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Jia H, Liu N, Zhang Y, Wang C, Yang Y, Wu Z. 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol induces cell death through endoplasmic reticulum stress in mouse liver. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117238. [PMID: 33984781 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of food or cereal products contaminated by deoxynivalenol (DON) and related derivatives poses a threat to the health of humans and animals. However, the toxicity and underlying mechanisms of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-Ac-DON), an acetylated form of deoxynivalenol, have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we showed that 3-Ac-DON caused significant oxidative damage, as shown by elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum, increased lipid peroxidation products, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, 3-Ac-DON exposure led to elevated infiltrations of immune cell, increased apoptosis and autophagy in the liver. Interestingly, 3-Ac-DON-resulted apoptosis and liver injury were partially reduced by autophagy inhibitors. Further study showed that 3-Ac-DON-treated mice had altered ultrastructural changes of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as well as enhanced protein levels of p-IRE1α, p-PERK, and downstream targets, indicating activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) in the liver. Importantly, 3-Ac-DON induced ER stress, oxidative damage, cell death, infiltration of immune cells, and increased mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines were significantly abolished by 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an ER stress inhibitor, indicating a critical role of UPR signaling for the cellular damage of the liver in response to 3-Ac-DON exposure. In conclusion, using mice as an animal model, we showed that 3-Ac-DON exposure impaired the function of liver, as shown by oxidative damage, cell death, and infiltration of immune cell, in which ER stress played an important role. Restoration of the ER function might be a preventive strategy to reduce the deleterious effect of 3-Ac-DON on the liver of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yunchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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The Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activities of Pyrrole-Based Carboxamides: The Novel Tubulin Inhibitors Targeting the Colchicine-Binding Site. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195780. [PMID: 34641324 PMCID: PMC8510300 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) that interfere with the dynamic state of the mitotic spindle are well-known and effective chemotherapeutic agents. These agents interrupt the microtubule network via polymerization or depolymerization, halting the cell cycle progression and leading to apoptosis. We report two novel pyrrole-based carboxamides (CAs) (CA-61 and -84) as the compounds exhibiting potent anti-cancer properties against a broad spectrum of epithelial cancer cell lines, including breast, lung, and prostate cancer. The anti-cancer activity of CAs is due to their ability to interfere with the microtubules network and inhibit tubulin polymerization. Molecular docking demonstrated an efficient binding between these ligands and the colchicine-binding site on the tubulin. CA-61 formed two hydrogen bond interactions with THR 179 (B) and THR 353 (B), whereas two hydrogen bonds with LYS 254 (B) and 1 with ASN 101 (A) were identified for CA-84. The binding energy for CA-84 and CA-61 was −9.910 kcal/mol and −9.390 kcal/mol. A tubulin polymerization assay revealed a strong inhibition of tubulin polymerization induced by CA-61 and -84. The immunofluorescence data revealed the disruption of the tubulin assembly in CA-treated cancer cells. As an outcome of the tubulin inhibition, these compounds halted the cell cycle progression in the G2/M phase, leading to the accumulation of the mitotic cells, and further induced apoptosis. Lastly, the in vivo study indicated that CAs significantly inhibited the HCC1806 breast cancer xenograft tumor growth in a nude mouse model. Collectively, we identified the novel CAs as potent MTAs, inhibiting tubulin polymerization via binding to the colchicine-binding site, disrupting the microtubule network, and exhibiting potent pro-apoptotic activities against the epithelial cancer cell lines both in vitro and in vivo.
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Wu MS, Chien CC, Jargalsaikhan G, Ilsan NA, Chen YC. Activation of PERK Contributes to Apoptosis and G 2/M Arrest by Microtubule Disruptors in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells ‡. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010097. [PMID: 31906029 PMCID: PMC7017320 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) are widely used in cancer chemotherapy, but the therapeutic responses significantly vary among different tumor types. Protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticular (ER) kinase (PERK) is an ER stress kinase, and the role of PERK in the anticancer effects of MTAs is still undefined. In the present study, taxol (TAX) and nocodazole (NOC) significantly induced apoptosis with increased expression of phosphorylated PERK (pPERK; Tyr980) in four human colon cancer cell lines, including HCT-15, COLO205, HT-20, and LOVO cells. Induction of G2/M arrest by TAX and NOC with increases in phosphorylated Cdc25C and cyclin B1 protein were observed in human colon cancer cells. Application of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitors SP600125 (SP) and JNK inhibitor V (JNKI) significantly reduced TAX- and NOC-induced apoptosis and G2/M arrest of human colon cancer cells. Interestingly, TAX- and NOC-induced pPERK (Tyr980) protein expression was inhibited by adding the JNK inhibitors, SP and JNKI, and application of the PERK inhibitor GSK2606414 (GSK) significantly reduced apoptosis and G2/M arrest by TAX and NOC, with decreased pPERK (Tyr980) and pJNK, phosphorylated Cdc25C, and Cyc B1 protein expressions in human colon cancer cells. Decreased viability by TAX and NOC was inhibited by knockdown of PERK using PERK siRNA in COLO205 and HCT-15 cells. Disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein phosphorylation (pBcl-2; Ser70) by TAX and NOC were prevented by adding the PERK inhibitor GSK and JNK inhibitor SP and JNKI. A cross-activation of JNK and PERK by TAX and NOC leading to anti-CRC actions including apoptosis and G2/M arrest was first demonstrated herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shun Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Integrative Therapy Center for Gastroenterologic Cancers, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chien
- Department of Nephrology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan City 710, Taiwan;
- Department of Food Nutrition, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 71703, Taiwan
| | - Ganbolor Jargalsaikhan
- International MS/PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (G.J.); (N.A.I.)
- Liver Center, Ulaanbaatar 14230, Mongolia
| | - Noor Andryan Ilsan
- International MS/PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (G.J.); (N.A.I.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, STIKes Mitra Keluarga, Bekasi 17113, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Yen-Chou Chen
- International MS/PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (G.J.); (N.A.I.)
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center and Orthopedics Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3421); Fax: +886-2-2377-8620
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Shukla V, Kaushal JB, Kumar R, Popli P, Agnihotri PK, Mitra K, Dwivedi A. Microtubule depolymerization attenuates WNT4/CaMKIIα signaling in mouse uterus and leads to implantation failure. Reproduction 2019; 158:47-59. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule (MT) dynamics plays a crucial role in fertilization and early embryonic development; however its involvement in uterus during embryo implantation remains unclear. Herein, we report the effect of microtubule depolymerization during embryo implantation in BALB/c mice. Intrauterine treatment with depolymerizing agent nocodazole at pre-implantation phase (D4, 07:00 h) in mice resulted into mitigation in receptivity markers viz. LIF, HoxA10, Integrin-β3, IHH, WNT4 and led to pregnancy failure. MT depolymerization in endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) also inhibited the blastocyst attachment and the adhesion. The decreased expression of MT polymerization-related proteins TPPP and α/β-tubulin in luminal and glandular epithelial cells along with the alteration in morphology of pinopodes in the luminal epithelium was observed in nocodazole receiving uteri. Nocodazole treatment also led to increased intracellular Ca+2levels in EECs, which indicated that altered Ca+2homeostasis might be responsible for implantation failure. Microtubule depolymerization inhibited WNT4 and Fz-2 interaction, thereby suppressing the downstream WNT4/CaMKIIα signaling cascades calmodulin and calcineurin which led to attenuation of NF-κB transcriptional promoter activity in EECs. MT depolymerization or CaMKIIα knockdown inhibited the transcription factor NFAT and NF-κB expression along with reduced secretion of prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2α in mouse EECs. Overall, MT depolymerization impaired the WNT4/CaMKIIα signaling and suppressed the secretion of PGE2 and PGF2α in EECs which may be responsible for implantation failure in mice.
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Tanabe K. Microtubule Depolymerization by Kinase Inhibitors: Unexpected Findings of Dual Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122508. [PMID: 29168788 PMCID: PMC5751111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-targeting agents are widely used as clinical drugs in the treatment of cancer. However, some kinase inhibitors can also disrupt microtubule organization by directly binding to tubulin. These unexpected effects may result in a plethora of harmful events and/or a misinterpretation of the experimental results. Thus, further studies are needed to understand these dual inhibitors. In this review, I discuss the roles of dual inhibitors of kinase activity and microtubule function as well as describe the properties underlining their dual roles. Since both kinase and microtubule inhibitors cause cell toxicity and cell cycle arrest, it is difficult to determine which inhibitor is responsible for each phenotype. A discrimination of cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 or G2/M and/or image analyses of cellular phenotype may eventually lead to new insights on drug duality. Because of the indispensable roles of microtubules in mitosis and vesicle transport, I propose a simple and easy method to identify microtubule depolymerizing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tanabe
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
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Jin Q, Ju J, Xu L, Liu Y, Li Z, Fu Y, Hou R. Estradiol postconditioning relieves ischemia/reperfusion injury in axial skin flaps of rats, inhibits apoptosis and alters the MKP-1/ERK pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:1472-1478. [PMID: 29067454 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that estradiol can reduce the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in skin flaps. However, the mechanism, particularly the signal pathways involved in this protective effect are not well established. In the current study, an I/R injury model was established in rats to explore the connection between estradiol protection during I/R injury and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. Healthy male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=10): Control group (group I), I/R group (group II), saline group (group III), estradiol group (group IV) and inhibitor (PD‑98059) group (group V). The survival rate of the flap was compared between groups, morphological changes were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining of sections, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling was performed to identify apoptotic cells and determine the apoptotic index. To further investigate the mechanism, western blot analysis was performed to assess the protein level of ERK1/2, phospho‑ERK1/2, and mitogen‑activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP‑1). The results of the present study demonstrated that estradiol therapy can reduce I/R injury and decrease the apoptosis index in an axial skin flap model. The inhibitor of the ERK pathway (PD‑98059) partially abolished the effects of estradiol, which involve the phosphatase enzyme MKP‑1. Taken together, the findings of the present study indicate that estradiol may act by reducing the expression of MKP‑1, mediating the expression/activation changes of the ERK pathway and subsequently reduce the level of apoptosis and the I/R injury the axial flap. Estrogen may be used to mitigate the adverse reaction caused by ischemia‑reperfusion injury and effectively improve the survival rate and survival quality of free skin flap and improve patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianheng Jin
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
| | - Jihui Ju
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
| | - Yuefei Liu
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
| | - Ruixing Hou
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
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Nocodazole treatment interrupted Brucella abortus invasion in RAW 264.7 cells, and successfully attenuated splenic proliferation with enhanced inflammatory response in mice. Microb Pathog 2017; 103:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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ERK-dependent phosphorylation of HSF1 mediates chemotherapeutic resistance to benzimidazole carbamates in colorectal cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:657-66. [PMID: 25811962 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drugs containing the benzimidazole carbamate scaffold include anthelmintic and antifungal agents, and they are now also recognized as having potential applications in the treatment of colorectal and other cancers. These agents act by binding to β-tubulin, and in doing so they disrupt microtubules, arrest cell division, and promote apoptotic cell death in malignant cells. We have evaluated several commercially available benzimidazole carbamates for cytotoxic activity in colorectal cancer cells. In addition to cytotoxicity, we also observe activation of the transcription factor, heat shock factor-1 (HSF1). HSF1 is well known to mediate a cytoprotective response that promotes tumor cell survival and drug resistance. Here, we show that biochemical inhibition with the HSF1 inhibitor KRIBB11 or siRNA-based silencing of HSF1 results in a significant enhancement of drug potency, causing an approximately two-fold decrease in IC50 values of parbendazole and nocodazole. We also define a mechanism for drug-induced HSF1 activation, which results from a phosphorylation event at Ser326 that is dependent on the activation of the extracellular regulated protein kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2) mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Inhibition of the upstream kinase MEK-1/2 with U0126 attenuates the phosphorylation of both ERK-1/2 and HSF1, and significantly enhances drug cytotoxicity. From these data we propose a unique model whereby the ERK-1/2-dependent activation of HSF1 promotes chemotherapeutic resistance to benzimidazole carbamates. Therefore, targeting the ERK-1/2 signaling cascade is a potential strategy for HSF1 inhibition and a means of enhancing the cytotoxicity of these agents.
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Ma YS, Hsiao YP, Lin JH, Hsu SC, Chueh FS, Weng SW, Lai KC, Lin JG, Chung JG. Crude extract of Rheum palmatum L inhibits migration and invasion of LS1034 human colon cancer cells acts through the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 by MAPK signaling. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:852-863. [PMID: 24497447 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Crude extract of Rheum palmatum L. (CERP) has been used to treat different diseases in the Chinese population for decades. In this study, we investigated the anti-metastasis effects of CERP on LS1034 human colorectal cancer cells in vitro and examined potential mechanisms of its effects. CERP significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion of LS1034 cells. We also found that CERP inhibited protein levels of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9), and cytosolic NF-kB p65, RHO A, ROCK 1. Furthermore, we found CERP inhibited protein levels of GRB2, SOS1, MKK7, FAK, Rho A, ROCK 1, VEGF, PKC, AKT, phosphor-AKT (Thr308), Cyclin D, iNOS, COX2, NF-kB p65, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK1/2, p-p38, p-c-jun, MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-10, UPA and increased the protein level of Ras in LS1034 cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that CERP may be used as a novel anti-metastasis agent for the treatment of human colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shih Ma
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Changhua Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Changhua, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ping Hsiao
- Departments of Dermatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ju-Hwa Lin
- Departments of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Chun Hsu
- Departments of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Fu-Shin Chueh
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Wen Weng
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Taichung, 403, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taichung, 403, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuang-Chi Lai
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, 651, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jaung-Geng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Departments of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Bavaria MN, Jin S, Ray RM, Johnson LR. The mechanism by which MEK/ERK regulates JNK and p38 activity in polyamine depleted IEC-6 cells during apoptosis. Apoptosis 2014; 19:467-79. [PMID: 24253595 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0944-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyamine-depletion inhibited apoptosis by activating ERK1/2, while, preventing JNK1/2 activation. MKP-1 knockdown by SiRNA increased ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38 phosphorylation and apoptosis. Therefore, we predicted that polyamines might regulate MKP1 via MEK/ERK and thereby apoptosis. We examined the role of MEK/ERK in the regulation of MKP1 and JNK, and p38 activities and apoptosis. Inhibition of MKP-1 activity with a pharmacological inhibitor, sanguinarine (SA), increased JNK1/2, p38, and ERK1/2 activities without causing apoptosis. However, pre-activation of these kinases by SA significantly increased camptothecin (CPT)-induced apoptosis suggesting different roles for MAPKs during survival and apoptosis. Inhibition of MEK1 activity prevented the expression of MKP-1 protein and augmented CPT-induced apoptosis, which correlated with increased activities of JNK1/2, caspases, and DNA fragmentation. Polyamine depleted cells had higher levels of MKP-1 protein and decreased JNK1/2 activity and apoptosis. Inhibition of MEK1 prevented MKP-1 expression and increased JNK1/2 and apoptosis. Phospho-JNK1/2, phospho-ERK2, MKP-1, and the catalytic subunit of PP2Ac formed a complex in response to TNF/CPT. Inactivation of PP2Ac had no effect on the association of MKP-1 and JNK1. However, inhibition of MKP-1 activity decreased the formation of the MKP-1, PP2Ac and JNK complex. Following inhibition by SA, MKP-1 localized in the cytoplasm, while basal and CPT-induced MKP-1 remained in the nuclear fraction. These results suggest that nuclear MKP-1 translocates to the cytoplasm, binds phosphorylated JNK and p38 resulting in dephosphorylation and decreased activity. Thus, MEK/ERK activity controls the levels of MKP-1 and, thereby, regulates JNK activity in polyamine-depleted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitul N Bavaria
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
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Cullis J, Meiri D, Sandi MJ, Radulovich N, Kent OA, Medrano M, Mokady D, Normand J, Larose J, Marcotte R, Marshall CB, Ikura M, Ketela T, Moffat J, Neel BG, Gingras AC, Tsao MS, Rottapel R. The RhoGEF GEF-H1 is required for oncogenic RAS signaling via KSR-1. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:181-95. [PMID: 24525234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular transformation by oncogenic RAS engages the MAPK pathway under strict regulation by the scaffold protein KSR-1. Here, we report that the guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1 plays a critical role in a positive feedback loop for the RAS/MAPK pathway independent of its RhoGEF activity. GEF-H1 acts as an adaptor protein linking the PP2A B' subunits to KSR-1, thereby mediating the dephosphorylation of KSR-1 S392 and activation of MAPK signaling. GEF-H1 is important for the growth and survival of HRAS(V12)-transformed cells and pancreatic tumor xenografts. GEF-H1 expression is induced by oncogenic RAS and is correlated with pancreatic neoplastic progression. Our results, therefore, identify GEF-H1 as an amplifier of MAPK signaling and provide mechanistic insight into the progression of RAS mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Cullis
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Room 8-703, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David Meiri
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Room 8-703, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Maria Jose Sandi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Room 8-703, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Nikolina Radulovich
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Room 8-703, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Oliver A Kent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Room 8-703, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mauricio Medrano
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Room 8-703, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Daphna Mokady
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Room 8-703, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Josee Normand
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Room 8-703, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jose Larose
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Room 8-703, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Richard Marcotte
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Room 8-703, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Christopher B Marshall
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Room 8-703, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Room 8-703, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Troy Ketela
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre and Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, 160 College Street, Room 8-804, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre and Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, 160 College Street, Room 8-804, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Room 8-703, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 992A, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Room 8-703, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Room 8-703, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.
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Abstract
Cancer is a disease of unscheduled cell division and many anticancer drugs target the cell cycle to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. We conducted a screen for new anticancer drugs that induce cell cycle arrest using a small compound library. From this screen, we identified 2-(3-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-4-(3,4-dioxybenzene) thiazole (MTBT), which causes accumulation of cancer cells with 4N DNA content and inhibits colony formation of several cancer cell lines. We further showed that the treatment of cancer cells with this compound for a longer time period leads to apoptosis, as indicated by the presence of cells with a sub-G1 peak and the appearance apoptotic markers. The increased phosphorylation of serine 10 on histone H3 in MTBT-treated cancer cells suggests cell cycle arrest in the M-phase. Strikingly, MTBT-induced cell cycle arrest and enhanced H3 (Ser10) phosphorylation are abrogated by the pretreatment with SB203580, a specific inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. Moreover, treatment of cancer cells with MTBT induces the phosphorylation of p38, indicative of p38 activation. Together, we have identified a new compound that inhibits cancer cell proliferation, which is likely a consequence of p38 activation.
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