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Sagkrioti E, Biz GM, Takan I, Asfa S, Nikitaki Z, Zanni V, Kars RH, Hellweg CE, Azzam EI, Logotheti S, Pavlopoulou A, Georgakilas AG. Radiation Type- and Dose-Specific Transcriptional Responses across Healthy and Diseased Mammalian Tissues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2286. [PMID: 36421472 PMCID: PMC9687520 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a genuine genotoxic agent and a major modality in cancer treatment. IR disrupts DNA sequences and exerts mutagenic and/or cytotoxic properties that not only alter critical cellular functions but also impact tissues proximal and distal to the irradiated site. Unveiling the molecular events governing the diverse effects of IR at the cellular and organismal levels is relevant for both radiotherapy and radiation protection. Herein, we address changes in the expression of mammalian genes induced after the exposure of a wide range of tissues to various radiation types with distinct biophysical characteristics. First, we constructed a publicly available database, termed RadBioBase, which will be updated at regular intervals. RadBioBase includes comprehensive transcriptomes of mammalian cells across healthy and diseased tissues that respond to a range of radiation types and doses. Pertinent information was derived from a hybrid analysis based on stringent literature mining and transcriptomic studies. An integrative bioinformatics methodology, including functional enrichment analysis and machine learning techniques, was employed to unveil the characteristic biological pathways related to specific radiation types and their association with various diseases. We found that the effects of high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation on cell transcriptomes significantly differ from those caused by low LET and are consistent with immunomodulation, inflammation, oxidative stress responses and cell death. The transcriptome changes also depend on the dose since low doses up to 0.5 Gy are related with cytokine cascades, while higher doses with ROS metabolism. We additionally identified distinct gene signatures for different types of radiation. Overall, our data suggest that different radiation types and doses can trigger distinct trajectories of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic pathways that hold promise to be manipulated toward improving radiotherapy efficiency and reducing systemic radiotoxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Sagkrioti
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
- Biology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Gökay Mehmet Biz
- Department of Technical Programs, Izmir Vocational School, Dokuz Eylül University, Buca, Izmir 35380, Turkey
| | - Işıl Takan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Balcova, Izmir 35340, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Balcova, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Seyedehsadaf Asfa
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Balcova, Izmir 35340, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Balcova, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Zacharenia Nikitaki
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Zanni
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Rumeysa Hanife Kars
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | - Christine E. Hellweg
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology, Linder Höhe, D-51147 Köln, Germany
| | | | - Stella Logotheti
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Pavlopoulou
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Balcova, Izmir 35340, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Balcova, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Alexandros G. Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
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Purgason A, Zhang Y, Hamilton SR, Gridley DS, Sodipe A, Jejelowo O, Ramesh GT, Moreno-Villanueva M, Wu H. Apoptosis and expression of apoptosis-related genes in mouse intestinal tissue after whole-body proton exposure. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 442:155-168. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ravichandran P, Baluchamy S, Sadanandan B, Gopikrishnan R, Biradar S, Ramesh V, Hall JC, Ramesh GT. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes activate NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways to induce apoptosis in rat lung epithelial cells. Apoptosis 2011; 15:1507-16. [PMID: 20694747 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our previous report on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) has demonstrated the generation of reactive radicals and depletion of intracellular antioxidants which in turn cause cell death through activation of caspases. The molecular mechanism of cellular death due to MWCNT is not clear yet. In this study, we investigated the signaling pathways implicated in MWCNT-induced apoptosis in rat lung epithelial cells. First, we assessed the DNA damage in response to MWCNT treatment and showed the significant DNA damage as compared to control. The collapse of the mitochondrial membrane integrity, release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, reduction in cellular ATP content, increased levels of mitochondrial apoptogenic factor and activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB were observed in MWCNT treated cells. In addition, a time-dependent induction of phosphorylated IκBα and its degradation were detected in cells exposed to MWCNT. Furthermore, MWCNT activated several death related proteins including apoptosis inducing factor, p53, p21 and bax. Together, our results suggest that signaling pathways such as NF-κB and AP-1 are activated upon MWCNT treatment for cellular cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabakaran Ravichandran
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biology, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA 23504, USA
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Baluchamy S, Zhang Y, Ravichandran P, Ramesh V, Sodipe A, Hall JC, Jejelowo O, Gridley DS, Wu H, Ramesh GT. Differential oxidative stress gene expression profile in mouse brain after proton exposure. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010; 46:718-25. [PMID: 20607620 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Radiation is known to potentially interfere with cellular functions at all levels of cell organization. The radiation-induced stress response is very complex and involves altered expression of many genes. Identification of specific genes may allow the determination of pathways important in radiation responses. Although several radiation-related research have been studied extensively, the molecular and cellular processes affected by proton exposure remain poorly understood. Our earlier reports have shown that proton radiation induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and lipid peroxidation and inhibits antioxidants, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione. Therefore, in this present study, we used quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction approach and showed the modulation of several genes including oxidative stress, antioxidants defense mechanism, ROS metabolism, and oxygen transporters related genes expression in 2-Gy proton-exposed mouse brain. Literature evidences suggest that change in oxidants and antioxidants levels induce DNA damage, followed by cell death. In conclusion, changes in the gene profile of mouse brain after proton irradiation are complex and the exposed cells might undergo programmed cell death through alteration of genes responsible for oxidative stress signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Baluchamy
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology & Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biology, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA 23504, USA
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Baluchamy S, Ravichandran P, Periyakaruppan A, Ramesh V, Hall JC, Zhang Y, Jejelowo O, Gridley DS, Wu H, Ramesh GT. Induction of cell death through alteration of oxidants and antioxidants in lung epithelial cells exposed to high energy protons. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24769-74. [PMID: 20538614 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.138099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation affects several cellular and molecular processes, including double strand breakage and modifications of sugar moieties and bases. In outer space, protons are the primary radiation source that poses a range of potential health risks to astronauts. On the other hand, the use of proton irradiation for tumor radiation therapy is increasing, as it largely spares healthy tissues while killing tumor tissues. Although radiation-related research has been conducted extensively, the molecular toxicology and cellular mechanisms affected by proton irradiation remain poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, we irradiated rat lung epithelial cells with different doses of protons and investigated their effects on cell proliferation and death. Our data show an inhibition of cell proliferation in proton-irradiated cells with a significant dose-dependent activation and repression of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants glutathione and superoxide dismutase, respectively, compared with control cells. In addition, the activities of apoptosis-related genes such as caspase-3 and -8 were induced in a dose-dependent manner with corresponding increased levels of DNA fragmentation in proton-irradiated cells compared with control cells. Together, our results show that proton irradiation alters oxidant and antioxidant levels in cells to activate the apoptotic pathway for cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Baluchamy
- Department of Biology, Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, Virginia 23504, USA
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