A study of hydrophobins-modified menaquinone-7 on osteoblastic cells differentiation

Bacillus subtilis Modulated the Expression of Osteogenic Markers in a Human Osteoblast Cell Line

Several in vivo trials have previously demonstrated the beneficial effects of the administration of various probiotic forms on bone health. In this study, we explored the potency of two probiotics, Bacillus subtilis and Lactococcus lactis, alone or in combination with vitamin D (VD), to modulate the transcription of genes involved in the ossification process in a human osteoblast cell line. Genes that mark the "osteoblast proliferation phase", such as RUNX2, TGFB1, and ALPL, "extracellular matrix (ECM) maturation", such as SPP1 and SPARC, as well as "ECM mineralization", such as BGN, BGLAP, and DCN, were all highly expressed in osteoblasts treated with B. subtilis extract. The observed increase in the transcription of the ALPL mRNA was further in agreement with its protein levels as observed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Therefore, this higher transcription and translation of alkaline phosphatase in osteoblasts treated with the B. subtilis extract, indicated its substantial osteogenic impact on human osteoblasts. Although both the probiotic extracts showed no osteogenic synergy with VD, treatment with B. subtilis alone could increase the ECM mineralization, outperforming the effects of L. lactis and even VD. Furthermore, these results supported the validity of employing probiotic extracts rather than live cells to investigate the effects of probiotics in the in vitro systems.

Enhancement of Vitamin K2 Efflux in Bacillus subtilis Natto via a Potential Protein Receptor for Increased Yield

Bacillus subtilis is one of the few strains that can secrete synthetic menaquinone-7 (MK-7) to the outside of the cell, and its purpose and mechanism have not been clearly studied. As an amphiphilic protein naturally synthesized by Bacillus subtilis, the BslA protein may be involved in the inversion of extracellular vitamin K2 solubility. The protein structure in UniProt was used to search for the possible binding sites of MK-7, and the analysis of the higher ranking results of the genetic algorithm showed that the ASP166 residue was likely to be the binding site. They could form a stable hydrogen bond connection through ASP166, and approximately 7 proteins formed the conformation of a fixed naphthoquinone ring. We isolated and obtained the BslA protein by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Then, MK-7 was modified by BslA in vitro. A series of experiments, such as SEM, XPS, and WCA, showed that MK-7 and BslA proteins can realize self-assembly and transform from fat-soluble to water-soluble complexes. When the bslA protein in Bacillus subtilis natto was overexpressed, its MK-7 synthesis ability was further improved, especially the extracellular MK-7 content, which increased by 16%. This finding suggests that the BslA protein in Bacillus subtilis is likely to be involved in the extracellular secretion of MK-7 as a receptor.