1
|
Lin H, Xing J, Wang H, Wang S, Fang R, Li X, Li Z, Song N. Roles of Lipolytic enzymes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1329715. [PMID: 38357346 PMCID: PMC10865251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1329715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial pathogen that can endure for long periods in an infected patient, without causing disease. There are a number of virulence factors that increase its ability to invade the host. One of these factors is lipolytic enzymes, which play an important role in the pathogenic mechanism of Mtb. Bacterial lipolytic enzymes hydrolyze lipids in host cells, thereby releasing free fatty acids that are used as energy sources and building blocks for the synthesis of cell envelopes, in addition to regulating host immune responses. This review summarizes the relevant recent studies that used in vitro and in vivo models of infection, with particular emphasis on the virulence profile of lipolytic enzymes in Mtb. A better understanding of these enzymes will aid the development of new treatment strategies for TB. The recent work done that explored mycobacterial lipolytic enzymes and their involvement in virulence and pathogenicity was highlighted in this study. Lipolytic enzymes are expected to control Mtb and other intracellular pathogenic bacteria by targeting lipid metabolism. They are also potential candidates for the development of novel therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jiayin Xing
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shuxian Wang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ren Fang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhaoli Li
- SAFE Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Song
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sheng W, Qin H, Wang T, Zhao J, Fang C, Zhang P, Liu P, Udduttula A, Zeng H, Chen Y. Advanced phosphocreatine-grafted chitosan hydrogel promote wound healing by macrophage modulation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1199939. [PMID: 37251563 PMCID: PMC10213409 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1199939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The repair of wounds usually caused by trauma or other chronic diseases remained challenging in clinics due to the potential risk of inflammation and inadequate tissue regenerative properties. Among them, the behaviour of immune cells, such as macrophages, is critical in tissue repair. Materials and methods: In this study, a water-soluble phosphocreatine-grafted methacryloyl chitosan (CSMP) was synthesized with a one-step lyophilization method, followed by the fabrication of CSMP hydrogel with a photocrosslinked method. The microstructure, water absorption and mechanical properties for the hydrogels were investigated. Then, the macrophages were co-cultured with hydrogels and the pro-inflammatory factors and polarization markers for these macrophages were detected through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blot (WB), and flow cytometry methods. Finally, the CSMP hydrogel was implanted in a wound defect area in mice to test its ability to promote wound healing. Results: The lyophilized CSMP hydrogel had a porous structure with pores ranging in size from 200 to 400 μm, which was larger than the CSM hydrogel's. The lyophilized CSMP hydrogel possessed a higher water absorption rate compared with the CSM hydrogel. The compressive stress and modulus of these hydrogels were increased in the initial 7 days immersion and then gradually decreased during the in vitro immersion in PBS solution up to 21 days; the CSMP hydrogel showed a higher value in these parameters versus the CSM hydrogel. The CSMP hydrogel inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in an in vitro study cocultured with pro-inflammatory factors in pre-treated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM). The mRNA sequencing results showed that the CSMP hydrogel might inhibit the macrophages' M1 type polarization through the NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, when compared to the control group, the CSMP hydrogel promoted more skin area repair in the mouse wound defect area, and inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were lower in the repaired tissue for the CSMP group. Conclusion: This phosphate-grafted chitosan hydrogel showed great promise for wound healing through regulating the macrophage's phenotype via the NF-κB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weibei Sheng
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haotian Qin
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tiehua Wang
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chongzhou Fang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anjaneyulu Udduttula
- Centre of Biomaterials, Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingqi Chen
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumari B, Kaur J, Maan P, Kumar A, Kaur J. The lipolytic activity of LipJ, a stress-induced enzyme, is regulated by its C-terminal adenylate cyclase domain. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:487-507. [PMID: 33960821 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The confirmation of lipolytic activity and role of Rv1900c in the Mycobacterium physiology Methods: rv1900c/N-terminus domain (rv1900NT) were cloned in pET28a/Escherichia coli, purified by affinity chromatography and characterized. Results: A zone of clearance on tributyrin-agar and activity with pNP-decanoate confirmed the lipolytic activity of Rv1900c. The Rv1900NT demonstrated higher enzyme specific activity, Vmax and kcat, but Rv1900c was more thermostable. The lipolytic activity of Rv1900c decreased in presence of ATP. Mycobacterium smegmatis expressed rv1900c/rv1900NT-altered colony morphology, growth, cell surface properties and survival under stress conditions. The effect was more prominent with Rv1900NT as compared with Rv1900c. Conclusion: The study confirmed the lipolytic activity of Rv1900c and suggested its regulation by the adenylate cyclase domain and role in the intracellular survival of bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jashandeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pratibha Maan
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arbind Kumar
- COVID Testing Facility, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresources & Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Maan P, Kaur J. Rv2223c, an acid inducible carboxyl-esterase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis enhanced the growth and survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:1397-1415. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To elucidate the role of Rv2223c in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods: Purified recombinant Rv2223c protein was characterized. Expression of rv2223c in the presence of different stress environment and subcellular localization were performed in M. tuberculosis H37Ra and Mycobacterium smegmatis ( MS_2223c). Effect of its overexpression on growth rate, infection and intracellular survival in THP-1/PBMC cells were studied. Results: rRv2223c demonstrated esterase activity with preference for pNP-octanoate and hydrolyzed trioctanoate to di- and mono-octanoate. Expression of rv2223c was upregulated in acidic and nutritive stress conditions. rRv2223c was identified in extracellular and cell wall fractions. MS_2223c exhibited enhanced growth, survival during in vitro stress, infection and intracellular survival. Conclusions: Rv2223c is a secretary, carboxyl-esterase, with enhanced expression under acidic and nutritive stress condition and might help in intracellular survival of bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Maan
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rastogi R, Kaur G, Maan P, Bhatnagar A, Narang T, Dogra S, Kaur J. Molecular characterization and immunogenic function of ML1899 (LipG) of Mycobacterium leprae. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1629-1640. [PMID: 31553301 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. ML1899 is conserved in all mycobacterium sp. and is a middle member of mle-ML1898 operon involved in mycolic acid modification.Aim. In the present study attempts were made to characterize ML1899 in detail.Methodology. Bioinformatics tools were used for prediction of active-site residues, antigenic epitopes and a three-dimensional model of protein. The gene was cloned, expressed and purified as His-tagged protein in Escherichia coli for biophysical/biochemical characterization. Recombinant protein was used to treat THP-1 cells to study change in production of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines and chemokines using flowcytometry/ELISA.Results. In silico analysis predicted ML1899 as a member of α/β hydrolase family with GXSXG-motif and Ser126, His282, Asp254 as active-site residues that were confirmed by site-directed mutagensis. ML1899 exhibited esterase activity. It hydrolysed pNP-butyrate as optimum substrate at pH 8.0 and 50 °C with 5.56 µM-1 min-1 catalytic efficiency. The enzyme exhibited stability up to 60 °C temperature and between pH 6.0 to 9.0. K m, V max and specific activity of ML1899 were calculated to be 400 µM, 40 µmoles min-1 ml-1 and 27 U mg- 1, respectively. ML1899 also exhibited phospholipase activity. The protein affected the survival of macrophages when treated at higher concentration. ML1899 enhanced ROS/NO production and up-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-8 in macrophages. ML1899 was also observed to elicit humoral response in 69 % of leprosy patients.Conclusion. These results suggested that ML1899, an esterase could up-regulate the immune responses in favour of macrophages at a low concentration but kills the THP-1 macrophages cells at a higher concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Rastogi
- Department of Biochemistry, BMS Block 2, South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Gurkamaljit Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block 1, South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Pratibha Maan
- Present address: Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India.,Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block 1, South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Archana Bhatnagar
- Department of Biochemistry, BMS Block 2, South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Tarun Narang
- Department of Dermatology, Veberology and Leprology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology, Veberology and Leprology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block 1, South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
LipG a bifunctional phospholipase/thioesterase involved in mycobacterial envelope remodeling. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181953. [PMID: 30487163 PMCID: PMC6435540 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is currently one of the leading causes of death from an infectious agent. The main difficulties encountered in eradicating this bacteria are mainly related to (i) a very complex lipid composition of the bacillus cell wall, (ii) its ability to hide from the immune system inside the granulomas, and (iii) the increasing number of resistant strains. In this context, we were interested in the Rv0646c (lipGMTB ) gene located upstream to the mmaA cluster which is described as being crucial for the production of cell wall components and required for the bacilli adaptation and survival in mouse macrophages. Using biochemical experiments combined with the construction of deletion and overexpression mutant strains in Mycobacterium smegmatis, we found that LipGMTB is a cytoplasmic membrane-associated enzyme that displays both phospholipase and thioesterase activities. Overproduction of LipGMTB decreases the glycopeptidolipids (GPL) level concomitantly to an increase in phosphatidylinositol (PI) which is the precursor of the PI mannoside (PIM), an essential lipid component of the bacterial cell wall. Conversely, deletion of the lipGMS gene in M. smegmatis leads to an overproduction of GPL, and subsequently decreases the strain susceptibility to various antibiotics. All these findings demonstrate that LipG is involved in cell envelope biosynthesis/remodeling, and consequently this enzyme may thus play an important role in mycobacterial physiology.
Collapse
|