRNA plasmid. The results showed that the gene silencing of intracellular ACE significantly inhibited the decrease of cell viability and the increase of apoptotic H9c2 cardiomyocytes undergoing A/R. Additionally, the gene silencing of intracellular ACE significantly promoted the expression of ACE2, decreased caspase‑3 activity and Bax levels, and enhanced the expression of Bcl‑2 in H9c2 cardiomyocytes subjected to A/R. The results suggest that the gene silencing of intracellular ACE holds great potential in the treatment of cardiomyocyte apoptosis following I/R injury through the regulation of the intracellular renin‑angiotensin system, thereby regulating the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
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Zhang Z, Guo Y, Zhang L, Zhang J, Wei X. Chelerythrine chloride from Macleaya cordata induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in human gastric cancer BGC-823 cells. Acta Pharm Sin B 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Inhibition of anti-apoptotic signals by Wortmannin induces apoptosis in the remote myocardium after LAD ligation: evidence for a protein kinase C-δ-dependent pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 372:275-83. [PMID: 23010893 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that, in the remote myocardium after infarction (MI), protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition reduces apoptosis both by blocking proapoptotic pathways and by activating antiapoptotic signals including the Akt pathway. However, it was open if vice versa, blockade of antiapoptotic pathways may influence proapoptotic signals. To clarify this, the present study tested the effects of the PI3-kinase blocker Wortmannin on proapoptotic signals and on apoptosis execution in the remote myocardium after infarction. Rats were subjected to MI by LAD ligation in situ. Some were pre-treated with Wortmannin alone or in combination with the PKC inhibitor Chelerythrine. After 24 h, pro- and anti-apoptotic signals (caspase-3, PKC isoforms, p38-MAPK, p42/44-MAPK, Akt, Bad), and marker of apoptosis execution (TUNEL) were quantified in the myocardium remote from the infarction. Wortmannin treatment increased apoptosis in the remote myocardium both at baseline and after MI, together with an activation of the PKC-δ/p38-MAPK-pathway. PKC-ε and p42/44-MAPK were unaffected. Combined treatment with Wortmannin and Chelerythrine fully reversed the pro-apoptotic effects of Wortmannin both at baseline and after MI. The PKC-δ-p38-MAPK-pathway as a strong signal for apoptosis in the non-infarcted myocardium can be influenced by targeting the anti-apoptotic PI3-kinase pathway. This gives evidence of a bi-directional crosstalk of pro- and anti-apoptotic signals after infarction.
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Knapp M, Zendzian-Piotrowska M, Kurek K, Błachnio-Zabielska A. Myocardial infarction changes sphingolipid metabolism in the uninfarcted ventricular wall of the rat. Lipids 2012; 47:847-53. [PMID: 22833182 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is known that the ratio, the level of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)/the level of ceramide (CER) determines survival of the cells. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of myocardial infarction on the level of different sphingolipids in the uninfarcted area. The experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats: 1, control; 2, after ligation of the left coronary artery (infarct) and 3, sham operated. Samples of the uninfarcted area of the left ventricle were taken in 1, 6 and 24 h after the surgery. The level of sphingolipids, S1P, CER, sphingosine (SPH), sphinganine-1-phosphate (SPA1P) and sphinganine (SPA) was determined. The control values were (ng/mg), S1P-0.33 ± 0.03, SPH-1.02 ± 0.13, SPA1P-0.11 ± 0.01, SPA-0.28 ± 0.04, total CER-20.3 ± 1.8. In infarct, the level of S1P in the uninfarcted area was reduced by ~3 times in 1 and 6 h and decreased further in 24 h. The level of SPH decreased in 1 h and returned to the control thereafter. The total level of CER decreased in 6 h after the infarction. Sham surgery also produced changes in the level of certain sphingolipids. The ratio, the level of S1P/the level of CER was markedly reduced at each time point after the infarction. It is concluded that the reduction in the S1P/CER ratio could be responsible for increased apoptosis in the uninfarcted area after the myocardial infarction in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Knapp
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Białystok, Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, Poland.
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Mill JG, Stefanon I, dos Santos L, Baldo MP. Remodeling in the ischemic heart: the stepwise progression for heart failure. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:890-8. [PMID: 21829898 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in the developed world and in developing countries. Acute mortality from acute myocardial infarction (MI) has decreased in the last decades. However, the incidence of heart failure (HF) in patients with healed infarcted areas is increasing. Therefore, HF prevention is a major challenge to the health system in order to reduce healthcare costs and to provide a better quality of life. Animal models of ischemia and infarction have been essential in providing precise information regarding cardiac remodeling. Several of these changes are maladaptive, and they progressively lead to ventricular dilatation and predispose to the development of arrhythmias, HF and death. These events depend on cell death due to necrosis and apoptosis and on activation of the inflammatory response soon after MI. Systemic and local neurohumoral activation has also been associated with maladaptive cardiac remodeling, predisposing to HF. In this review, we provide a timely description of the cardiovascular alterations that occur after MI at the cellular, neurohumoral and electrical level and discuss the repercussions of these alterations on electrical, mechanical and structural dysfunction of the heart. We also identify several areas where insufficient knowledge limits the adoption of better strategies to prevent HF development in chronically infarcted individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Mill
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brasil
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Zhang ZF, Guo Y, Zhang JB, Wei XH. Induction of apoptosis by chelerythrine chloride through mitochondrial pathway and Bcl-2 family proteins in human hepatoma SMMC-7721 Cell. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:791-800. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Shen YJ, Pan SS, Zhuang T, Wang FJ. Exercise preconditioning initiates late cardioprotection against isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats independent of protein kinase C. J Physiol Sci 2011; 61:13-21. [PMID: 20941560 PMCID: PMC10716974 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-010-0116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the late cardioprotective effect of exercise preconditioning (EP) on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury in rats and the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in EP. Rats were injected with ISO 24 h after running on a treadmill for four periods of 10 min each at 28-30 m/min with intervening periods of rest of 10 min. Nonselective PKC inhibitor chelerythrine (CHE) was injected before EP. The myocardial injury was evaluated quantitatively in terms of the serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels, the myocardial ischemia/hypoxia area, and the integral optical density (IOD) of haematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid (HBFP) staining, and qualitatively in terms of the myocardial ultrastructure. EP markedly attenuated the ISO-induced myocardial ischemia/hypoxia and ultrastructural damage with lower serum cTnI levels. CHE injection before EP did not block the protective effect of EP, displaying a mild myocardial ischemia/hypoxia and well-preserved ultrastructure with even lower serum cTnI levels. The results indicate that EP can exert a late cardioprotection against ISO-induced myocardial injury, and that an injection of the nonselective PKC inhibitor CHE before EP may have a different effect on ISO-induced myocardial injury. Further investigation needs to be conducted to define the role of different PKC isozymes in EP by using isozyme-selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jun Shen
- Department of Sports Anatomy, College of Sports Science, Shanghai University of Sport, 650 Qingyuanhuan Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Shan-Shan Pan
- Department of Sports Anatomy, College of Sports Science, Shanghai University of Sport, 650 Qingyuanhuan Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Department of Sports Anatomy, College of Sports Science, Shanghai University of Sport, 650 Qingyuanhuan Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Feng-Juan Wang
- Department of Sports Anatomy, College of Sports Science, Shanghai University of Sport, 650 Qingyuanhuan Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
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Simonis G, Mueller K, Schwarz P, Wiedemann S, Adler G, Strasser RH, Kulaksiz H. The iron-regulatory peptide hepcidin is upregulated in the ischemic and in the remote myocardium after myocardial infarction. Peptides 2010; 31:1786-90. [PMID: 20553779 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that iron metabolism contributes to the ischemic damage after myocardial infarction. Hepcidin, a recently discovered peptide hormone, regulates iron uptake and metabolism, protecting the body from iron overload. In this study we analyzed the regulation of hepcidin in the heart and blood of rats after myocardial infarction. To induce a myocardial infarction in the rats, left anterior descending coronary artery ligation was performed. After 1-24h, biopsies from the ischemic and the non-ischemic myocardium were taken. In these biopsies, the mRNA levels and the protein expression of hepcidin were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis, respectively. In parallel, the serum levels of prohepcidin were measured by ELISA. Six hours after myocardial infarction, the hepcidin mRNA expression was temporally upregulated in the ischemic and in the non-ischemic myocardium. The upregulation was specific for hepcidin, since other iron-related genes (hemojuvelin, IREG-1) remained unchanged. Furthermore, the alteration of the hepcidin protein expression in the ischemic area was connected to the level of hepcidin in the serum of the infarcted rats, where hepcidin also raised up. Angiotensin receptor blockade with candesartan did not influence the mRNA regulation of hepcidin. Together, these data show a particular upregulation of the iron-regulatory peptide hepcidin in the ischemic and the non-ischemic myocardium after myocardial infarction. It is speculated that upregulation of hepcidin may reduce iron toxicity and thus infarct size expansion in an infarcted heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Simonis
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Dresden University of Technology, Heart Center, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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Stimulation of adenosine A2b receptors blocks apoptosis in the non-infarcted myocardium even when administered after the onset of infarction. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 328:119-26. [PMID: 19301100 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic adenosine A2b receptor stimulation has been shown to prevent ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction (MI). We hypothesized that this effect is due to the inhibition of cardiac myocyte apoptosis in the myocardium remote from the infarction. METHODS Rats were subjected to MI by LAD ligation in situ. Some animals were pre-treated with the stable adenosine analogue 2-chloro-adenosine (CADO). After 24 h, pro- and anti-apoptotic signals (protein kinase C isoforms, p38, g proteins, Bcl-2/Bax ratio, Akt, Bad), and marker of apoptosis execution (caspase-3, TUNEL) were quantified in the remote myocardium. RESULTS CADO prevented the occurrence of apoptosis in the remote myocardium of an infarcted heart. This effect occured not only when CADO was started before the onset of ischemia but also when it started 3 h after the infarction. The anti-apoptotic effect of CADO was blocked by simultaneous administration of the selective adenosine A2b receptor antagonist MRS1754 (1 mg/kg). The anti-apoptotic effect of CADO seems to be mediated by g(alphaq) and by the activation of survival kinases (Bad) and by inhibition of the pro-apoptotic PKC-delta/p38-MAPK-pathway. CONCLUSION Chronic adenosine A2b receptor stimulation blocks cardiac myocyte apoptosis in the remote myocardium even when started after the onset of infarction. This may explain the anti-remodelling-effect of the A2b receptor stimulation after infarction.
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