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Duan X, Hu M, Yang L, Zhang S, Wang B, Li T, Tan Y, Li Y, Liu X, Zhan Z. IRG1 prevents excessive inflammatory responses and cardiac dysfunction after myocardial injury. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115614. [PMID: 37209857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) and chemotherapeutic drug administration can induce myocardial damage and cardiomyocyte cell death, and trigger the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that initiate the aseptic inflammatory response. The moderate inflammatory response is beneficial for repairing damaged myocardium, while an excessive inflammatory response exacerbates myocardial injury, promotes scar formation, and results in a poor prognosis of cardiac diseases. Immune responsive gene 1 (IRG1) is specifically highly expressed in activated macrophages and mediates the production of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolite itaconate. However, the role of IRG1 in the inflammation and myocardial injury of cardiac stress-related diseases remains unknown. Here, we found that IRG1 knockout mice exhibited increased cardiac tissue inflammation and infarct size, aggravated myocardial fibrosis, and impaired cardiac function after MI and in vivo doxorubicin (Dox) administration. Mechanically, IRG1 deficiency enhanced the production of IL-6 and IL-1β by suppressing the nuclear factor red lineage 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) pathway in cardiac macrophages. Importantly, 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI), a cell-permeable derivative of itaconate, reversed the inhibited expression of NRF2 and ATF3 caused by IRG1 deficiency. Moreover, in vivo 4-OI administration inhibited the cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, and prevented adverse ventricle remodeling in IRG1 knockout mice with MI or Dox-induced myocardial injury. Our study uncovers the critical protective role of IRG1 in suppressing inflammation and preventing cardiac dysfunction under ischemic or toxic injury conditions, providing a potential target for the treatment of myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Duan
- Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200081, China; Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Meiling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Linshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yingke Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xingguang Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Zhan
- Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200081, China; Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
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Wu R, Kang R, Tang D. Mitochondrial ACOD1/IRG1 in infection and sterile inflammation. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2:78-88. [PMID: 36789185 PMCID: PMC9924012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunometabolism is a dynamic process involving the interplay of metabolism and immune response in health and diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that impaired immunometabolism contributes to infectious and inflammatory diseases. In particular, the mitochondrial enzyme aconitate decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1, best known as immunoresponsive gene 1 [IRG1]) is upregulated under various inflammatory conditions and serves as a pivotal regulator of immunometabolism involved in itaconate production, macrophage polarization, inflammasome activation, and oxidative stress. Consequently, the activation of the ACOD1 pathway is implicated in regulating the pathogenic process of sepsis and septic shock, which are part of a clinical syndrome of life-threatening organ failure caused by a dysregulated host response to pathogen infection. In this review, we discuss the latest research advances in ACOD1 expression and function, with particular attention to how the ACOD1-itaconate pathway affects infection and sterile inflammation diseases. These new insights may give us a deeper understanding of the role of immunometabolism in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runliu Wu
- Department of Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA,Corresponding author: Daolin Tang, Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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Immunity as Cornerstone of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Contribution of Oxidative Stress in the Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010436. [PMID: 33406763 PMCID: PMC7795122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and has become the major cause of chronic liver disease, especially in western countries. NAFLD encompasses a wide spectrum of hepatic histological alterations, from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis with a potential development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by lobular inflammation and fibrosis. Several studies reported that insulin resistance, redox unbalance, inflammation, and lipid metabolism dysregulation are involved in NAFLD progression. However, the mechanisms beyond the evolution of simple steatosis to NASH are not clearly understood yet. Recent findings suggest that different oxidized products, such as lipids, cholesterol, aldehydes and other macromolecules could drive the inflammation onset. On the other hand, new evidence indicates innate and adaptive immunity activation as the driving force in establishing liver inflammation and fibrosis. In this review, we discuss how immunity, triggered by oxidative products and promoting in turn oxidative stress in a vicious cycle, fuels NAFLD progression. Furthermore, we explored the emerging importance of immune cell metabolism in determining inflammation, describing the potential application of trained immune discoveries in the NASH pathological context.
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Wu R, Chen F, Wang N, Tang D, Kang R. ACOD1 in immunometabolism and disease. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:822-833. [PMID: 32601305 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism plays a fundamental role in health and diseases and involves multiple genes and signals. Aconitate decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1; also known as IRG1) is emerging as a regulator of immunometabolism in inflammation and infection. Upregulation of ACOD1 expression occurs in activated immune cells (e.g., macrophages and monocytes) in response to pathogen infection (e.g., bacteria and viruses), pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules (e.g., LPS), cytokines (e.g., TNF and IFNs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (e.g., monosodium urate). Mechanistically, several immune receptors (e.g., TLRs and IFNAR), adapter proteins (e.g., MYD88), ubiquitin ligases (e.g., A20), and transcription factors (e.g., NF-κB, IRFs, and STATs) form complex signal transduction networks to control ACOD1 expression in a context-dependent manner. Functionally, ACOD1 mediates itaconate production, oxidative stress, and antigen processing and plays dual roles in immunity and diseases. On the one hand, activation of the ACOD1 pathway may limit pathogen infection and promote embryo implantation. On the other hand, abnormal ACOD1 expression can lead to tumor progression, neurodegenerative disease, and immune paralysis. Further understanding of the function and regulation of ACOD1 is important for the application of ACOD1-based therapeutic strategies in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runliu Wu
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Biochemical and Metabolic Implications of Tricarboxylic Acids and their Transporters. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Yu XH, Zhang DW, Zheng XL, Tang CK. Itaconate: an emerging determinant of inflammation in activated macrophages. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 97:134-141. [PMID: 30428148 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in innate immunity as the first line of defense against pathogen infection. Upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli, macrophages rapidly respond and subsequently undergo metabolic reprogramming to substantially produce cellular metabolites such as itaconate. As a derivate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, itaconate is derived from the decarboxylation of cis-aconitate mediated by immunoresponsive gene 1 in the mitochondrial matrix. It is well known that itaconate has a direct antimicrobial effect by inhibiting isocitrate lyase. Strikingly, two recent studies published in Nature showed that itaconate markedly decreases the production of proinflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages and ameliorates sepsis and psoriasis in animal models, revealing a novel biological action of itaconate beyond its regular roles in antimicrobial defense. The mechanism for this anti-inflammatory effect has been proposed to involve the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase, blockade of IκBζ translation and activation of Nrf2. These intriguing discoveries provide a new explanation for how macrophages are switched from a pro- to an anti-inflammatory state to limit the damage and facilitate tissue repair under proinflammatory conditions. Thus, the emerging effect of itaconate as a crucial determinant of macrophage inflammation has important implications in further understanding cellular immunometabolism and developing future therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on the roles of itaconate in controlling the inflammatory response during macrophage activation, providing a rationale for future investigation and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Yu
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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Almeida GMDF, Silva LCF, Colson P, Abrahao JS. Mimiviruses and the Human Interferon System: Viral Evasion of Classical Antiviral Activities, But Inhibition By a Novel Interferon-β Regulated Immunomodulatory Pathway. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 37:1-8. [PMID: 28079476 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we discuss the role of mimiviruses as potential human pathogens focusing on clinical and evolutionary evidence. We also propose a novel antiviral immunomodulatory pathway controlled by interferon-β (IFN-β) and mediated by immune-responsive gene 1 (IRG1) and itaconic acid, its product. Acanthamoeba polyphaga Mimivirus (APMV) was isolated from amoebae in a hospital while investigating a pneumonia outbreak. Mimivirus ubiquity and role as protist pathogens are well understood, and its putative status as a human pathogen has been gaining strength as more evidence is being found. The study of APMV and human cells interaction revealed that the virus is able to evade the IFN system by inhibiting the regulation of interferon-stimulated genes, suggesting that the virus and humans have had host-pathogen interactions. It also has shown that the virus is capable of growing on IFN-α2, but not on IFN-β-treated cells, hinting at an exclusive IFN-β antiviral pathway. Our hypothesis based on preliminary data and published articles is that IFN-β preferentially upregulates IRG1 in human macrophagic cells, which in turn produces itaconic acid. This metabolite links metabolism to antiviral activity by inactivating the virus, in a novel immunomodulatory pathway relevant for APMV infections and probably to other infectious diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena C Ferreira Silva
- 2 Laboratorio de Virus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Philippe Colson
- 3 Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Universite Faculté de Médecine , Marseille, France
| | - Jonatas Santos Abrahao
- 2 Laboratorio de Virus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil .,3 Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Universite Faculté de Médecine , Marseille, France
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Sanderson LE, Chien AT, Astin JW, Crosier KE, Crosier PS, Hall CJ. An inducible transgene reports activation of macrophages in live zebrafish larvae. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:63-69. [PMID: 26123890 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are the most functionally heterogenous cells of the hematopoietic system. Given many diseases are underpinned by inappropriate macrophage activation, macrophages have emerged as a therapeutic target to treat disease. A thorough understanding of what controls macrophage activation will likely reveal new pathways that can be manipulated for therapeutic benefit. Live imaging fluorescent macrophages within transgenic zebrafish larvae has provided a valuable window to investigate macrophage behavior in vivo. Here we describe the first transgenic zebrafish line that reports macrophage activation, as evidenced by induced expression of an immunoresponsive gene 1(irg1):EGFP transgene. When combined with existing reporter lines that constitutively mark macrophages, we reveal this unique transgenic line can be used to live image macrophage activation in response to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide and xenografted human cancer cells. We anticipate the Tg(irg1:EGFP) line will provide a valuable tool to explore macrophage activation and plasticity in the context of different disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E Sanderson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - An-Tzu Chien
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan W Astin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn E Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Philip S Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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Németh B, Doczi J, Csete D, Kacso G, Ravasz D, Adams D, Kiss G, Nagy AM, Horvath G, Tretter L, Mócsai A, Csépányi-Kömi R, Iordanov I, Adam-Vizi V, Chinopoulos C. Abolition of mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation by itaconic acid produced by LPS-induced Irg1 expression in cells of murine macrophage lineage. FASEB J 2015; 30:286-300. [PMID: 26358042 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-279398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Itaconate is a nonamino organic acid exhibiting antimicrobial effects. It has been recently identified in cells of macrophage lineage as a product of an enzyme encoded by immunoresponsive gene 1 (Irg1), acting on the citric acid cycle intermediate cis-aconitate. In mitochondria, itaconate can be converted by succinate-coenzyme A (CoA) ligase to itaconyl-CoA at the expense of ATP (or GTP), and is also a weak competitive inhibitor of complex II. Here, we investigated specific bioenergetic effects of increased itaconate production mediated by LPS-induced stimulation of Irg1 in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and RAW-264.7 cells. In rotenone-treated macrophage cells, stimulation by LPS led to impairment in substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP) of in situ mitochondria, deduced by a reversal in the directionality of the adenine nucleotide translocase operation. In RAW-264.7 cells, the LPS-induced impairment in SLP was reversed by short-interfering RNA(siRNA)-but not scrambled siRNA-treatment directed against Irg1. LPS dose-dependently inhibited oxygen consumption rates (61-91%) and elevated glycolysis rates (>21%) in BMDM but not RAW-264.7 cells, studied under various metabolic conditions. In isolated mouse liver mitochondria treated with rotenone, itaconate dose-dependently (0.5-2 mM) reversed the operation of adenine nucleotide translocase, implying impairment in SLP, an effect that was partially mimicked by malonate. However, malonate yielded greater ADP-induced depolarizations (3-19%) than itaconate. We postulate that itaconate abolishes SLP due to 1) a "CoA trap" in the form of itaconyl-CoA that negatively affects the upstream supply of succinyl-CoA from the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; 2) depletion of ATP (or GTP), which are required for the thioesterification by succinate-CoA ligase; and 3) inhibition of complex II leading to a buildup of succinate which shifts succinate-CoA ligase equilibrium toward ATP (or GTP) utilization. Our results support the notion that Irg1-expressing cells of macrophage lineage lose the capacity of mitochondrial SLP for producing itaconate during mounting of an immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Németh
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Doczi
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Csete
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Kacso
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dora Ravasz
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Adams
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Kiss
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adam M Nagy
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergo Horvath
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Tretter
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Mócsai
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roland Csépányi-Kömi
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Iordan Iordanov
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vera Adam-Vizi
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christos Chinopoulos
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Cordes T, Michelucci A, Hiller K. Itaconic Acid: The Surprising Role of an Industrial Compound as a Mammalian Antimicrobial Metabolite. Annu Rev Nutr 2015; 35:451-73. [PMID: 25974697 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Itaconic acid is well known as a precursor for polymer synthesis and has been involved in industrial processes for decades. In a recent surprising discovery, itaconic acid was found to play a role as an immune-supportive metabolite in mammalian immune cells, where it is synthesized as an antimicrobial compound from the citric acid cycle intermediate cis-aconitic acid. Although the immune-responsive gene 1 protein (IRG1) has been associated to immune response without a mechanistic function, the critical link to itaconic acid production through an enzymatic function of this protein was only recently revealed. In this review, we highlight the history of itaconic acid as an industrial and antimicrobial compound, starting with its biotechnological synthesis and ending with its antimicrobial function in mammalian immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thekla Cordes
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg; ,
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Wang L, Xiao W, Zheng Y, Xiao R, Zhu G, Wang M, Li Y, Peng S, Tan X, He Y, Tan J. High dose lipopolysaccharide triggers polarization of mouse thymic Th17 cells in vitro in the presence of mature dendritic cells. Cell Immunol 2012; 274:98-108. [PMID: 22361175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays an important role in the activation of innate immune cells, leading to secretion of proinflammatory factors and bridging the adaptive immune system. Exposing total mouse thymic cells culture to LPS induced a unique expression profile of cytokines (IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22) and the essential ROR-γt master transcription factor, which suggested a preferential differentiation of thymocytes towards the Th17 cell phenotype. Th17-polarizing molecules (IL-23, IL-23R, IL-6, and TGF-β) and IL-17A(+)CD4(+) thymocytes were also specifically produced by the in vitro LPS-stimulation of thymic cells. Furthermore, both the expression of Th17 differentiation-related molecules and the frequency of Th17 cells were significantly up-regulated with increasing doses of LPS, as evidenced by quantitative RT-PCR and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. The expressions and frequency reached maximum levels when LPS exposure had been maintained at an extremely high concentration (100 μg/mL) for 48 h. On the other hand, depletion of thymic dendritic cells (DCs) blocked the LPS-induced polarization of thymus-derived Th17 cell lineage. Addition of bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) to the purified immature CD4(+) CD62L(low) thymocytes culture recovered the switch towards Th17 cells, which synergistically prompted the cytotoxic activity of CD8(+) T cells. Taken together, our data indicates that high doses of LPS can promote the differentiation of mouse thymus-derived Th17 cells by a mechanism involving components associated with mature DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
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