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Ye L, Tang X, Zhong J, Li W, Xu T, Xiang C, Gu J, Feng H, Luo Q, Wang G. Unraveling the complex pathophysiology of white matter hemorrhage in intracerebral stroke: A single-cell RNA sequencing approach. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14652. [PMID: 38433011 PMCID: PMC10909628 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aims to elucidate the cellular dynamics and pathophysiology of white matter hemorrhage (WMH) in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS Using varying doses of collagenase IV, a consistent rat ICH model characterized by pronounced WMH was established. Verification was achieved through behavioral assays, hematoma volume, and histological evaluations. Single-cell suspensions from the hemorrhaged region of the ipsilateral striatum on day three post-ICH were profiled using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Gene Ontology (GO) and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) further interpreted the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). RESULTS Following WMH induction, there was a notable increase in the percentage of myeloid cells and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), alongside a reduction in the percentage of neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes (OLGs). Post-ICH WMH showed homeostatic microglia transitioning into pro-, anti-inflammatory, and proliferative states, influencing lipid metabolic pathways. Myeloid cells amplified chemokine expression, linked with ferroptosis pathways. Macrophages exhibited M1 and M2 phenotypes, and post-WMH, macrophages displayed a predominance of M2 phenotypes, characterized by their anti-inflammatory properties. A surge in OPC proliferation aligned with enhanced ribosomal signaling, suggesting potential reparative responses post-WMH. CONCLUSION The study offers valuable insights into WMH's complex pathophysiology following ICH, highlighting the significance and utility of scRNA-seq in understanding the cellular dynamics and contributing to future cerebrovascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Ye
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuChina
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuChina
| | - Jun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest HospitalThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuChina
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuChina
| | - Chao Xiang
- Department of NeurosurgeryZhengzhou University People's Hospital (Henan Provincial People's Hospital)ZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jianjun Gu
- Department of NeurosurgeryZhengzhou University People's Hospital (Henan Provincial People's Hospital)ZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest HospitalThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Qianqian Luo
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuChina
| | - Guohua Wang
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongJiangsuChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest HospitalThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
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Li Y, Srinath A, Alcazar-Felix RJ, Hage S, Bindal A, Lightle R, Shenkar R, Shi C, Girard R, Awad IA. Inflammatory Mechanisms in a Neurovascular Disease: Cerebral Cavernous Malformation. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1336. [PMID: 37759937 PMCID: PMC10526329 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a common cerebrovascular malformation causing intracranial hemorrhage, seizures, and focal neurologic deficits. A unique CCM lesional inflammatory microenvironment has been shown to influence the clinical course of the disease. This review addresses the inflammatory cell infiltrate in the CCM lesion and the role of a defined antigen-driven immune response in pathogenicity. We summarize immune mechanisms associated with the loss of the CCM gene and disease progression, including the potential role of immunothrombosis. We also review evidence of circulating inflammatory biomarkers associated with CCM disease and its clinical activity. We articulate future directions for this research, including the role of individual cell type contributions to the immune response in CCM, single cell transcriptomics of inflammatory cells, biomarker development, and therapeutic implications. The concepts are applicable for developing diagnostic and treatment strategies for CCM and for studying other neurovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.)
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (A.S.); (R.J.A.-F.); (S.H.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (R.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Abhinav Srinath
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (A.S.); (R.J.A.-F.); (S.H.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (R.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Roberto J. Alcazar-Felix
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (A.S.); (R.J.A.-F.); (S.H.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (R.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Stephanie Hage
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (A.S.); (R.J.A.-F.); (S.H.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (R.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Akash Bindal
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (A.S.); (R.J.A.-F.); (S.H.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (R.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Rhonda Lightle
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (A.S.); (R.J.A.-F.); (S.H.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (R.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Robert Shenkar
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (A.S.); (R.J.A.-F.); (S.H.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (R.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Changbin Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Romuald Girard
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (A.S.); (R.J.A.-F.); (S.H.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (R.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Issam A. Awad
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (A.S.); (R.J.A.-F.); (S.H.); (A.B.); (R.L.); (R.S.); (R.G.)
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 S Maryland, MC3026/Neurosurgery J341, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Identification of CCL20 as a Key Biomarker of Inflammatory Responses in the Pathogenesis of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Inflammation 2023:10.1007/s10753-023-01807-4. [PMID: 36939977 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) contribute to severe secondary brain injury, leading to poor clinical outcomes. However, the responsible genes for effective anti-inflammation treatment in ICH remain poorly elucidated. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of human ICH were explored by online GEO2R. Go and KEGG were used to explore the biological function of DEGs. Protein-protein interactions (PPI) were built in the String database. Critical modules of PPI were identified by a molecular complex detection algorithm (MCODE). Cytohubba was used to determine the hub genes. The mRNA-miRNA interaction network was built in the miRWalk database. The rat ICH model was applied to validate the key genes. A total of 776 DEGs were identified in ICH. Go and KEGG analyses indicated that DEGs were mainly involved in neutrophil activation and the TNF signaling pathway. GSEA analysis presented that DEGs were significantly enriched in TNF signaling and inflammatory response. PPI network was constructed in the 48 differentially expressed inflammatory response-related genes. The critical module of the PPI network was constructed by 7 MCODE genes and functioned as the inflammatory response. The top 10 hub genes with the highest degrees were identified in the inflammatory response after ICH. CCL20 was confirmed as a key gene and mainly expressed in neurons in the rat ICH model. The regulatory network between CCL20 and miR-766 was built, and the miR-766 decrease was confirmed in a human ICH dataset. CCL20 is a key biomarker of inflammatory response after intracerebral hemorrhage, providing a potential target for inflammatory intervention in ICH.
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Li X, Yang W, Shen Y, Liu F, Xiong X, Wu Q, Xiao Z, Yang X, Dang R, Manaenko A, Xie P, Li Q. Analysis of Age-Dependent Transcriptomic Changes in Response to Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:908683. [PMID: 35677585 PMCID: PMC9169040 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.908683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is a well-known risk factor that is independently associated with poor outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, the interrelationship between age and poor outcomes after ICH is not well defined. In this study, we aimed to investigate this relationship based on collagenase-induced ICH mice models. After being assessed neurological deficit 24 h after ICH, mice were euthanized and brain perihematomal tissues were used for RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). And then the functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by RNA-seq were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. In addition, we performed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for validation of candidate DEGs. In the behavioral tests, aged mice presented significantly worse neurological function than young mice and greater weight loss than aged sham controls 24 h after ICH. In DEGs analysis, ICH affected the expression of more genes in young mice (2,337 DEGs) compared with aged mice (2,005 DEGs). We found aged mice exhibited increased brain inflammatory responses compared with young animals and ICH induced significant activation of the interferon-β (IFN-β) and IFN signaling pathways exclusively in aged mice. Moreover, further analysis demonstrated that ICH resulted in the activation of cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway with the production of downstream molecule type I IFN, and the response to type I IFN was more significant in aged mice than in young mice. In agreement with the results of RNA-seq, RT-qPCR indicated that the expression of candidate genes of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1), and IFN-β was significantly altered in aged mice after ICH. Taken together, our study indicated that compared to young animals, aged mice exhibit increased vulnerability to ICH and that the differences in transcriptional response patterns to ICH between young and aged mice. We believe that these findings will facilitate our understanding of ICH pathology and help to translate the results of preclinical studies into a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wensong Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiqing Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongsong Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xun Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruozhi Dang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Li,
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Li,
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Walsh KB, Zimmerman KD, Zhang X, Demel SL, Luo Y, Langefeld CD, Wohleb E, Schulert G, Woo D, Adeoye O. miR-181a Mediates Inflammatory Gene Expression After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Integrated Analysis of miRNA-seq and mRNA-seq in a Swine ICH Model. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1802-1814. [PMID: 33755911 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe neurological disorder with no proven treatment. Inflammation after ICH contributes to clinical outcomes, but the relevant molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In studies of peripheral leukocyte counts and mRNA-sequencing (mRNA-seq), our group previously reported that monocytes and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) were important contributors to post-ICH inflammation. microRNA (miRNA) are powerful regulators of gene expression and promising therapeutic targets. We now report findings from an integrated analysis of miRNA-seq and mRNA-seq in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a swine ICH model. In 10 pigs, one PBMC sample was collected immediately prior to ICH induction and a second 6 h later; miRNA-seq and mRNA-seq were completed for each sample. An aggregate score calculation determined which miRNA regulated the differentially expressed mRNA. Networks of molecular interactions were generated for the combined miRNA/target mRNA. A total of 227 miRNA were identified, and 46 were differentially expressed after ICH (FDR < 0.05). The anti-inflammatory miR-181a was decreased post-ICH, and it was the most highly connected miRNA in the miRNA/mRNA bioinformatic network analysis. miR-181a has interconnected pathophysiology with IL-8 and monocytes; in prior studies, we found that IL-8 and monocytes contributed to post-ICH inflammation and ICH clinical outcome, respectively. miR-181a was a significant mediator of post-ICH inflammation and is promising for further study, including as a potential therapeutic target. This investigation also demonstrated feasible methodology for miRNA-seq/mRNA-seq analysis in swine that is innovative, and with unique challenges, compared with transcriptomics research in more established species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B Walsh
- University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Kip D Zimmerman
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stacie L Demel
- University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Eric Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- University of Cincinnati Neurobiology Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Grant Schulert
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Woo
- University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Opeolu Adeoye
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Mei S, Shao Y, Fang Y, Lu J, Zheng J, Xu S, Wu H, Sun Z, Yu J, Chen S, Wang Z, Zhang J. The Changes of Leukocytes in Brain and Blood After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Immunol 2021; 12:617163. [PMID: 33659003 PMCID: PMC7917117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.617163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical research has demonstrated that inflammation is a critical factor regulating intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced brain injury. Growing evidence suggests that myeloid cells and lymphocytes have an effect on the pathophysiological processes associated with ICH, such as inflammation, immune responses, perihematomal edema formation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and cell death. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We aimed to explore the role immune cells played at different stages of the ICH. To achieve this, novel bioinformatics algorithms were employed to analyze the gene expression profiles and three different analytical tools were utilized to predict the abundances of cell types. In this study, we found that natural killer (NK) cells infiltrated into the brain parenchyma after ICH. Infiltrating NK cells may mediate brain injury through degranulation and recruitment of other cells. Besides, in the acute phase of ICH, monocytes in peripheral blood carried out phagocytosis and secretion of cytokines. On the other hand, in the subacute stage, non-classical monocytes were activated and showed a stronger ability to carry out heme metabolism, wound healing, and antigen processing and presentation. In conclusion, our findings emphasize the significance of intracerebral infiltrating immunocytes in ICH and demonstrate that ICH is a systemic disease affected by peripheral blood. The hub genes identified might be promising therapeutic targets. We also provide a reference on how to use bioinformatics approaches to explore non-neoplastic immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Mei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yijie Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia'nan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenbin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Melià-Sorolla M, Castaño C, DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Rodríguez-Esparragoza L, Dávalos A, Martí-Sistac O, Gasull T. Relevance of Porcine Stroke Models to Bridge the Gap from Pre-Clinical Findings to Clinical Implementation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186568. [PMID: 32911769 PMCID: PMC7555414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search of animal stroke models providing translational advantages for biomedical research, pigs are large mammals with interesting brain characteristics and wide social acceptance. Compared to rodents, pigs have human-like highly gyrencephalic brains. In addition, increasingly through phylogeny, animals have more sophisticated white matter connectivity; thus, ratios of white-to-gray matter in humans and pigs are higher than in rodents. Swine models provide the opportunity to study the effect of stroke with emphasis on white matter damage and neuroanatomical changes in connectivity, and their pathophysiological correlate. In addition, the subarachnoid space surrounding the swine brain resembles that of humans. This allows the accumulation of blood and clots in subarachnoid hemorrhage models mimicking the clinical condition. The clot accumulation has been reported to mediate pathological mechanisms known to contribute to infarct progression and final damage in stroke patients. Importantly, swine allows trustworthy tracking of brain damage evolution using the same non-invasive multimodal imaging sequences used in the clinical practice. Moreover, several models of comorbidities and pathologies usually found in stroke patients have recently been established in swine. We review here ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke models reported so far in pigs. The advantages and limitations of each model are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Melià-Sorolla
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (N.D.-R.)
| | - Carlos Castaño
- Neurointerventional Radiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Núria DeGregorio-Rocasolano
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (N.D.-R.)
| | - Luis Rodríguez-Esparragoza
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (L.R.-E.); (A.D.)
| | - Antoni Dávalos
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (L.R.-E.); (A.D.)
| | - Octavi Martí-Sistac
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (N.D.-R.)
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Carretera del Canyet, Camí de les Escoles s/n, Edifici Mar, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Correspondence: (O.M.-S.); (T.G.); Tel.: +34-930330531 (O.M.-S.)
| | - Teresa Gasull
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (N.D.-R.)
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Carretera del Canyet, Camí de les Escoles s/n, Edifici Mar, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Correspondence: (O.M.-S.); (T.G.); Tel.: +34-930330531 (O.M.-S.)
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Effects of Acute Subdural Hematoma-Induced Brain Injury On Energy Metabolism in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Shock 2020; 55:407-417. [PMID: 32826816 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In activated immune cells, differentiation and function are determined by cell type-specific modifications of metabolic patterns. After traumatic brain injury both immune cell activation and suppression were reported. Therefore, we sought to explore immune cell energy metabolism in a long-term, resuscitated porcine model of acute subdural hematoma (ASDH)-induced acute brain injury devoid of impaired systemic hemodynamics and oxygen transport.Before and up to 50 h after induction of ASDH, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated by density gradient centrifugation, and cell metabolism was analyzed using high-resolution respirometry for mitochondrial respiration and electron spin resonance for reactive oxygen species production. After incubation with stable isotope-labeled 1,2-13C2-glucose or 13C5-glutamine, distinct labeling patterns of intermediates of glycolysis or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and 13CO2 production were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Principal component analysis was followed by a varimax rotation on the covariance across all measured variables and all measured time points.After ASDH induction, average PBMC metabolic activity remained unaffected, possibly because strict adherence to intensive care unit guidelines limited trauma to ASDH induction without any change in parameters of systemic hemodynamics, oxygen transport, and whole-body metabolism. Despite decreased glycolytic activity fueling the TCA cycle, the principal component analysis indicated a cell type-specific activation pattern with biosynthetic and proliferative characteristics.
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