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Wei J, Yang Y, Li M. Single-cell force spectroscopy of fluid flow-tuned cell adhesion for dissecting hemodynamics in tumor metastasis. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:360-372. [PMID: 38063483 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04439d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion plays an important role in regulating the metastasis of cancer cells, and atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) has become an important method to directly measure the adhesion forces of individual cells. Particularly, bodily fluid flow environments strongly affect the functions and behaviors of metastatic cells for successful dissemination. Nevertheless, the interactions between fluidic flow medium environment and cell adhesion remain poorly understood. In this work, AFM-based SCFS was exploited to examine the effects of fluidic flow environment on cellular adhesion. A fluidic cell culture medium device was used to simulate the fluidic flow environment experienced by cancer cells during metastasis, which was combined with AFM-based SCFS assay. A single living cancer cell was attached to the AFM tipless cantilever to prepare the single-cell probe for performing SCFS experiments on the mesothelial cells grown under the fluidic flow medium conditions, and the effects of experimental parameters (retraction speed, contact time, loading force) on the measured cellular adhesion forces were analyzed. Experimental results of SCFS assay show that cellular adhesion forces significantly decrease after growth in fluidic flow medium, whereas cellular adhesion forces increase after growth in static culture medium. Experiments performed with the use of spherical probes coated with cell adhesion-associated biomolecules also show the weakening of cell adhesion after growth in fluidic flow cell culture medium, which was subsequently confirmed by the confocal fluorescence microscopy experiments of cell adhesion molecules, vividly illustrating the remarkable effects of fluidic flow environment on cellular adhesion. The study provides a new approach to detect adhesion force dynamics involved in the interactions between cells and the fluidic flow environment at the single-cell level, which will facilitate dissecting the role of hemodynamics in tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Azadi S, Mohammadi E, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M, Tabatabaei M. Effects of chemically EGFR targeting on non-targeted physical cell behaviors in 2D and 3D microfluidic cultures of invasive and non-invasive breast cancer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 622:1-7. [PMID: 35841768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cancer development comprehends changes in cell structural and physical states. Cancer cells are softer than normal cells, produce higher contractile forces, and migrate more easily. While chemotherapy, targets proteins involved in biological behaviors, it may affect cell physicomechanical state due to the interconnections among signaling pathways. Here we treated non-invasive and invasive breast cancer cell lines by targeting EGRF which modulates major biological behaviors. We quantified migration potential of cancer cells in a microfluidic device, and evaluated expression of proteins associated with physical behaviors. Results indicated significant alterations in physical behaviors, with a higher impact on invasive cells. The anti-cancer synergy between biological and physical behaviors was shown by decreasing actin, vinculin, and myosin II content and altered distribution, limiting cell invasion in 3D collagen structure, accompanied by decreasing cell viability and vimentin expression as the EMT biomarker. The center point of changes in physical behaviors was in cytoskeletal remodeling by chemical treatment, potentially through lower contractile force generation and less development of focal adhesions and stress fibers. The synergy between physical and chemical pathways can be used in enhancing anti-cancer drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Azadi
- Cell Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Systems Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mohammadi
- Cell Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Systems Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tafazzoli-Shadpour
- Cell Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Systems Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Tabatabaei
- Cell Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Systems Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Mohammadi E, Tabatabaei M, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M. Chemical inhibitor anticancer drugs regulate mechanical properties and cytoskeletal structure of non-invasive and invasive breast cancer cell lines: Study of effects of Letrozole, Exemestane, and Everolimus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 565:14-20. [PMID: 34087508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regardless of their target and mechanism, anticancer drugs directly influence biological behavior of cancer cells by activating chemical signaling pathways. Due to the complex interaction between diverse signaling pathways, these drugs may profoundly impact the physical characteristics of cancer cells and regulate their mechanical properties. In this study, the effects of two Aromatase Inhibitor (Letrozole and Exemestane), and one mTOR Inhibitor (Everolimus) on cell mechanical properties, actin content/distribution, and nuclear areas of two invasive and non-invasive breast cancer cell line after 24 h treatment with concentrations previously reported were investigated. While metabolic activity of cell lines was highly affected by drug treatment, significant alterations in Young's modulus of cell bodies, nuclear areas, and actin content and distribution were reported with higher impact on invasive cells. It was concluded that regulation of mechanical behavior of cells by all three drugs emphasizes the cross talk between chemical and physical signaling cascades, and describes a correlation between biological and physical behaviors of cancer cells which might give an insight to a better understanding of mechanisms by which anti-cancer drugs function to enhance their performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mohammadi
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tabatabaei
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Fazakas C, Kozma M, Molnár K, Kincses A, Dér A, Fejér A, Horváth B, Wilhelm I, Krizbai IA, Végh AG. Breast adenocarcinoma-derived exosomes lower first-contact de-adhesion strength of adenocarcinoma cells to brain endothelial layer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 204:111810. [PMID: 33965749 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite of advances in modern therapeutics, one of the most feared complications of cancer are brain metastases, which often cause life impairing profound neurological symptoms and premature death. Breast adenocarcinoma is among the leading "sources" of brain metastases. Since the central nervous system lacks a classical lymphatic circulation, invading metastatic cells can reach the brain parenchyma only through haematogenous routes and must breach the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The key step before the transmigration of metastatic cells through the highly regulated interface of the BBB is the establishment of firm adhesion between the tumor cell and the cerebral endothelial layer. Using atomic force microscopy, as a high resolution force spectrograph, direct measurements of intercellular interactions was performed between living adenocarcinoma cells and a confluent endothelial layer pre-treated with carcinoma cell-derived exosomes. By immobilization of a living adenocarcinoma cell to an atomic force microscope's cantilever, intercellular de-adhesions were directly measured by single cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) at quasi-physiological conditions. De-adhesion dynamics and strength was characterized by several different calculated parameters, involving aspects of both membrane and cell surface related factors. Our results indicate that de-adhesion strength was lower in case of exosome pre-treated endothelial cells as compared to non-treated controls. Breast adenocarcinoma-derived exosomes have direct effect on de-adhesion pattern of brain endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Fazakas
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mihály Kozma
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary; Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary; Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Kincses
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Dér
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Fejér
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Barnabás Horváth
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University, Arad, Romania
| | - István A Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University, Arad, Romania
| | - Attila G Végh
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
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Li M, Xi N, Wang YC, Liu LQ. Atomic force microscopy for revealing micro/nanoscale mechanics in tumor metastasis: from single cells to microenvironmental cues. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:323-339. [PMID: 32807839 PMCID: PMC8027022 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanics are intrinsic properties which appears throughout the formation, development, and aging processes of biological systems. Mechanics have been shown to play important roles in regulating the development and metastasis of tumors, and understanding tumor mechanics has emerged as a promising way to reveal the underlying mechanisms guiding tumor behaviors. In particular, tumors are highly complex diseases associated with multifaceted factors, including alterations in cancerous cells, tissues, and organs as well as microenvironmental cues, indicating that investigating tumor mechanics on multiple levels is significantly helpful for comprehensively understanding the effects of mechanics on tumor progression. Recently, diverse techniques have been developed for probing the mechanics of tumors, among which atomic force microscopy (AFM) has appeared as an excellent platform enabling simultaneously characterizing the structures and mechanical properties of living biological systems ranging from individual molecules and cells to tissue samples with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution, offering novel possibilities for understanding tumor physics and contributing much to the studies of cancer. In this review, we survey the recent progress that has been achieved with the use of AFM for revealing micro/nanoscale mechanics in tumor development and metastasis. Challenges and future progress are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ning Xi
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yue-Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lian-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Alizadeh A, Moradi L, Katebi M, Ai J, Azami M, Moradveisi B, Ostad SN. Delivery of injectable thermo-sensitive hydrogel releasing nerve growth factor for spinal cord regeneration in rat animal model. J Tissue Viability 2020; 29:359-366. [PMID: 32839065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtv.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to explore the beneficial effect of nerve growth factor (NGF)-overexpressing of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) encapsulated in injectable chitosan/β-glycerophosphate/hydroxyethylcellulose (CS/β-GP/HEC) hydrogel for spinal cord regeneration. The CS/β-GP/HEC hydrogel and genetically transduced hADSCs using pseudo-lentiviruses-NGF were prepared. The mechanical properties, morphology and cytotoxicity of the hydrogel were investigated by rheometry, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and MTT assay, respectively. Rats animals were undergone spinal cord injury (SCI), then one-week post-injury, CS/β-GP/HEC hydrogel, transduced hADSCs and transduced hADSCs/CS/β-GP/HEC hydrogel injected into the site of the lesion. Animals with SCI and animals with laminectomy without SCI were considered as negative control and sham groups, respectively. Positive control group received no surgical intervention. At eight weeks post-injection, histological studies indicated a significant increase in cell proliferation, a smaller cavity in size at the SCI site as well as better locomotor functions for transduced hADSCs/CS/β-GP/HEC hydrogel group (P ≤ 0.05) compared to other experimental groups. Our results showed that CS/β-GP/HEC hydrogel in combination with transduced-hADSCs is able to successfully regenerate SCI. These results may be applicable in the selection of the best therapeutic strategy based on gene therapy and tissue engineering for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Lida Moradi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, New York University, USA
| | - Majid Katebi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Azami
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Borhan Moradveisi
- Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Seyed Nasser Ostad
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Poisoning and Toxicology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Mechanics of actin filaments in cancer onset and progress. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 355:205-243. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Azadi S, Tafazzoli Shadpour M. The microenvironment and cytoskeletal remodeling in tumor cell invasion. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:257-289. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Azadi S, Aboulkheyr Es H, Razavi Bazaz S, Thiery JP, Asadnia M, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. Upregulation of PD-L1 expression in breast cancer cells through the formation of 3D multicellular cancer aggregates under different chemical and mechanical conditions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118526. [PMID: 31398408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in cancer cells plays an important role in cancer-immune cell interaction. The emerging evidence suggests regulation of PD-L1 expression by several tumor microenvironmental cues. However, the association of PD-L1 expression with chemical and mechanical features of the tumor microenvironment, specifically epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and matrix stiffness, remains elusive. Herein, we determine whether EGFR targeting and substrate stiffness affect the regulation of PD-L1 expression. Breast carcinoma cell lines, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231, were cultured under different conditions targeting EGFR and exposing cells to distinct substrate stiffness to evaluate PD-L1 expression. Furthermore, the ability to form aggregates in short-term culture of breast carcinoma cells and its effect on expression level of PD-L1 was probed. Our results indicated that PD-L1 expression was altered in response to both EGFR inhibition and substrate stiffness. Additionally, a positive association between the formation of multicellular aggregates and PD-L1 expression was observed. MDA-MB-231 cells expressed the highest PD-L1 level on a stiff substrate, while inhibition of EGFR reduced expression of PD-L1. The results suggested that both physical and chemical features of tumor microenvironment regulate PD-L1 expression through alteration of tumor aggregate formation potential. In line with these results, the in-silico study highlighted a positive correlation between PD-L1 expression, EGFR signaling, epithelial to mesenchymal transition related transcription factors (EMT-TFs) and stemness markers in metastatic breast cancer. These findings improve our understanding of regulation of PD-L1 expression by tumor microenvironment leading to evasion of tumor cells from the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Azadi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia; School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Hamidreza Aboulkheyr Es
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- Inserm Unit 1186, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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10
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Azadi S, Tafazzoli‐Shadpour M, Soleimani M, Warkiani ME. Modulating cancer cell mechanics and actin cytoskeleton structure by chemical and mechanical stimulations. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:1569-1581. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Azadi
- Faculty of Biomedical EngineeringAmirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic) Tehran Iran
| | | | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical scienceTarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia
- Institute of Molecular MedicineSechenov University Moscow, 119991 Russia
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