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Lei X, Liu X, Yu J, Li K, Xia L, Su S, Lin P, Zhang D, Li Y. 3-methyladenine ameliorates acute lung injury by inhibiting oxidative damage and apoptosis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33996. [PMID: 39055838 PMCID: PMC11269838 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Acute lung injury (ALI) is a condition characterized by inflammation and oxidative damage. 3-methyladenine (3-MA) has great potential for regulating apoptosis, but its regulatory role in ALI is unknown. Methods Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-treated bronchial epithelial cells were used to simulate in vivo and in vitro ALI models, respectively. In vivo, lung injury was assessed by histopathological analysis and lung injury scoring. The total cell count, protein content, and inflammatory factors in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were examined. The level of apoptosis in lung tissue was assessed through TUNEL staining. In the vitro ALI model, cell viability and levels of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis were assessed. Results 3-MA pretreatment ameliorated lung injury, including intra-alveolar hemorrhage and inflammatory cell accumulation, both in vitro and in vivo. 3-MA pretreatment also decreased inflammatory factor levels in the BALF. 3-MA pretreatment alleviated oxidative damage, decreased reactive oxygen species levels, and attenuated morphological changes. TUNEL and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining revealed that pretreatment with 3-MA reduced the level of apoptosis. 3-MA pretreatment significantly decreased the expression of caspase-3 and Bax but increased the expression of Bcl-2 in ALI. Mechanistically, 3-MA pretreatment also affected the PKCα/NOX4 and Nrf2 pathways, which decreased the level of apoptosis in ALI. Conclusions 3-MA pretreatment inhibited inflammation and oxidative damage in ALI and inhibited apoptosis to mitigate ALI in part by inhibiting the PKCα/NOX4 pathway and activating the Nrf2 pathway. Based on these results, 3-MA might be a viable medication to treat with ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Lei
- The Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiling Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jia Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kai Li
- The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lijing Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Su
- The Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuping Li
- The Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Fu LY, Yang Y, Tian H, Jia XY, Liu KL, Gao HL, Li Y, Qi J, Yu XJ, Kang YM. Central administration of AICAR attenuates hypertension via AMPK/Nrf2 pathway in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 974:176373. [PMID: 38341079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus (PVN) have been implicated in sympathetic nerve activity and the development of hypertension, but the specific mechanisms underlying their production in the PVN remains to be elucidated. Previous studies have demonstrated that activation of nuclear transcription related factor-2 (Nrf2) in the PVN reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators. Moreover, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), has been observed to decrease ROS and inflammatory cytokine production when activated in the periphery. 5-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR) is an AMPK agonist. However, little research has been conducted on the role of AMPK in the PVN during hypertension. Therefore, we hypothesized that AICAR in the PVN is involved in regulating AMPK/Nrf2 pathway, affecting ROS and inflammatory cytokine expression, influencing sympathetic nerve activity. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were utilized to induce two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertension via constriction of the right renal artery. Bilateral PVN was microinjected with either artificial cerebrospinal fluid or AICAR once a day for 4 weeks. RESULTS Compared to the SHAM group, the PVN of 2K1C hypertensive rats decreased p-AMPK and p-Nrf2 expression, increased Fra-Like, NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX)2, NOX4, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-1β expression, elevated ROS levels, decreased superoxide dismutase 1 and IL-10 expression, and elevated plasma norepinephrine levels. Bilateral PVN microinjection of AICAR significantly ameliorated these changes. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that repeated injection of AICAR in the PVN suppresses ROS and inflammatory cytokine production through the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway, reducing sympathetic nerve activity and improving hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Department of Diagnosis, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Xiu-Yue Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, 154007, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Hong-Li Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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