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Wu L, Zhang J, Li D, Zhang Z, Ni Q, Han R, Ye L, Zhang Y, Hong J, Wang W, Ning G, Gu W. Novel WFS1 variants are associated with different diabetes phenotypes. Front Genet 2024; 15:1433060. [PMID: 39221226 PMCID: PMC11361961 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1433060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The WFS1 gene encodes the protein wolframin, which is crucial for maintaining endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. Variants in this gene are predominantly associated with Wolfram syndrome and have been implicated in other disorders such as diabetes mellitus and psychiatric diseases, which increases the rate of clinical misdiagnosis. Methods Patients were diagnosed with early-onset unclassified diabetes according to their clinical and laboratory data. We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in 165 patients, interpreting variants according to the American College of Medical Genetics/Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG/AMP) 2015 guidelines. Variant verification was done by Sanger sequencing. In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of WFS1 compound heterozygous variants. Results We identified WFS1 compound heterozygous variants (p.A214fs*74/p.F329I and p.I427S/p.I304T) in two patients with Wolfram Syndrome-Like disorders (WSLD). Both WFS1 compound heterozygous variants were associated with increased ER stress, reduced cell viability, and decreased SERCA2b mRNA levels. Additionally, pathogenic or likely pathogenic WFS1 heterozygous variants were identified in the other three patients. Conclusion Our results underscore the importance of early genetic testing for diagnosing young-onset diabetes and highlight the clinical relevance of WFS1 variants in increasing ER stress and reducing cell viability. Incorporating these genetic insights into clinical practice can reduce misdiagnoses and improve treatment strategies for related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Danjie Li
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongyun Zhang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qicheng Ni
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rulai Han
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqiong Gu
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Lee HC, Chao HT, Lee SYH, Lin CY, Tsai HJ. The Upstream 1350~1250 Nucleotide Sequences of the Human ENDOU-1 Gene Contain Critical Cis-Elements Responsible for Upregulating Its Transcription during ER Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17393. [PMID: 38139221 PMCID: PMC10744159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
ENDOU-1 encodes an endoribonuclease that overcomes the inhibitory upstream open reading frame (uORF)-trap at 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of the CHOP transcript, allowing the downstream coding sequence of CHOP be translated during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, transcriptional control of ENDOU-1 remains enigmatic. To address this, we cloned an upstream 2.1 kb (-2055~+77 bp) of human ENDOU-1 (pE2.1p) fused with reporter luciferase (luc) cDNA. The promoter strength driven by pE2.1p was significantly upregulated in both pE2.1p-transfected cells and pE2.1p-injected zebrafish embryos treated with stress inducers. Comparing the luc activities driven by pE2.1p and -1125~+77 (pE1.2p) segments, we revealed that cis-elements located at the -2055~-1125 segment might play a critical role in ENDOU-1 upregulation during ER stress. Since bioinformatics analysis predicted many cis-elements clustered at the -1850~-1250, we further deconstructed this segment to generate pE2.1p-based derivatives lacking -1850~-1750, -1749~-1650, -1649~-1486, -1485~-1350 or -1350~-1250 segments. Quantification of promoter activities driven by these five internal deletion plasmids suggested a repressor binding element within the -1649~-1486 and an activator binding element within the -1350~-1250. Since luc activities driven by the -1649~-1486 were not significantly different between normal and stress conditions, we herein propose that the stress-inducible activator bound at the -1350~-1250 segment makes a major contribution to the increased expression of human ENDOU-1 upon ER stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chieh Lee
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Te Chao
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
| | - Selina Yi-Hsuan Lee
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cheng-Yung Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
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3
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Klymenko O, Huehn M, Wilhelm J, Wasnick R, Shalashova I, Ruppert C, Henneke I, Hezel S, Guenther K, Mahavadi P, Samakovlis C, Seeger W, Guenther A, Korfei M. Regulation and role of the ER stress transcription factor CHOP in alveolar epithelial type-II cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:973-990. [PMID: 31025089 PMCID: PMC6581940 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease characterized by type-II alveolar epithelial cell (AECII) injury and fibroblast hyperproliferation. Severe AECII endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is thought to underlie IPF, but is yet incompletely understood. We studied the regulation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), a proapoptotic ER-stress-related transcription factor (TF) in AECII-like cells. Interestingly, single or combined overexpression of the active ER stress transducers activating transcription factor-4 (Atf4) and activating transcription factor-6 (p50Atf6) or spliced x-box-binding protein-1 (sXbp1) in MLE12 cells did not result in a substantial Chop induction, as compared to the ER stress inducer thapsigargin. Employing reporter gene assays of distinct CHOP promoter fragments, we could identify that, next to the conventional amino acid (AARE) and ER stress response elements (ERSE) within the CHOP promoter, activator protein-1 (AP-1) and c-Ets-1 TF binding sites are necessary for CHOP induction. Serial deletion and mutation analyses revealed that both AP-1 and c-Ets-1 motifs act in concert to induce CHOP expression. In agreement, CHOP promoter activity was greatly enhanced upon combined versus single overexpression of AP-1 and c-Ets-1. Moreover, combined overexpression of AP-1 and c-Ets-1 in MLE12 cells alone in the absence of any other ER stress inducer was sufficient to induce Chop protein expression. Further, AP-1 and c-Ets-1 were upregulated in AECII under ER stress conditions and in human IPF. Finally, Chop overexpression in vitro resulted in AECII apoptosis, lung fibroblast proliferation, and collagen-I production. We propose that CHOP activation by AP-1 and c-Ets-1 plays a key role in AECII maladaptive ER stress responses and consecutive fibrosis, offering new therapeutic prospects in IPF. Key messages Overexpression of active ER stress sensors Atf4, Atf6, and Xbp1 does not induce Chop. AP-1 and c-Ets-1 TFs are necessary for induction of the ER stress factor Chop. AP-1 and c-Ets-1 alone induce Chop expression in the absence of any ER stress inducers. AP-1 and c-Ets-1 are induced in AECII under ER stress conditions and in human IPF. Chop expression alone triggers AECII apoptosis and consecutive profibrotic responses.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00109-019-01787-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksiy Klymenko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Huehn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Roxana Wasnick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Irina Shalashova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Clemens Ruppert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System (ECCPS), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Henneke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hezel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Guenther
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Poornima Mahavadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christos Samakovlis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System (ECCPS), 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System (ECCPS), 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany.
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System (ECCPS), 35392, Giessen, Germany.
- European IPF Network and European IPF Registry, Giessen, Germany.
- Agaplesion Lung Clinic Waldhof-Elgershausen, 35753, Greifenstein, Germany.
| | - Martina Korfei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35392, Giessen, Germany
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4
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O'Connell DJ, Kolde R, Sooknah M, Graham DB, Sundberg TB, Latorre I, Mikkelsen TS, Xavier RJ. Simultaneous Pathway Activity Inference and Gene Expression Analysis Using RNA Sequencing. Cell Syst 2016; 2:323-334. [PMID: 27211859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reporter gene assays are a venerable tool for studying signaling pathways, but they lack the throughput and complexity necessary to contribute to a systems-level understanding of endogenous signaling networks. We present a parallel reporter assay, transcription factor activity sequencing (TF-seq), built on synthetic DNA enhancer elements, which enables parallel measurements in primary cells of the transcriptome and transcription factor activity from more than 40 signaling pathways. Using TF-seq in Myd88(-/-) macrophages, we captured dynamic pathway activity changes underpinning the global transcriptional changes of the innate immune response. We also applied TF-seq to investigate small molecule mechanisms of action and find a role for NF-κB activation and coordination of the STAT1 response in the macrophage reaction to the anti-inflammatory natural product halofuginone. Simultaneous TF-seq and global gene expression profiling represent an integrative approach for gaining mechanistic insight into pathway activity and transcriptional changes that result from genetic and small molecule perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J O'Connell
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Raivo Kolde
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Matthew Sooknah
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel B Graham
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Thomas B Sundberg
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Isabel Latorre
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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5
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Lin S, Zhang L, Lei K, Zhang A, Liu P, Liu J. Development of a multifunctional luciferase reporters system for assessing endoplasmic reticulum-targeting photosensitive compounds. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:927-37. [PMID: 24984699 PMCID: PMC4389854 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a recently developed antitumor modality utilizing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), through light irradiation of photosensitizers (PSs) localized in tumor. Interference with proper functioning of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by ER-targeting PDT is a newly proposed strategy to achieve tumor cell death. The aim of this study is to establish a multifunctional model to screen and assess ER-targeting PSs based on luciferase reporters system. Upregulation of GRP78 is a biomarker for the onset of ER stress. CHOP is a key initiating player in ER stress-induced cell death. Here, the most sensitive fragments of GRP78 and CHOP promoters responding to ER-targeting PDT were mapped and cloned into pGL3-basic vector, forming -702/GRP78-Luc and -443/CHOP-Luc construct, respectively. We demonstrated that -702/GRP78-Luc expression can be used to indicate the ER-targeting of PSs, meanwhile estimate the ROS level induced by low-dose ER-targeting PDT. Moreover, the luciferase signaling of -443/CHOP-Luc showed highly consistence with apoptosis rate caused by ER-targeting PDT, suggesting that -443/CHOP-Luc can evaluate the antitumor properties of PSs. Hypericin, Foscan® and methylene blue were applied to verify the sensitivity and reliability of our model. These results proved that GRP78-CHOP model may be suitable to screen ER-targeting photosensitive compounds with lower cost and higher sensitivity than traditional ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Lin
- />Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, #268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- />Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, #268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kecheng Lei
- />Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, #268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Anle Zhang
- />Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, #268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Liu
- />Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Liu
- />Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, #268, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
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6
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Yoon MJ, Kang YJ, Kim IY, Kim EH, Lee JA, Lim JH, Kwon TK, Choi KS. Monensin, a polyether ionophore antibiotic, overcomes TRAIL resistance in glioma cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress, DR5 upregulation and c-FLIP downregulation. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1918-28. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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7
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Zinc Protoporphyrin Upregulates Heme Oxygenase-1 in PC-3 Cells via the Stress Response Pathway. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:162094. [PMID: 23476651 PMCID: PMC3586522 DOI: 10.1155/2013/162094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP), a naturally occurring molecule formed in iron deficiency or lead poisoning, is a potent competitive inhibitor of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). It also regulates expression of HO-1 at the transcriptional level. However, the effect of ZnPP on HO-1 expression is controversial. It was shown to induce HO-1 expression in some cells, but suppress it in others. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of ZnPP on HO-1 expression in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Incubation of PC-3 cells with 10 μM ZnPP for 4 h showed only a slight induction of HO-1 mRNA and protein, but the induction was high after 16 h and was maintained through 48 h of incubation. Of all the known responsive elements in the HO-1 promoter, ZnPP activated mainly the stress response elements. Of the various protein kinase inhibitors and antioxidant tested, only Ro 31-8220 abrogated ZnPP-induced HO-1 expression, suggesting that activation of HO-1 gene by ZnPP may involve protein kinase C (PKC). The involvement of PKC α, β, δ, η, θ, and ζ isoforms was ruled out by the use of specific inhibitors. The isoform of PKC involved and participation of other transcription factors remain to be studied.
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Kwok SCM, Samuel SP, Handal J. Atorvastatin activates heme oxygenase-1 at the stress response elements. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:394-400. [PMID: 21447045 PMCID: PMC3823302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are known to inhibit growth of a number of cancer cells, but their mechanism of action is not well established. In this study, human prostate adenocarcinoma PC-3 and breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell lines were used as models to investigate the mechanism of action of atorvastatin, one of the statins. Atorvastatin was found to induce apoptosis in PC-3 cells at a concentration of 1 μM, and in MCF-7 cells at 50 μM. Initial survey of possible pathway using various pathway-specific luciferase reporter assays showed that atorvastatin-activated antioxidant response element (ARE), suggesting oxidative stress pathway may play a role in atorvastatin-induced apoptosis in both cell lines. Among the antioxidant response genes, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was significantly up-regulated by atorvastatin. Pre-incubation of the cells with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate blocked atorvastatin-induced apoptosis, but not up-regulation of HO-1, suggesting that atorvastatin-induced apoptosis is dependent on GTPase activity and up-regulation of HO-1 gene is not. Six ARE-like elements (designated StRE1 [stress response element] through StRE6) are present in the HO-1 promoter. Atorvastatin was able to activate all of the elements. Because these StRE sites are present in clusters in HO-1 promoter, up-regulation of HO-1 by atorvastatin may involve multiple StRE sites. The role of HO-1 in atorvastatin-induced apoptosis in PC-3 and MCF-7 remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C M Kwok
- ORTD, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141-3098, USA.
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9
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CK2 regulates ATF4 and CHOP transcription within the cellular stress response signalling pathway. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1797-802. [PMID: 22609407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is an ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase. The protein levels along with CK2 activity are highly elevated in tumour cells where it protects cells from apoptosis. Accordingly, inhibition of CK2 is known to induce programmed cell death, making it a promising target for cancer therapy. Analysis of the different behaviour of hormone sensitive LNCaP cells and hormone refractory PC-3 cells after CK2 inhibition revealed CHOP ((C/EBP)-homologous protein) induction and therefore probably ER stress as crucial for apoptosis in the LNCaP cells. In the present study we investigated which promoter element of the CHOP promoter is responsible for its induction. ER stress can be generated by the accumulation of unfolded proteins, by depletion of amino acids or by oxidative stress. ER stress induces specific signalling pathways. In order to analyse which pathway might be activated by CK2 inhibition we started to analyse the activation of the different CHOP promoter elements. By using mutated reporter constructs of the CHOP promoter, it turned out that the amino acid response element (AARE) is the most prominent element for CHOP induction after CK2 inhibition. The ER stress element, however, proves to be less crucial, and along with the AP-1 binding site, they do not seem to play any role. Further we found an up-regulation of the transcription factor ATF4 after CK2 inhibition. ATF4 is involved in ER stress signalling through the AARE, which further supports our finding that CK2 inhibition provokes an amino acid induced response pathway.
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10
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John L, Thomas S, Herchenröder O, Pützer BM, Schaefer S. Hepatitis E virus ORF2 protein activates the pro-apoptotic gene CHOP and anti-apoptotic heat shock proteins. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25378. [PMID: 21966512 PMCID: PMC3179511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a non-enveloped plus-strand RNA virus that causes acute hepatitis. The capsid protein open reading frame 2 (ORF2) is known to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress in ORF2 expressing cells. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we found that HEV ORF2 activates the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). ORF2 stimulates the CHOP promoter mainly through AARE (amino acid response elements) and to a minor extent the ERSE (endoplasmic reticulum stress response elements). Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) protein binds and activates the AARE regulatory sites of the CHOP promoter. ORF2 expression also leads to increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) that in turn initiates the translation of ATF4 mRNA. The pro-apoptotic gene CHOP is an important trigger to initiate endoplasmic reticulum stress induced apoptosis. However, the activation of CHOP by ORF2 in this study did not induce apoptosis, nor did BCL2-associated X protein (Bax) translocate to mitochondria. Microarray analysis revealed an ORF2 specific increased expression of chaperones Hsp72, Hsp70B', and co-chaperone Hsp40. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and in silico molecular docking analysis suggests that HEV ORF2 interacts with Hsp72. In addition, Hsp72 shows nuclear accumulation in ORF2 expressing cells. Conclusions/Significance These data provide new insight into simultaneously occurring counter-acting effects of HEV ORF2 that may be part of a strategy to prevent host suicide before completion of the viral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijo John
- Department of Vectorology and Experimental Gene Therapy, Biomedical Research Center, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - Saijo Thomas
- Department of Vectorology and Experimental Gene Therapy, Biomedical Research Center, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ottmar Herchenröder
- Department of Vectorology and Experimental Gene Therapy, Biomedical Research Center, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte M. Pützer
- Department of Vectorology and Experimental Gene Therapy, Biomedical Research Center, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephan Schaefer
- Department of Vectorology and Experimental Gene Therapy, Biomedical Research Center, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
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