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Jiang Q, Yang Q, Zhang C, Hou C, Hong W, Du M, Shan X, Li X, Zhou D, Wen D, Xiong Y, Yang K, Lin Z, Song J, Mo Z, Feng H, Xing Y, Fu X, Liu C, Peng F, Wu L, Li B, Lu W, Yuan JXJ, Wang J, Chen Y. Nephrectomy and high-salt diet inducing pulmonary hypertension and kidney damage by increasing Ang II concentration in rats. Respir Res 2024; 25:288. [PMID: 39080603 PMCID: PMC11290206 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02916-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant risk factor for pulmonary hypertension (PH), a complication that adversely affects patient prognosis. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain poorly understood. A major obstacle to progress in this field is the lack of a reliable animal model replicating CKD-PH. METHODS This study aimed to establish a stable rat model of CKD-PH. We employed a combined approach, inducing CKD through a 5/6 nephrectomy and concurrently exposing the rats to a high-salt diet. The model's hemodynamics were evaluated dynamically, alongside a comprehensive assessment of pathological changes in multiple organs. Lung tissues and serum samples were collected from the CKD-PH rats to analyze the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), evaluate the activity of key vascular components within the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and characterize alterations in the serum metabolic profile. RESULTS At 14 weeks post-surgery, the CKD-PH rats displayed significant changes in hemodynamic parameters indicative of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Additionally, right ventricular hypertrophy was observed. Notably, no evidence of pulmonary vascular remodeling was found. Further analysis revealed RAAS dysregulation and downregulated ACE2 expression within the pulmonary vascular endothelium of CKD-PH rats. Moreover, the serum metabolic profile of these animals differed markedly from the sham surgery group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension in CKD-PH rats is likely a consequence of a combined effect: RAAS dysregulation, decreased ACE2 expression in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells, and metabolic disturbances.
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Grants
- 82370063, 82170069, 82241012, 82120108001, 81970057, 82170065, 82000045, 82270052 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82370063, 82170069, 82241012, 82120108001, 81970057, 82170065, 82000045, 82270052 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- National Key Research and Development Program of China
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Du
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuanyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Dansha Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongmei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanhui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanjie Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Huazhuo Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Critical Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Liling Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
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2
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Silva AL, Oliveira JL, do Nascimento RP, Santos LO, de Araújo FM, Dos Santos BL, Santana RC, Moreira ELT, Batatinha MJM, Alves IM, Velozo ES, Victor MM, Assis AM, Almeida RF, de Souza DOG, Silva VDA, Costa SL. Monocrotaline induces acutely cerebrovascular lesions, astrogliosis and neuronal degeneration associated with behavior changes in rats: A model of vascular damage in perspective. Neurotoxicology 2023; 94:59-70. [PMID: 36336098 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary plant metabolites playing an important role as phytotoxins in the plant defense mechanisms and can be present as contaminant in the food of humans and animals. The PA monocrotaline (MCT), one of the major plant derived toxin that affect humans and animals, is present in a high concentration in Crotalaria spp. (Leguminosae) seeds and can induce toxicity after consumption, characterized mainly by hepatotoxicity and pneumotoxicity. However, the effects of the ingestion of MCT in the central nervous system (CNS) are still poorly elucidated. Here we investigated the effects of MCT oral acute administration on the behavior and CNS toxicity in rats. Male adult Wistar were treated with MCT (109 mg/Kg, oral gavage) and three days later the Elevated Pluz Maze test demonstrated that MCT induced an anxiolytic-like effect, without changes in novelty habituation and in operational and spatial memory profiles. Histopathology revealed that the brain of MCT-intoxicated animals presented hyperemic vascular structures in the hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex and neocortex, mild perivascular edema in the neocortex, hemorrhagic focal area in the brain stem, hemorrhage and edema in the thalamus. MCT also induced neurotoxicity in the cortex and hippocampus, as revealed by Fluoro Jade-B and Cresyl Violet staining, as well astrocyte reactivity, revealed by immunocytochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Additionally, it was demonstrated by RT-qPCR that MCT induced up-regulation on mRNA expression of neuroinflammatory mediator, especially IL1β and CCL2 in the hippocampus and cortex, and down-regulation on mRNA expression of neurotrophins HGDF and BDNF in the cortex. Together, these results demonstrate that the ingestion of MCT induces cerebrovascular lesions and toxicity to neurons that are associated to astroglial cell response and neuroinflammation in the cortex and hippocampus of rats, highlighting CNS damages after acute intoxication, also putting in perspective it uses as a model for cerebrovascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana L Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joana L Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ravena P do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Letícia O Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fillipe M de Araújo
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Balbino L Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Brazil
| | - Rejane C Santana
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Federal University of Bahia, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luiz T Moreira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria José M Batatinha
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Iura M Alves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medication, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eudes S Velozo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medication, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mauricio M Victor
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Adriano M Assis
- Institute of Basic Health Sciences Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Catholic University of Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Roberto F Almeida
- Institute of Basic Health Sciences Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Diogo O G de Souza
- Institute of Basic Health Sciences Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; INCT for Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection - CNPq (INCT-EN, BR), Brazil
| | - Victor Diógenes A Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; INCT for Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection - CNPq (INCT-EN, BR), Brazil.
| | - Silvia L Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; INCT for Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection - CNPq (INCT-EN, BR), Brazil.
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3
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Jarabicová I, Horváth C, Veľasová E, Bies Piváčková L, Vetešková J, Klimas J, Křenek P, Adameová A. Analysis of necroptosis and its association with pyroptosis in organ damage in experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:2633-2645. [PMID: 35393789 PMCID: PMC9077306 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a role of cell loss due to necroptosis and its linkage with pyroptosis in organ damage under the conditions of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was examined. Monocrotaline (MCT) was used to induce PAH in Wistar rats, and depending on the severity of the disease progression, they were further divided into two subgroups: MCT group-sacrificed 4 weeks after MCT administration and ptMCT group-prematurely sacrificed due to rapid deterioration in vital functions (on Day 24,11 ± 0,7). The elevation of respiratory rate and right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy were more evident in ptMCT group, while the heart rate and cardiac haemodynamic stress markers were comparably higher in both diseased groups. Detailed immunoblotting analysis revealed that the upregulation of pThr231 /Ser232 -RIP3 proceeded into necroptosis execution in the RVs, unlike in the lungs of both PAH stages. The elevated pulmonary pThr231 /Ser232 -RIP3 levels in both PAH subgroups were associated rather with GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. On the contrary, other inflammasome forms, such as AIM2 and NLRC4, were higher in the RV, unlike in the lungs, of diseased groups. The PAH-induced increase in the plasma RIP3 levels was more pronounced in ptMCT group, and positively correlated with RV hypertrophy, but not with haemodynamic stress. Taken together, we indicated for the first time that pThr231 /Ser232 -RIP3 upregulation resulting in two different necrosis-like cell death modes might underlie the pathomechanisms of PAH and that the plasma RIP3 might serve as an additional diagnostic and prognostic marker of cardiac injury under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Jarabicová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Csaba Horváth
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Veľasová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Bies Piváčková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Vetešková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Klimas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Křenek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Adriana Adameová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Wu XH, Ma JL, Ding D, Ma YJ, Wei YP, Jing ZC. Experimental animal models of pulmonary hypertension: Development and challenges. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:207-216. [PMID: 35333455 PMCID: PMC9240731 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is clinically divided into 5 major types, characterized by elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), finally leading to right heart failure and death. The pathogenesis of this arteriopathy remains unclear, leaving it impossible to target pulmonary vascular remodeling and reverse the deterioration of right ventricular (RV) function. Different animal models have been designed to reflect the complex mechanistic origins and pathology of PH, roughly divided into 4 categories according to the modeling methods: non‐invasive models in vivo, invasive models in vivo, gene editing models, and multi‐means joint modeling. Though each model shares some molecular and pathological changes with different classes of human PH, in most cases the molecular etiology of human PH is poorly known. The appropriate use of classic and novel PH animal models is essential for the hunt of molecular targets to reverse severe phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Wu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-Ling Ma
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Ding
- Medical Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Jiao Ma
- Medical Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Peng Wei
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Jing
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Rajtik T, Galis P, Bartosova L, Paulis L, Goncalvesova E, Klimas J. Alternative RAS in Various Hypoxic Conditions: From Myocardial Infarction to COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312800. [PMID: 34884604 PMCID: PMC8657827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative branches of the classical renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAS) represent an important cascade in which angiotensin 2 (AngII) undergoes cleavage via the action of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with subsequent production of Ang(1-7) and other related metabolites eliciting its effects via Mas receptor activation. Generally, this branch of the RAS system is described as its non-canonical alternative arm with counterbalancing actions to the classical RAS, conveying vasodilation, anti-inflammatory, anti-remodeling and anti-proliferative effects. The implication of this branch was proposed for many different diseases, ranging from acute cardiovascular conditions, through chronic respiratory diseases to cancer, nonetheless, hypoxia is one of the most prominent common factors discussed in conjugation with the changes in the activity of alternative RAS branches. The aim of this review is to bring complex insights into the mechanisms behind the various forms of hypoxic insults on the activity of alternative RAS branches based on the different duration of stimuli and causes (acute vs. intermittent vs. chronic), localization and tissue (heart vs. vessels vs. lungs) and clinical relevance of studied phenomenon (experimental vs. clinical condition). Moreover, we provide novel insights into the future strategies utilizing the alternative RAS as a diagnostic tool as well as a promising pharmacological target in serious hypoxia-associated cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rajtik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-12-501-17-391
| | - Peter Galis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Linda Bartosova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Ludovit Paulis
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Eva Goncalvesova
- Department of Heart Failure, Clinic of Cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 831 01 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
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Malikova E, Kmecova Z, Doka G, Pivackova LB, Balis P, Trubacova S, Velasova E, Krenek P, Klimas J. Pioglitazone restores phosphorylation of downregulated caveolin-1 in right ventricle of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2021; 44:101-112. [PMID: 34747283 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2021.1996589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caveolin-1 (cav-1) plays a role in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH is characterized by a loss of cav-1 in pulmonary arteries; however, less is known regarding its role in the hypertrophied right ventricle (RV). We aimed to characterize the role of cav-1 and Hsp90 in the RV of MCT-induced PAH and their impact on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Additionally, we focused on restoration of cav-1 expression with pioglitazone administration. METHODS Male 12-week-old Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with monocrotaline (60 mg/kg). Selected proteins (cav-1, eNOS, pSer1177eNOS, Hsp90) and mRNAs (cav-1α, cav-1β, eNOS) were determined in the RV and left ventricle (LV) 4 weeks later. In a separate MCT-induced PAH study, pioglitazone (10 mg/kg/d, orally) administration started on day 14 after MCT. RESULTS MCT induced RV hypertrophy and lung enlargement. Cav-1 and pTyr14cav-1 were decreased in RV. Caveolin-1α (cav-1α) and caveolin-1β (cav-1β) mRNAs were decreased in both ventricles. Hsp90 protein was increased in RV. eNOS and pSer1177eNOS proteins were unchanged in the ventricles. eNOS mRNA was reduced in RV. Pioglitazone treatment increased oxygen saturation and pTyr14cav-1 vs. MCT group. CONCLUSIONS Restoration of pTyr14cav-1 did not lead to amelioration of the disease, nor did it prevent RV hypertrophy and fibrosis, which was indicated by an increase in Acta2, Nppb, Col3a1, and Tgfβ1 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Malikova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kmecova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Doka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Bies Pivackova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Balis
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Simona Trubacova
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Velasova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Krenek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
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7
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Papadopoulos KI, Sutheesophon W, Manipalviratn S, Aw TC. Age and genotype dependent erythropoietin protection in COVID-19. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1513-1529. [PMID: 34786155 PMCID: PMC8567454 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i10.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is the main mediator of erythropoiesis and an important tissue protective hormone that appears to mediate an ancestral neuroprotective innate immune response mechanism at an early age. When the young brain is threatened-prematurity, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, malaria- EPO is hyper-secreted disproportionately to any concurrent anemic stimuli. Under eons of severe malarial selection pressure, neuroprotective EPO augmenting genetic determinants such as the various hemoglobinopathies, and the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphism, have been positively selected. When malarial and other cerebral threats abate and the young child survives to adulthood, EPO subsides. Sustained high ACE and angiotensin II (Ang II) levels through the ACE D allele in adulthood may then become detrimental as witnessed by epidemiological studies. The ubiquitous renin angiotensin system (RAS) influences the α-klotho/fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) circuitry, and both are interconnected with EPO. Here we propose that at a young age, EPO augmenting genetic determinants through ACE D allele elevated Ang II levels in some or HbE/beta thalassemia in others would increase EPO levels and shield against coronavirus disease 2019, akin to protection from malaria and dengue fever. Human evolution may use ACE2 as a “bait” for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) to gain cellular entry in order to trigger an ACE/ACE2 imbalance and stimulate EPO hypersecretion using tissue RAS, uncoupled from hemoglobin levels. In subjects without EPO augmenting genetic determinants at any age, ACE2 binding and internalization upon SARS-CoV-2 entry would trigger an ACE/ACE2 imbalance, and Ang II oversecretion leading to protective EPO stimulation. In children, low nasal ACE2 Levels would beneficially augment this imbalance, especially for those without protective genetic determinants. On the other hand, in predisposed adults with the ACE D allele, ACE/ACE2 imbalance, may lead to uncontrolled RAS overactivity and an Ang II induced proinflammatory state and immune dysregulation, with interleukin 6 (IL-6), plasminogen activator inhibitor, and FGF23 elevations. IL-6 induced EPO suppression, aggravated through co-morbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and RAS pharmacological interventions may potentially lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm and/or autoimmunity. HbE/beta thalassemia carriers would enjoy protection at any age as their EPO stimulation is uncoupled from the RAS system. The timely use of rhEPO, EPO analogs, acetylsalicylic acid, bioactive lipids, or FGF23 antagonists in genetically predisposed individuals may counteract those detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Somjate Manipalviratn
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Jetanin Institute for Assisted Reproduction, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tar-Choon Aw
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
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Kmecova Z, Veteskova J, Lelkova-Zirova K, Bies Pivackova L, Doka G, Malikova E, Paulis L, Krenek P, Klimas J. Disease severity-related alterations of cardiac microRNAs in experimental pulmonary hypertension. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:6943-6951. [PMID: 32395887 PMCID: PMC7299706 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) failure is the primary cause of death in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We hypothesized that heart‐relevant microRNAs, that is myomiRs (miR‐1, miR‐133a, miR‐208, miR‐499) and miR‐214, can have a role in the right ventricle in the development of PAH. To mimic PAH, male Wistar rats were injected with monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg, s.c.); control group received vehicle. MCT rats were divided into two groups, based on the clinical presentation: MCT group terminated 4 weeks after MCT administration and prematurely terminated group (ptMCT) displaying signs of terminal disease. Myocardial damage genes and candidate microRNAs expressions were determined by RT‐qPCR. Reduced blood oxygen saturation, breathing disturbances, RV enlargement as well as elevated levels of markers of myocardial damage confirmed PH in MCT animals and were more pronounced in ptMCT. MyomiRs (miR‐1/miR‐133a/miR‐208a/miR‐499) were decreased and the expression of miR‐214 was increased only in ptMCT group (P < 0.05). The myomiRs negatively correlated with Fulton index as a measure of RV hypertrophy in MCT group (P < 0.05), whereas miR‐214 showed a positive correlation (P < 0.05). We conclude that the expression of determined microRNAs mirrored the disease severity and targeting their pathways might represent potential future therapeutic approach in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kmecova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Veteskova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Lelkova-Zirova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Bies Pivackova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Doka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Malikova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ludovit Paulis
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Krenek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Dang Z, Su S, Jin G, Nan X, Ma L, Li Z, Lu D, Ge R. Tsantan Sumtang attenuated chronic hypoxia-induced right ventricular structure remodeling and fibrosis by equilibrating local ACE-AngII-AT1R/ACE2-Ang1-7-Mas axis in rat. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 250:112470. [PMID: 31862407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tsantan Sumtang, which consists of Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill, Myristica fragrans Houtt and Santalum album L, is a traditional and common prescription of Tibetan medicine. Tsantan Sumtang originates from Four Tantra with properties of nourishing heart and has been used as a folk medicine for cardiovascular diseases and heart failure in Qinghai, Tibet and Inner Mongolia. Our previous studies found that Tsantan Sumtang showed beneficial effects on right ventricular structure in hypoxia rats, while the underling mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of Tsantan Sumtang attenuated right ventricular (RV) remodeling and fibrosis of chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (170 ± 20 g) were randomly divided into control group, hypoxia group, and hypoxia + Tsantan Sumtang groups (1.0 g· kg-1·day-1, 1.25 g· kg-1·day-1, 1.5 g ·kg-1·day-1). Rats in the hypoxia group and hypoxia + Tsantan Sumtang groups were maintained in a hypobaric chamber by adjusting the inner pressure and oxygen content to simulate an altitude of 4500 m for 28 days. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), right ventricle hypertrophy index (RVHI), the ratio of RV weight to tibia length (TL) (RV/TL), heart rate (HR) and RV systolic pressure (RVSP) was determined. Histomorphological assay of RV structure was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. RV tissue fibrosis was assessed by collagen proportion area (CPA), collagen I, collagen III and hydroxyproline content. CPA was obtained by picro-sirius red staining (PSR). The expression of collagen I and collagen III were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The hydroxyproline content was detected by alkaline hydrolysis. In addition, the level of angiotensin II (AngII) and angiotensin 1-7 (Ang1-7) in RV tissue was tested by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Protein expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), AngII, AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Mas receptor (Mas) were determined by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. mRNA level of ACE, AT1R, ACE2, Mas were tested by qPCR. The chemical profile of Tsantan Sumtang was revealed by UHPLC-Q-Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass analysis. RESULTS Our results showed that RVHI, RV/TL and RVSP were significantly increased in HPAH rat. Furthermore, levels of collagen I, collagen III and hydroxyproline were up-regulated in RV tissue under hypoxia. We found that RV hypertrophy and fibrosis were associated with increased expression of ACE, AngII, AT1R as well as decreased expression of ACE2, Ang1-7 and Mas. RV remodeling and fibrosis were attenuated after Tsantan Sumtang administration by up-regulating ACE2 and Mas level as well as down-regulating ACE, AngII and AT1R levels in RV tissue. 35 constituents in Tsantan Sumtang were identified. CONCLUSION Tsantan Sumtang attenuated RV remodeling and fibrosis in rat exposed to chronic hypoxia. The pharmacological effect of Tsantan Sumtang was based on equilibrating ACE-AngII-AT1R and ACE2-Ang1-7-Mas axis of RV tissue in HPAH rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhancui Dang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China; Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Xining, 810001, China; Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Shanshan Su
- Technical Center of Xining Customs District, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research in Qinghai Province, Xining, 810003, China
| | - Guoen Jin
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China; Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Xining, 810001, China
| | - Xingmei Nan
- Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China; Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Xining, 810001, China
| | - Zhanqiang Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China; Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Xining, 810001, China.
| | - Dianxiang Lu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China; Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Xining, 810001, China.
| | - Rili Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China; Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Xining, 810001, China.
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Malikova E, Carlström M, Kmecova Z, Marusakova M, Zsigmondova B, Krenek P, Klimas J, Henrohn D. Effects of inorganic nitrate in a rat model of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 126:99-109. [PMID: 31429204 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide (NO) pathway represents an alternative source of NO generation, which is independent of NO synthase and potentiated by hypoxia. Augmentation of this pathway by dietary nitrate has proven favourable effects in several cardiovascular disease models. However, less is known regarding its potential value in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of oral inorganic nitrate administration in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. Male 12-week-old Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg). Nitrate treatment (0.3 or 1 mmol/kg/d; drinking water) commenced on day 12 following the MCT injection and continued for 16 days. Nitrate administration did not attenuate right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, increased lung weight and up-regulated mRNA expression of brain natriuretic peptide. Plasma nitrate and nitrite levels were significantly increased as well as lung nitrate level, whereas nitrite lung level was decreased following nitrate treatment (1 mmol/kg/d). MCT-induced PAH resulted in an increased MnSOD protein level, which was not observed following nitrate treatment. MCT-associated up-regulation of nNOS in the lung appeared to be dose-dependently prevented by nitrate treatment. Western blot analysis did not reveal any differences in eNOS, iNOS, XO or gp91phox expression in the lungs among the groups. In conclusion, nitrate treatment did not significantly attenuate pathological RV and lung remodelling in the rat MCT model of PAH. The suppression of MnSOD and nNOS expression by nitrate could be interpreted as reduced demand of endogenous antioxidant defence in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Malikova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zuzana Kmecova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Margareta Marusakova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Bianka Zsigmondova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Krenek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Dan Henrohn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Veteskova J, Kmecova Z, Malikova E, Doka G, Radik M, Vavrinec P, Krenek P, Klimas J. Opposite alterations of endothelin-1 in lung and pulmonary artery mirror gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Exp Lung Res 2019; 45:30-41. [PMID: 31012341 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2019.1605426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aim of the Study: Endothelin-1 (ET-1) overexpression was suggested to play a role in pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, the roles of ET-1 in early stages of PH remain unexplored. We examined the expression of ET-1 and relevant disease progression markers in the pulmonary artery and the lungs during the development of PH induced by monocrotaline (MCT). Material and Methods: Male 12-weeks-old Wistar rats were administered with MCT (60 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline (CON). We measured right ventricular pressure (RVP) by catheterization under tribromoethanol anesthesia; hemoglobin oxygen saturation, breathing rate were measured by pulse oximetry in conscious animals. Rats were sacrificed 1, 2 or 4 weeks after MCT. mRNA levels of ET-1, its receptors, inflammatory markers IL-1beta, TNFalpha, IL-6 and genes related to VSMC proliferation or lung damage (Bmpr2, nestin, Pim1, PAI-1, TGFbeta-1) were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Results: RVP and breathing rate increased and hemoglobin oxygen saturation decreased after MCT only at week 4. Lung weight was increased at all time points. ET-1 was upregulated in the pulmonary artery at weeks 1 and 4, while being clearly suppressed in the lungs at all times. Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 followed a similar pattern to ET-1. PAI-1 markedly increased in the MCT lungs (but not pulmonary artery) from week 1 to 4. Nestin peaked at week 2 in both tissues. TGFbeta-1 increased in both tissues at week 4. ET-1 expression did not correlate with other genes, however, Bmpr2 tightly negatively correlated with PAI-1 in the lungs, but not pulmonary artery of MCT groups. Conclusions: ET-1 overexpression in the pulmonary artery preceded development of PH, but it was clearly and unexpectedly downregulated in the lungs of monocrotaline-treated rats and showed no correlation to disease progression markers. We speculate that endothelin-1 may play opposing roles in the lungs vs pulmonary artery in monocrotaline-induced PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Veteskova
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kmecova
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Eva Malikova
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Doka
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Michal Radik
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Peter Vavrinec
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Peter Krenek
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Jan Klimas
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
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12
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Radik M, Kmecova Z, Veteskova J, Malikova E, Doka G, Krenek P, Klimas J. Hepatocyte growth factor plays a particular role in progression of overall cardiac damage in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:854-863. [PMID: 31337959 PMCID: PMC6643116 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.31690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: HGF/MET pathway may have a role in pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, the link between the pathway and development of target organ damage in PH remains elusive. We aimed to demonstrate the relation between plasma HGF and HGF/MET tissue expressions in affected organs during PH progression. Methods: 12 weeks old male Wistar rats were injected with monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg, s.c.) to induce PH and sacrificed after 1, 2 and 4 weeks. Controls received saline. mRNA levels of HGF regulatory complex (Hgf, Met, Hgfa, Hai-1, Hai-2) were determined in right and left ventricles (RV, LV), lungs, pulmonary artery and liver by RT-qPCR. HGF protein levels in plasma were analysed by ELISA. Results: PH development was associated with a progressive elevation of HGF plasma levels that correlated with relative RV mass. Furthermore, Hgf mRNA expressions at week 4 were upregulated solely in the cardiac ventricles while being downregulated in a. pulmonalis, lungs and liver. Met and Hai-1/Hai-2 followed a similar pattern and were upregulated in cardiac ventricles, where Hgfa remained unchanged, but downregulated in lungs. Conclusion: We suggest that cardiac overexpression of Hgf might contribute to increased plasma HGF in MCT-induced PH. HGF could be exploited as a cardiospecific biomarker and HGF/MET pathway as a target in drug discovery for PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Radik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Kmecova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Veteskova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Malikova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Gabriel Doka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Krenek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Impact of nitrate therapy on the expression of caveolin-1 and its phosphorylated isoform in lungs in the model of monocrotaline induced pulmonary hypertension. EUROPEAN PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/afpuc-2018-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: Nitric oxide signalling pathway showed to be one of the crucial factors in the treatment and pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of administration of inorganic nitrate, NaNO3, on the expression of caveolin-1 and its phosphorylated isoform (pTyr14Cav-1) in lungs in the experimental model of monocrotaline induced pulmonary hypertension.
Methods: 10 weeks old male Wistar rats were subcutaneously injected with 60 mg/kg dose of monocrotaline (MCT) or vehicle (CON). Twelve days after the injection, part of the MCT group was receiving 0.3 mM NaNO3 (MCT+N0.3) daily in the drinking water and rest was receiving 0.08% NaCl solution. Four weeks after MCT administration, the rats were sacrificed in CO2. Protein expression in lungs was determined by western blot.
Results: We observed a significant decrease in the caveolin-1 expression and a significant shift towards the expression of pTyr14Cav-1 in the group treated with nitrate (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: NaNO3 administration affected the expression of caveolin-1 and the ratio of its active (phosphorylated) isoform increased.
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Zheng J, Wang J, Pan H, Wu H, Ren D, Lu J. Effects of IQP, VEP and Spirulina platensis hydrolysates on the local kidney renin angiotensin system in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8485-8492. [PMID: 28944898 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the antihypertensive effects of the bioactive Spirulina platensis peptides Ile‑Gln‑Pro (IQP), Val‑Glu‑Pro (VEP), as well as Spirulina platensis hydrolysates (SH), and assessed whether the synthesis of components of the myocardial and renal local renin angiotensin system (RAS) are regulated differentially in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The SHR were administrated with IQP, VEP and SH respectively (10 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks and received continuous monitoring of blood pressure (BP) for two more weeks. During the trial, the rats' kidney tissues were removed from these rats and collected at weeks 3, 6 and 8. The expression of the main components of local kidney RAS was measured at the mRNA levels by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and at the protein levels by ELISA or western blotting. Oral administration of IQP, VEP and SH into SHR resulted in marked antihypertensive effects. IQP, VEP and SH decreased rats' BP by affecting the expression of local kidney RAS components via downregulating the angiotensin‑converting enzyme (ACE), Ang II and angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin type‑1 receptor (AT 1), while upregulating ACE2, Ang (1‑7), Mas and AT 2. The comparisons of SH effects on local tissue RAS demonstrated that local kidney RAS regulated BP via the ACE‑Ang II‑AT 1/AT 2 axis and the ACE2‑Ang (1‑7)‑Mas axis primarily at the mRNA level, while the local myocardium RAS mainly at the protein level. This preliminary study suggests that the main components of local RAS presented different expression levels in myocardium and kidney, which is important to the development of bioactive peptides targeting for lowering BP by changing the levels of some components in local RAS in specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jingyue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Huanglei Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Difeng Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jun Lu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
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