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Hurley K, Folz J, Zgraggen J, Cruz TN, Diedrich S, Sturla SJ. Enzymatic Acrolein Production System and Its Impact on Human Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1374-1381. [PMID: 39155646 PMCID: PMC11337209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Acrolein is an environmental toxicant and is also generated by microbial metabolism in the intestinal tract. Aqueous acrolein rapidly dissipates from standard human cell culture media with nondetectable levels after 8 h, hindering cell-based studies to understand its biological impacts. Thus, we developed an extracellular acrolein biosynthesis system to continuously produce acrolein compatible with human cell culture conditions. The approach uses spermine as a precursor, amine oxidase found in fetal calf serum, and catalase to remove the hydrogen peroxide byproduct. We confirmed amine oxidase activity of calf serum using a colorimetric assay and further tested the requirement for catalase in the system to mitigate hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity. We calibrated responses of human colon cells to this enzymatic acrolein production system by comparing transcriptional responses, DNA adduct formation and cytotoxicity responses to either this system or pure acrolein exposures in a human colon cell line. Several genes related to oxidative stress including HMOX1, and the colorectal cancer-related gene SEMA4A were upregulated similarly between the enzymatic acrolein production system or pure acrolein. The acrolein-DNA adduct γ-OH-Acr-dG increased in a dose-dependent manner with spermine in the enzymatic acrolein production system, producing a maximum of 1065 adducts per 108 nucleosides when 400 μM spermine was used. This biosynthetic production method provides a relevant model for controlled acrolein exposure in cultured human cells and overcomes current limitations due to its physical properties and limited availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine
A. Hurley
- Department of Health Sciences
and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jacob Folz
- Department of Health Sciences
and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Zgraggen
- Department of Health Sciences
and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Tania N. Cruz
- Department of Health Sciences
and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Diedrich
- Department of Health Sciences
and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Shana J. Sturla
- Department of Health Sciences
and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
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Impact of sub-acute acrolein inhalation on the molecular regulation of mitochondrial metabolism in rat lung. Toxicol Lett 2023; 378:19-30. [PMID: 36806656 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, mitochondria are recognized as key players in the pathogenesis of a variety of smoking-associated lung diseases. Acrolein, a component of cigarette smoke, is a known driver of biological mechanisms underlying smoking-induced respiratory toxicity. The impact of sub-acute acrolein inhalation in vivo on key processes controlling mitochondrial homeostasis in cells of the airways however is unknown. In this study, we investigated the activity/abundance of a myriad of molecules critically involved in mitochondrial metabolic pathways and mitochondrial quality control processes (mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy) in the lungs of Sprague-Dawley rats that were sub-acutely exposed to filtered air or 3 ppm acrolein by whole-body inhalation (5 h/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks). Acrolein exposure induced a general inflammatory response in the lung as gene expression analysis revealed an increased expression of Icam1 and Cinc1 (p < 0.1; p < 0.05). Acrolein significantly decreased enzyme activity of hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (p < 0.01), and decreased Pdk4 transcript levels (p < 0.05), suggestive of acrolein-induced changes in metabolic processes. Investigation of constituents of the mitochondrial biogenesis pathways and mitophagy machinery revealed no pronounced alterations. In conclusion, sub-acute inhalation of acrolein did not affect the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and quality control, which is in contrast to more profound changes after acute exposure in other studies.
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Nitta NA, Sato T, Komura M, Yoshikawa H, Suzuki Y, Mitsui A, Kuwasaki E, Takahashi F, Kodama Y, Seyama K, Takahashi K. Exposure to the heated tobacco product IQOS generates apoptosis-mediated pulmonary emphysema in murine lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L699-L711. [PMID: 35380471 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00215.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary emphysema is predominantly caused by chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (CS). Novel tobacco substitutes, such as heated tobacco products (HTPs), have emerged as healthier alternatives to cigarettes. IQOS, the most popular HTP in Japan, is advertised as harmless compared with conventional cigarettes. Although some studies have reported its toxicity, few in vivo studies have been conducted. Here, 12-wk-old C57BL6/J male mice were divided into three groups and exposed to air (as control), IQOS aerosol, or CS for 6 mo. After exposure, the weight gain was significantly suppressed in the IQOS and CS groups compared with the control (-4.93 g; IQOS vs. air and -5.504 g; CS vs. air). The serum cotinine level was significantly higher in the IQOS group than in the control group. The neutrophils and lymphocyte count increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the IQOS and CS groups compared with those in the control group. Chronic IQOS exposure induced pulmonary emphysema similar to that observed in the CS group. Furthermore, expression levels of the genes involved in the apoptosis-related pathways were significantly upregulated in the lungs of the IQOS-exposed mice. Cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 were overexpressed in the IQOS group compared with the control. Single-stranded DNA and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive alveolar septal cell count significantly increased in the IQOS group compared with the control. In conclusion, chronic exposure to IQOS aerosol induces pulmonary emphysema predominantly via apoptosis-related pathways. This suggests that HTPs are not completely safe tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Arano Nitta
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moegi Komura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Yoshikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Suzuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aki Mitsui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Kuwasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kodama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Seyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhang S, Chen H, Zhang J, Li J, Hou H, Hu Q. The multiplex interactions and molecular mechanism on genotoxicity induced by formaldehyde and acrolein mixtures on human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105943. [PMID: 32659531 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes are common air pollutants with carcinogenicity. Genotoxicity of single aldehyde has been studied well, but the combined genotoxicity is rarely known. Here, we evaluated the combined genotoxicity of formaldehyde and acrolein on BEAS-2B cells in terms of DNA strands breakage, chromosome damage and gene mutation below subcytotoxic concentrations covering smoking-related concentrations. Meanwhile, the molecular mechanism was investigated further based on oxidative stress, DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs), cell cycle and DNA damage-repair pathway. Co-exposure to formaldehyde and acrolein mixtures showed significantly synergistic interaction on DNA strands breakage and chromosome damage in a concentration/time-dependent manner, while antagonism was shown on the late genotoxic endpoints (e.g. cytoplasmic block micronucleus (CBMN) and HPRT gene mutation). Moreover, formaldehyde synergistically potentiated acrolein-induced S-phase arrest, inhibition of DNA repair and up-regulation of genes related to cell stress, which conversely strengtherned mixture-induced DNA/chromosome damage and finally resulted in antagonism on late genotoxic events. Additionally, formaldehyde-induced DNA damage mainly resulted from the direct covalent bonding (e.g. DPCs), while acrolein-induced DNA damage mainly generated from oxidative damage (e.g. oxidative stress), which dominated the synergistic DNA strand breakage induced by mixtures. Summarily, aldehyde mixtures (formaldehyde and acrolein) induced multiplex combined genotoxicity on BEAS-2B cells even at smoking-related concentrations, which was dependent on genotoxic endpoints and closely related to that formaldehyde potentiated acrolein-induced cell stress, S-phase arrest and inhibition of DNA repair. So prolonged exposure to aldehyde mixtures may have a more serious risk to respiratory system in animal and human than the expectation based on the toxicity of single aldehyde even at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Jingni Zhang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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Yildizbayrak N, Orta-Yilmaz B, Aydin Y, Erkan M. Acrolein exerts a genotoxic effect in the Leydig cells by stimulating DNA damage-induced apoptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:15869-15877. [PMID: 32090303 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acrolein is a highly reactive unsaturated organic molecule and has harmful effects on human health. Acrolein is generally formed in heat-treated foods above 150 °C, as well as in the combustion of gasoline, wood industry, plastic waste, and tobacco smoke. In this study, the effects of acrolein on genotoxicity in Leydig cells and the underlying mechanisms are aimed to be clarified. In addition, the toxicogenomic profile of acrolein was studied in terms of both apoptosis and steroidogenesis. Real-time PCR and ELISA tests were used to analyses of steroidogenic endpoints. Apoptosis was evaluated with double fluorescence staining and gene expression analyses of related genes. Comet assay was used to determine the genotoxicity. The results showed that acrolein caused concentration-dependent inhibition on cell viability at 8 μM and above concentrations, decreased testosterone production at 13.6 and 19.7 μM concentrations, and suppressed expression levels of genes that play an important role in steroidogenic pathway. Furthermore, acrolein downregulated expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl2 gene and upregulated expression of pro-apoptotic Bax, Casp3, and Trp53 gene after 24-h treatment in 7.4, 13.6, and 19.7 μM acrolein-exposed Leydig cells. The results of comet assay showed that acrolein significantly induced tail length, tail % DNA, and Olive tail moment. Overall, it was concluded that acrolein-induced cell damage in Leydig cells may be due to formation of genetic damage in steroidogenesis and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebahat Yildizbayrak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Banu Orta-Yilmaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Aydin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melike Erkan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
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