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Bețiu AM, Noveanu L, Hâncu IM, Lascu A, Petrescu L, Maack C, Elmér E, Muntean DM. Mitochondrial Effects of Common Cardiovascular Medications: The Good, the Bad and the Mixed. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13653. [PMID: 36362438 PMCID: PMC9656474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are central organelles in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system via the integration of several physiological processes, such as ATP generation via oxidative phosphorylation, synthesis/exchange of metabolites, calcium sequestration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production/buffering and control of cellular survival/death. Mitochondrial impairment has been widely recognized as a central pathomechanism of almost all cardiovascular diseases, rendering these organelles important therapeutic targets. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to occur in the setting of drug-induced toxicity in several tissues and organs, including the heart. Members of the drug classes currently used in the therapeutics of cardiovascular pathologies have been reported to both support and undermine mitochondrial function. For the latter case, mitochondrial toxicity is the consequence of drug interference (direct or off-target effects) with mitochondrial respiration/energy conversion, DNA replication, ROS production and detoxification, cell death signaling and mitochondrial dynamics. The present narrative review aims to summarize the beneficial and deleterious mitochondrial effects of common cardiovascular medications as described in various experimental models and identify those for which evidence for both types of effects is available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina M. Bețiu
- Doctoral School Medicine-Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Lavinia Noveanu
- Department of Functional Sciences—Pathophysiology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Iasmina M. Hâncu
- Doctoral School Medicine-Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Ana Lascu
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Department of Functional Sciences—Pathophysiology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Lucian Petrescu
- Doctoral School Medicine-Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Christoph Maack
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eskil Elmér
- Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Abliva AB, Medicon Village, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Danina M. Muntean
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Department of Functional Sciences—Pathophysiology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
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Olgar Y, Tuncay E, Billur D, Turan B. Bimodal Effects of P2Y 12 Antagonism on Matrix Metalloproteinase-Associated Contractile Dysfunction in İnsulin-Resistant Mammalian Heart. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2195-2204. [PMID: 34268701 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02816-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to matrix remodeling in diabetes via tissue degradation; however, their contributions can be different depending on the pathology. For instance, MMPs are elevated in acute stress hyperglycemia, whereas they can be degraded in chronic hyperglycemia. Since studies emphasize the possible cardioprotective effect of ticagrelor (Tica) beyond its antiplatelet action, we aimed to examine whether Tica treatment can reverse the depressed heart function of metabolic syndrome (MetS) rats via affecting the expression levels of MMPs. Tica treatment of high-carbohydrate-induced MetS rats could not affect significantly the depressed contractile activity of Langendorff-perfused heart preparations. On the other hand, the Tica treatment provided a significant recovery in the reduced relaxation activity of the aortic preparations from the same animals. Histological examination of the hearts demonstrated marked damages in Mets rats, such as increases in the number of foamy cells and accumulation of collagen fiber and increases in the elastic lamellar irregularity of tunica media, while Tica treatment provided a slight improvement in the structure of left ventricle tissue. We also could not obtain a significant reverse in the high cytosolic labile Zn2+ ([Zn2+]i) with the treatment of cardiomyocytes with Tica. Furthermore, Tica treatment of MetS rats could not significantly reverse the degraded protein levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the heart, as well. Overall, we demonstrated that Tica treatment of MetS rats has no significant benefits on the depressed heart function, although provide a significant beneficial impact on vascular relaxation. This action of Tica may be through its lack of action on both MMP degradation and high [Zn2+]i, which can further precipitate in cleavage of extracellular matrix in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Olgar
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erkan Tuncay
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Billur
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Belma Turan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Cardioprotective effect of extracellular vesicles derived from ticagrelor-pretreated cardiomyocyte on hyperglycemic cardiomyocytes through alleviation of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5651. [PMID: 35383227 PMCID: PMC8983723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in diabetes mellitus (DM) via connecting the immune cell response to tissue injury, besides stimulation to muscle insulin resistance, while DM is associated with increased risks for major cardiovascular complications. Under DM, chronic hyperglycemia, and subsequent increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) further lead to cardiac growth remodeling and dysfunction. The purinergic drug ticagrelor is a P2Y12 receptor antagonist. Although it is widely used in cardioprotection, the underlying molecular mechanism of its inhibitory effect on diabetic cardiomyopathy is poorly elucidated. Here, we aimed to understand how ticagrelor exerts its cardio-regulatory effects. For this purpose, we investigated the anti-oxidative and cardioprotective effect of EVs derived from ticagrelor-pretreated cardiomyocytes under DM conditions. To mimic DM in cardiomyocytes, we used high glucose incubated H9c2-cells (HG). HG cells were treated with EVs, which were derived from either ticagrelor-pretreated or untreated H9c2-cells. Our results demonstrated that ticagrelor-pretreated H9c2-derived EVs significantly decreased the hyperglycemia-induced aberrant ROS production, prevented the development of apoptosis and ER stress, and alleviated oxidative stress associated miRNA-expression profile. Importantly, EVs derived from ticagrelor-pretreated H9c2-cells enhanced endothelial cell migration and tube formation, suggesting a modulation of the EV profile in cardiomyocytes. Our data, for the first time, indicate that ticagrelor can exert an important regulatory effect on diabetic cardiomyopathy through extracellular vesicular modulation behind its receptor-inhibition-related effects.
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Fındık O, Baris O, Yazir Y, Yilmaz MY, Rencber SF, Sarihan KK, Kunt AT. Changes in cardiac cells due to ticagrelor and enoxaparin in a rat ischemia/reperfusion model. REVISTA DA ASSOCIACAO MEDICA BRASILEIRA (1992) 2021; 67:1764-1770. [PMID: 34909947 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20210477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies on ischemia/reperfusion injury remain the focus of interest. Ticagrelor and enoxaparin, which are antiaggregant and anticoagulant drugs developed for use in many cardiovascular pathologies, are still included in many ischemia/reperfusion studies. Remarkably, their new protective effects, especially with regard to ticagrelor, continue to be reported in the current literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the beneficial effects of ticagrelor and enoxaparin pretreatments on the rat heart with histological and immunohistochemical markers in an ischemia/reperfusion model. METHODS Wistar-albino rats (weighing 350-400 g) were divided into four groups as follows: Sham-Control (Group 1), Control-Saline+ischemia/reperfusion (Group 2), Ticagrelor+ischemia/reperfusion (Group 3), and Enoxaparin+ischemia/reperfusion (Group 4). The ischemia/reperfusion injury model was applied to Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4. Heart tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological examinations. Caspase 3 immunostaining was evaluated to detect apoptosis in the heart tissue sections. RESULTS Both pretreatments ameliorated the ischemic damage but especially tissue sections belonging to Group 3 were nearly similar to control levels. The results indicated that ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial damage was significantly increased in Group 2, whereas ticagrelor and enoxaparin pretreatments in Group 3 and Group 4 significantly decreased apoptotic scores and the histological appearance of the Group 3 close to the normal myocardium (p<0.001). CONCLUSION As supported by histological findings in our study, ticagrelor and enoxaparin have protective properties for heart tissue in this ischemia/reperfusion injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Fındık
- Health Sciences University, Derince Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery - Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Baris
- Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery - Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Yusufhan Yazir
- Kocaeli University, Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice - Kocaeli, Turkey.,Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology - Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Melda Yardimoglu Yilmaz
- Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology - Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Selenay Furat Rencber
- Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology - Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Kübra Kavram Sarihan
- Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology - Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Atike Tekeli Kunt
- Kirikkale University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery - Kirikkale, Turkey
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Ticagrelor alleviates high-carbohydrate intake induced altered electrical activity of ventricular cardiomyocytes by regulating sarcoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria miscommunication. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3827-3844. [PMID: 34114148 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with additional cardiovascular risk in mammalians while there are relationships between hyperglycemia-associated cardiovascular dysfunction and increased platelet P2Y12 receptor activation. Although P2Y12 receptor antagonist ticagrelor (Tica) plays roles in reduction of cardiovascular events, its beneficial mechanism remains poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to clarify whether Tica can exert a direct protective effect in ventricular cardiomyocytes from high-carbohydrate diet-induced MetS rats, at least, through affecting sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-mitochondria (Mit) miscommunication. Tica treatment of MetS rats (150 mg/kg/day for 15 days) significantly reversed the altered parameters of action potentials by reversing sarcolemmal ionic currents carried by voltage-dependent Na+ and K+ channels, and Na+/Ca2+-exchanger in the cells, expressed P2Y12 receptors. The increased basal-cytosolic Ca2+ level and depressed SR Ca2+ load were also reversed in Tica-treated cells, at most, though recoveries in the phosphorylation levels of ryanodine receptors and phospholamban. Moreover, there were marked recoveries in Mit structure and function (including increases in both autophagosomes and fragmentations) together with recoveries in Mit proteins and the factors associated with Ca2+ transfer between SR-Mit. There were further significant recoveries in markers of both ER stress and oxidative stress. Taken into consideration the Tica-induced prevention of ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, our data provided an important document on the pleiotropic effects of Tica in the electrical activity of the cardiomyocytes from MetS rats. This protective effect seems through recoveries in SR-Mit miscommunication besides modulation of different sarcolemmal ion-channel activities, independent of P2Y12 receptor antagonism.
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The role of labile Zn 2+ and Zn 2+-transporters in the pathophysiology of mitochondria dysfunction in cardiomyocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:971-989. [PMID: 33225416 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An important energy supplier of cardiomyocytes is mitochondria, similar to other mammalian cells. Studies have demonstrated that any defect in the normal processes controlled by mitochondria can lead to abnormal ROS production, thereby high oxidative stress as well as lack of ATP. Taken into consideration, the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and overproduction of ROS as well as the relation between increased ROS and high-level release of intracellular labile Zn2+, those bring into consideration the importance of the events related with those stimuli in cardiomyocytes responsible from cellular Zn2+-homeostasis and responsible Zn2+-transporters associated with the Zn2+-homeostasis and Zn2+-signaling. Zn2+-signaling, controlled by cellular Zn2+-homeostatic mechanisms, is regulated with intracellular labile Zn2+ levels, which are controlled, especially, with the two Zn2+-transporter families; ZIPs and ZnTs. Our experimental studies in mammalian cardiomyocytes and human heart tissue showed that Zn2+-transporters localizes to mitochondria besides sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum and Golgi under physiological condition. The protein levels as well as functions of those transporters can re-distribute under pathological conditions, therefore, they can interplay among organelles in cardiomyocytes to adjust a proper intracellular labile Zn2+ level. In the present review, we aimed to summarize the already known Zn2+-transporters localize to mitochondria and function to stabilize not only the cellular Zn2+ level but also cellular oxidative stress status. In conclusion, one can propose that a detailed understanding of cellular Zn2+-homeostasis and Zn2+-signaling through mitochondria may emphasize the importance of new mitochondria-targeting agents for prevention and/or therapy of cardiovascular dysfunction in humans.
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