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Kengkanna A, Ohue M. Enhancing property and activity prediction and interpretation using multiple molecular graph representations with MMGX. Commun Chem 2024; 7:74. [PMID: 38580841 PMCID: PMC10997661 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01155-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) excel in compound property and activity prediction, but the choice of molecular graph representations significantly influences model learning and interpretation. While atom-level molecular graphs resemble natural topology, they overlook key substructures or functional groups and their interpretation partially aligns with chemical intuition. Recent research suggests alternative representations using reduced molecular graphs to integrate higher-level chemical information and leverages both representations for model. However, there is a lack of studies about applicability and impact of different molecular graphs on model learning and interpretation. Here, we introduce MMGX (Multiple Molecular Graph eXplainable discovery), investigating the effects of multiple molecular graphs, including Atom, Pharmacophore, JunctionTree, and FunctionalGroup, on model learning and interpretation with various perspectives. Our findings indicate that multiple graphs relatively improve model performance, but in varying degrees depending on datasets. Interpretation from multiple graphs in different views provides more comprehensive features and potential substructures consistent with background knowledge. These results help to understand model decisions and offer valuable insights for subsequent tasks. The concept of multiple molecular graph representations and diverse interpretation perspectives has broad applicability across tasks, architectures, and explanation techniques, enhancing model learning and interpretation for relevant applications in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apakorn Kengkanna
- Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Masahito Ohue
- Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
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2
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Xu X, Yao L. Recent advances in the development of Rho kinase inhibitors (2015-2021). Med Res Rev 2024; 44:406-421. [PMID: 37265266 DOI: 10.1002/med.21980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil kinases (ROCKs) are key downstream effectors of small GTPases. ROCK plays a central role in diverse cellular events with accumulating evidence supporting the concept that ROCK is important in tumor development and progression. Numerous ROCK inhibitors have been investigated for their therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancers. In this article, we review recent research progress on ROCK inhibitors, especially those with potential for the treatment of cancers, reported in the literature from 2015 to 2021. Most ROCK inhibitors show potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities and have potential in the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Xu
- Yantai University Hospital, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Lei Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
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3
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Ali H, Samad A, Ajmal A, Ali A, Ali I, Danial M, Kamal M, Ullah M, Ullah R, Kalim M. Identification of Drug Targets and Their Inhibitors in Yersinia pestis Strain 91001 through Subtractive Genomics, Machine Learning, and MD Simulation Approaches. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1124. [PMID: 37631039 PMCID: PMC10459760 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is a Gram-negative bacterium. If the plague is not properly treated it can cause rapid death of the host. Bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic are the three types of plague described. Bubonic plague can progress to septicemic plague, if not diagnosed and treated on time. The mortality rate of pneumonic and septicemic plague is quite high. The symptom-defining disease is the bubo, which is a painful lymph node swelling. Almost 50% of bubonic plague leads to sepsis and death if not treated immediately with antibiotics. The host immune response is slow as compared to other bacterial infections. Clinical isolates of Yersinia pestis revealed resistance to many antibiotics such as tetracycline, spectinomycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, minocycline, chloramphenicol, and sulfonamides. Drug discovery is a time-consuming process. It always takes ten to fifteen years to bring a single drug to the market. In this regard, in silico subtractive proteomics is an accurate, rapid, and cost-effective approach for the discovery of drug targets. An ideal drug target must be essential to the pathogen's survival and must be absent in the host. Machine learning approaches are more accurate as compared to traditional virtual screening. In this study, k-nearest neighbor (kNN) and support vector machine (SVM) were used to predict the active hits against the beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III drug target predicted by the subtractive genomics approach. Among the 1012 compounds of the South African Natural Products database, 11 hits were predicted as active. Further, the active hits were docked against the active site of beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III. Out of the total 11 active hits, the 3 lowest docking score hits that showed strong interaction with the drug target were shortlisted along with the standard drug and were simulated for 100 ns. The MD simulation revealed that all the shortlisted compounds display stable behavior and the compounds formed stable complexes with the drug target. These compounds may have the potential to inhibit the beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III drug target and can help to combat Yersinia pestis-related infections. The dataset and the source codes are freely available on GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Abdus Samad
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (A.S.); (A.A.); (M.D.); (M.K.)
| | - Amar Ajmal
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (A.S.); (A.A.); (M.D.); (M.K.)
| | - Amjad Ali
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Centre for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB), Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally 32093, Kuwait;
| | - Muhammad Danial
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (A.S.); (A.A.); (M.D.); (M.K.)
| | - Masroor Kamal
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (A.S.); (A.A.); (M.D.); (M.K.)
| | - Midrar Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir Upper 18050, Pakistan;
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Kalim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA;
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center/Weill Cornel Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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4
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El-Atawneh S, Goldblum A. Activity Models of Key GPCR Families in the Central Nervous System: A Tool for Many Purposes. J Chem Inf Model 2023. [PMID: 37257045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are targets of many drugs, of which ∼25% are indicated for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Drug promiscuity affects their efficacy and safety profiles. Predicting the polypharmacology profile of compounds against GPCRs can thus provide a basis for producing more precise therapeutics by considering the targets and the anti-targets in that family of closely related proteins. We provide a tool for predicting the polypharmacology of compounds within prominent GPCR families in the CNS: serotonin, dopamine, histamine, muscarinic, opioid, and cannabinoid receptors. Our in-house algorithm, "iterative stochastic elimination" (ISE), produces high-quality ligand-based models for agonism and antagonism at 31 GPCRs. The ISE models correctly predict 68% of CNS drug-GPCR interactions, while the "similarity ensemble approach" predicts only 33%. The activity models correctly predict 56% of reported activities of DrugBank molecules for these CNS receptors. We conclude that the combination of interactions and activity profiles generated by screening through our models form the basis for subsequent designing and discovering novel therapeutics, either single, multitargeting, or repurposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayma El-Atawneh
- Molecular Modelling and Drug Design Lab, Institute for Drug Research and Fraunhofer Project Center for Drug Discovery and Delivery, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, Israel
| | - Amiram Goldblum
- Molecular Modelling and Drug Design Lab, Institute for Drug Research and Fraunhofer Project Center for Drug Discovery and Delivery, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, Israel
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5
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Nguyen L, Nguyen Vo TH, Trinh QH, Nguyen BH, Nguyen-Hoang PU, Le L, Nguyen BP. iANP-EC: Identifying Anticancer Natural Products Using Ensemble Learning Incorporated with Evolutionary Computation. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:5080-5089. [PMID: 35157472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most deadly diseases that annually kills millions of people worldwide. The investigation on anticancer medicines has never ceased to seek better and more adaptive agents with fewer side effects. Besides chemically synthetic anticancer compounds, natural products are scientifically proved as a highly potential alternative source for anticancer drug discovery. Along with experimental approaches being used to find anticancer drug candidates, computational approaches have been developed to virtually screen for potential anticancer compounds. In this study, we construct an ensemble computational framework, called iANP-EC, using machine learning approaches incorporated with evolutionary computation. Four learning algorithms (k-NN, SVM, RF, and XGB) and four molecular representation schemes are used to build a set of classifiers, among which the top-four best-performing classifiers are selected to form an ensemble classifier. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to optimise the weights used to combined the four top classifiers. The models are developed by a set of curated 997 compounds which are collected from the NPACT and CancerHSP databases. The results show that iANP-EC is a stable, robust, and effective framework that achieves an AUC-ROC value of 0.9193 and an AUC-PR value of 0.8366. The comparative analysis of molecular substructures between natural anticarcinogens and nonanticarcinogens partially unveils several key substructures that drive anticancerous activities. We also deploy the proposed ensemble model as an online web server with a user-friendly interface to support the research community in identifying natural products with anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loc Nguyen
- Computational Biology Center, International University - VNU HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thanh-Hoang Nguyen Vo
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Quang H Trinh
- Computational Biology Center, International University - VNU HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.,School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Bach Hoai Nguyen
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Phuong-Uyen Nguyen-Hoang
- Computational Biology Center, International University - VNU HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Ly Le
- Computational Biology Center, International University - VNU HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.,Vingroup Big Data Institute, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Binh P Nguyen
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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6
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Chemical Distance Measurement and System Pharmacology Approach Uncover the Novel Protective Effects of Biotransformed Ginsenoside C-Mc against UVB-Irradiated Photoaging. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4691576. [PMID: 35186187 PMCID: PMC8850047 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4691576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to ultraviolet light induces photoaging and may eventually increase the risk of skin carcinogenesis. Rare minor ginsenosides isolating from traditional medicine Panax (ginseng) have shown biomedical efficacy as antioxidation and antiphotodamage agents. However, due to the difficulty of component extraction and wide variety of ginsenoside, the identification of active antiphotoaging ginsenoside remains a huge challenge. In this study, we proposed a novel in silico approach to identify potential compound against photoaging from 82 ginsenosides. Specifically, we calculated the shortest distance between unknown and known antiphotoaging ginsenoside set in the chemical space and applied chemical structure similarity assessment, drug-likeness screening, and ADMET evaluation for the candidates. We highlighted three rare minor ginsenosides (C-Mc, Mx, and F2) that possess high potential as antiphotoaging agents. Among them, C-Mc deriving from American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) was validated by wet-lab experimental assays and showed significant antioxidant and cytoprotective activity against UVB-induced photodamage in human dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, system pharmacology analysis was conducted to explore the therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms through integrating global drug-target network, high quality photoaging-related gene profile from multiomics data, and skin tissue-specific expression protein network. In combination with in vitro assays, we found that C-Mc suppressed MMP production through regulating the MAPK/AP-1/NF-κB pathway and expedited collagen synthesis via the TGF-β/Smad pathway, as well as enhanced the expression of Nrf2/ARE to hold a balance of endogenous oxidation. Overall, this study offers an effective drug discovery framework combining in silico prediction and in vitro validation, uncovering that ginsenoside C-Mc has potential antiphotoaging properties and might be a novel natural agent for use in oral drug, skincare products, or functional food.
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Cai C, Xu L, Fang J, Dai Z, Wu Q, Liu X, Wang Q, Fang J, Liu AL, Du GH. In Silico Prediction and Bioactivity Evaluation of Chemical Ingredients Against Influenza A Virus From Isatis tinctoria L. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:755396. [PMID: 34950027 PMCID: PMC8689007 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.755396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is one of the major causes of seasonal endemic diseases and unpredictable periodic pandemics. Due to the high mutation rate and drug resistance, it poses a persistent threat and challenge to public health. Isatis tinctoria L. (Banlangen, BLG), a traditional herbal medicine widely used in Asian countries, has been reported to possess strong efficacy on respiratory viruses, including IAV. However, its effective anti-IAV components and the mechanism of actions (MOAs) are not yet fully elucidated. In this study, we first summarized the chemical components and corresponding contents in BLG according to current available chemical analysis literature. We then presented a network-based in silico framework for identifying potential drug candidates against IAV from BLG. A total of 269 components in BLG were initially screened by drug-likeness and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) evaluation. Thereafter, network predictive models were built via the integration of compound–target networks and influenza virus–host proteins. We highlighted 23 compounds that possessed high potential as anti-influenza virus agents. Through experimental evaluation, six compounds, namely, eupatorin, dinatin, linarin, tryptanthrin, indirubin, and acacetin, exhibited good inhibitory activity against wild-type H1N1 and H3N2. Particularly, they also exerted significant effects on drug-resistant strains. Finally, we explored the anti-IAV MOAs of BLG and showcased the potential biological pathways by systems pharmacology analysis. In conclusion, this work provides important information on BLG regarding its use in the development of anti-IAV drugs, and the network-based prediction framework proposed here also offers a powerfulful strategy for the in silico identification of novel drug candidates from complex components of herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuipu Cai
- Division of Data Intelligence, Department of Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lvjie Xu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Dai
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihui Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiansong Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Lin Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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8
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Karim A, Lee M, Balle T, Sattar A. CardioTox net: a robust predictor for hERG channel blockade based on deep learning meta-feature ensembles. J Cheminform 2021; 13:60. [PMID: 34399849 PMCID: PMC8365955 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-021-00541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel blockade by small molecules is a big concern during drug development in the pharmaceutical industry. Blockade of hERG channels may cause prolonged QT intervals that potentially could lead to cardiotoxicity. Various in-silico techniques including deep learning models are widely used to screen out small molecules with potential hERG related toxicity. Most of the published deep learning methods utilize a single type of features which might restrict their performance. Methods based on more than one type of features such as DeepHIT struggle with the aggregation of extracted information. DeepHIT shows better performance when evaluated against one or two accuracy metrics such as negative predictive value (NPV) and sensitivity (SEN) but struggle when evaluated against others such as Matthew correlation coefficient (MCC), accuracy (ACC), positive predictive value (PPV) and specificity (SPE). Therefore, there is a need for a method that can efficiently aggregate information gathered from models based on different chemical representations and boost hERG toxicity prediction over a range of performance metrics. RESULTS In this paper, we propose a deep learning framework based on step-wise training to predict hERG channel blocking activity of small molecules. Our approach utilizes five individual deep learning base models with their respective base features and a separate neural network to combine the outputs of the five base models. By using three external independent test sets with potency activity of IC50 at a threshold of 10 [Formula: see text]m, our method achieves better performance for a combination of classification metrics. We also investigate the effective aggregation of chemical information extracted for robust hERG activity prediction. In summary, CardioTox net can serve as a robust tool for screening small molecules for hERG channel blockade in drug discovery pipelines and performs better than previously reported methods on a range of classification metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Karim
- School of Information Communication Technology, Griffith University, 4111 Nathan, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew Lee
- School of Information Communication Technology, Griffith University, 4111 Nathan, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thomas Balle
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 Sydney, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 2050 Sydney, Australia
| | - Abdul Sattar
- Institute of Integrated and Intelligent Systems, Griffith University, 4111 Nathan, Brisbane, Australia
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Carracedo-Reboredo P, Liñares-Blanco J, Rodríguez-Fernández N, Cedrón F, Novoa FJ, Carballal A, Maojo V, Pazos A, Fernandez-Lozano C. A review on machine learning approaches and trends in drug discovery. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:4538-4558. [PMID: 34471498 PMCID: PMC8387781 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery aims at finding new compounds with specific chemical properties for the treatment of diseases. In the last years, the approach used in this search presents an important component in computer science with the skyrocketing of machine learning techniques due to its democratization. With the objectives set by the Precision Medicine initiative and the new challenges generated, it is necessary to establish robust, standard and reproducible computational methodologies to achieve the objectives set. Currently, predictive models based on Machine Learning have gained great importance in the step prior to preclinical studies. This stage manages to drastically reduce costs and research times in the discovery of new drugs. This review article focuses on how these new methodologies are being used in recent years of research. Analyzing the state of the art in this field will give us an idea of where cheminformatics will be developed in the short term, the limitations it presents and the positive results it has achieved. This review will focus mainly on the methods used to model the molecular data, as well as the biological problems addressed and the Machine Learning algorithms used for drug discovery in recent years.
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Key Words
- ADMET, Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity
- ADR, Adverse Drug Reaction
- AI, Artificial Intelligence
- ANN, Artificial Neural Networks
- APFP, Atom Pairs 2d FingerPrint
- AUC, Area under the Curve
- BBB, Blood–Brain barrier
- CDK, Chemical Development Kit
- CNN, Convolutional Neural Networks
- CNS, Central Nervous System
- CPI, Compound-protein interaction
- CV, Cross Validation
- Cheminformatics
- DL, Deep Learning
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Deep Learning
- Drug Discovery
- ECFP, Extended Connectivity Fingerprints
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FNN, Fully Connected Neural Networks
- FP, Fringerprints
- FS, Feature Selection
- GCN, Graph Convolutional Networks
- GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus
- GNN, Graph Neural Networks
- GO, Gene Ontology
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- MACCS, Molecular ACCess System
- MCC, Matthews correlation coefficient
- MD, Molecular Descriptors
- MKL, Multiple Kernel Learning
- ML, Machine Learning
- Machine Learning
- Molecular Descriptors
- NB, Naive Bayes
- OOB, Out of Bag
- PCA, Principal Component Analyisis
- QSAR
- QSAR, Quantitative structure–activity relationship
- RF, Random Forest
- RNA, Ribonucleic Acid
- SMILES, simplified molecular-input line-entry system
- SVM, Support Vector Machines
- TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas
- WHO, World Health Organization
- t-SNE, t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Carracedo-Reboredo
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Faculty of Computer Science, Universidade da Coruna, Campus Elviña s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Jose Liñares-Blanco
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Faculty of Computer Science, Universidade da Coruna, Campus Elviña s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
- CITIC-Research Center of Information and Communication Technologies, Universidade da Coruna, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Nereida Rodríguez-Fernández
- CITIC-Research Center of Information and Communication Technologies, Universidade da Coruna, A Coruña 15071, Spain
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Faculty of Communication Science, Universidade da Coruna, Campus Elviña s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Francisco Cedrón
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Faculty of Computer Science, Universidade da Coruna, Campus Elviña s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Novoa
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Faculty of Computer Science, Universidade da Coruna, Campus Elviña s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Adrian Carballal
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Faculty of Computer Science, Universidade da Coruna, Campus Elviña s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
- CITIC-Research Center of Information and Communication Technologies, Universidade da Coruna, A Coruña 15071, Spain
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Faculty of Communication Science, Universidade da Coruna, Campus Elviña s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Victor Maojo
- Biomedical Informatics Group, Artificial Intelligence Department, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Calle de los Ciruelos, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28660, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pazos
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Faculty of Computer Science, Universidade da Coruna, Campus Elviña s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
- CITIC-Research Center of Information and Communication Technologies, Universidade da Coruna, A Coruña 15071, Spain
- Grupo de Redes de Neuronas Artificiales y Sistemas Adaptativos. Imagen Médica y Diagnóstico Radiológico (RNASA-IMEDIR), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Universidade da Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Lozano
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Faculty of Computer Science, Universidade da Coruna, Campus Elviña s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
- CITIC-Research Center of Information and Communication Technologies, Universidade da Coruna, A Coruña 15071, Spain
- Grupo de Redes de Neuronas Artificiales y Sistemas Adaptativos. Imagen Médica y Diagnóstico Radiológico (RNASA-IMEDIR), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Universidade da Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
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Kashyap K, Siddiqi MI. Recent trends in artificial intelligence-driven identification and development of anti-neurodegenerative therapeutic agents. Mol Divers 2021; 25:1517-1539. [PMID: 34282519 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders affect various aspects of life. Finding drugs for the central nervous system is a very challenging and complex task due to the involvement of the blood-brain barrier, P-glycoprotein, and the drug's high attrition rates. The availability of big data present in online databases and resources has enabled the emergence of artificial intelligence techniques including machine learning to analyze, process the data, and predict the unknown data with high efficiency. The use of these modern techniques has revolutionized the whole drug development paradigm, with an unprecedented acceleration in the central nervous system drug discovery programs. Also, the new deep learning architectures proposed in many recent works have given a better understanding of how artificial intelligence can tackle big complex problems that arose due to central nervous system disorders. Therefore, the present review provides comprehensive and up-to-date information on machine learning/artificial intelligence-triggered effort in the brain care domain. In addition, a brief overview is presented on machine learning algorithms and their uses in structure-based drug design, ligand-based drug design, ADMET prediction, de novo drug design, and drug repurposing. Lastly, we conclude by discussing the major challenges and limitations posed and how they can be tackled in the future by using these modern machine learning/artificial intelligence approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushagra Kashyap
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI) Campus, Lucknow, India.,Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI) Campus, Lucknow, India. .,Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.
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11
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Karim A, Riahi V, Mishra A, Newton MAH, Dehzangi A, Balle T, Sattar A. Quantitative Toxicity Prediction via Meta Ensembling of Multitask Deep Learning Models. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:12306-12317. [PMID: 34056383 PMCID: PMC8154128 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity prediction using quantitative structure-activity relationship has achieved significant progress in recent years. However, most existing machine learning methods in toxicity prediction utilize only one type of feature representation and one type of neural network, which essentially restricts their performance. Moreover, methods that use more than one type of feature representation struggle with the aggregation of information captured within the features since they use predetermined aggregation formulas. In this paper, we propose a deep learning framework for quantitative toxicity prediction using five individual base deep learning models and their own base feature representations. We then propose to adopt a meta ensemble approach using another separate deep learning model to perform aggregation of the outputs of the individual base deep learning models. We train our deep learning models in a weighted multitask fashion combining four quantitative toxicity data sets of LD50, IGC50, LC50, and LC50-DM and minimizing the root-mean-square errors. Compared to the current state-of-the-art toxicity prediction method TopTox on LD50, IGC50, and LC50-DM, that is, three out of four data sets, our method, respectively, obtains 5.46, 16.67, and 6.34% better root-mean-square errors, 6.41, 11.80, and 12.16% better mean absolute errors, and 5.21, 7.36, and 2.54% better coefficients of determination. We named our method QuantitativeTox, and our implementation is available from the GitHub repository https://github.com/Abdulk084/QuantitativeTox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Karim
- School
of Information Communication Technology, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane 4111, Australia
| | - Vahid Riahi
- School
of Information Communication Technology, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane 4111, Australia
| | - Avinash Mishra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology, Hauz Khas 110016, New Delhi, India
| | - M. A. Hakim Newton
- Institute
of Integrated and Intelligent Systems, Griffith
University, Nathan, Brisbane 4111, Australia
| | - Abdollah Dehzangi
- Department
of Computer Science, Rutgers University
Camden, Camden 08102, New Jersey, United States
- Center
for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University Camden, Camden 08102, New Jersey, United States
| | - Thomas Balle
- Sydney Pharmacy
School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, New South Wales, Australia
- Brain
and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Abdul Sattar
- Institute
of Integrated and Intelligent Systems, Griffith
University, Nathan, Brisbane 4111, Australia
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12
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Zhang LC, Zhang HR, Gao CL, Yu RL, Kang CM. Identification of novel Src, Bcl-2 dual inhibitors by the pharmacophore model, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02147h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Src is a tyrosine kinase that plays a key role in cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-chuan Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Hao-ran Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Cheng-long Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Ri-lei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Cong-min Kang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
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13
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Sun C, Feng L, Sun X, Yu R, Kang C. Design and screening of FAK, CDK 4/6 dual inhibitors by pharmacophore model, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:5358-5367. [PMID: 32627678 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1786458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is one kind of tyrosine kinases that modulates integrin and growth factor signaling pathways, which is a promising therapeutic target because of involving in the migration, proliferation and survival of cancer cell. Overexpression and amplification of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) occur in many cancers and may be the cause of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors in preclinical models. The latest research shows that the combination of FAK and CDK4/6 can be dually targeted to enhance the antitumor effects. In this study, FAK and CDK4/6 dual target inhibitors were designed by computer-aided drug design. Seven million molecules were screened by the pharmacophore model and molecular docking. Finally, 6 compounds were obtained. Molecular dynamics simulation of compound 1, 2 and 3 showed that it has good binding stability to both receptors. According to the binding modes of compound 1 with two receptors, corresponding modifications were made, and 7 novel designed compounds were obtained. The docking energy of these novel designed compounds were lower than that of compound 1, and they can be tested in future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuance Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijun Feng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohua Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Congmin Kang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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14
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Sun CC, Feng LJ, Sun XH, Yu RL, Chu YY, Kang CM. Study on the interactions of pyrimidine derivatives with FAK by 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a kind of tyrosine kinase that modulates integrin and growth factor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-ce Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Li-jun Feng
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Xiao-hua Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Ri-lei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Yan-yan Chu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Cong-min Kang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
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15
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Sun CC, Zhang LC, Gao CL, Zhang HR, Yu RL, Kang CM. Design and screening of SGK1, Src dual inhibitors using pharmacophore models, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02249g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Serum and glucocorticoid-regulated protein kinase 1 that can promote the growth of tumor cells is highly expressed in many tumors. Sarcoma gene plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer and is an important kinase in tumor cell expression pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-ce Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Li-chuan Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Cheng-long Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Hao-ran Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Ri-lei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Cong-min Kang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
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16
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Yang X, Wang Y, Byrne R, Schneider G, Yang S. Concepts of Artificial Intelligence for Computer-Assisted Drug Discovery. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10520-10594. [PMID: 31294972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI), and, in particular, deep learning as a subcategory of AI, provides opportunities for the discovery and development of innovative drugs. Various machine learning approaches have recently (re)emerged, some of which may be considered instances of domain-specific AI which have been successfully employed for drug discovery and design. This review provides a comprehensive portrayal of these machine learning techniques and of their applications in medicinal chemistry. After introducing the basic principles, alongside some application notes, of the various machine learning algorithms, the current state-of-the art of AI-assisted pharmaceutical discovery is discussed, including applications in structure- and ligand-based virtual screening, de novo drug design, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic property prediction, drug repurposing, and related aspects. Finally, several challenges and limitations of the current methods are summarized, with a view to potential future directions for AI-assisted drug discovery and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610041 , China
| | - Yifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610041 , China
| | - Ryan Byrne
- ETH Zurich , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- ETH Zurich , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610041 , China
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17
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Masoudi-Sobhanzadeh Y, Omidi Y, Amanlou M, Masoudi-Nejad A. Trader as a new optimization algorithm predicts drug-target interactions efficiently. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9348. [PMID: 31249365 PMCID: PMC6597553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several machine learning approaches have been proposed for predicting new benefits of the existing drugs. Although these methods have introduced new usage(s) of some medications, efficient methods can lead to more accurate predictions. To this end, we proposed a novel machine learning method which is based on a new optimization algorithm, named Trader. To show the capabilities of the proposed algorithm which can be applied to the different scope of science, it was compared with ten other state-of-the-art optimization algorithms based on the standard and advanced benchmark functions. Next, a multi-layer artificial neural network was designed and trained by Trader to predict drug-target interactions (DTIs). Finally, the functionality of the proposed method was investigated on some DTIs datasets and compared with other methods. The data obtained by Trader showed that it eliminates the disadvantages of different optimization algorithms, resulting in a better outcome. Further, the proposed machine learning method was found to achieve a significant level of performance compared to the other popular and efficient approaches in predicting unknown DTIs. All the implemented source codes are freely available at https://github.com/LBBSoft/Trader .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Masoudi-Sobhanzadeh
- Laboratory of systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Massoud Amanlou
- Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14176-53955, Iran
| | - Ali Masoudi-Nejad
- Laboratory of systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Cai C, Guo P, Zhou Y, Zhou J, Wang Q, Zhang F, Fang J, Cheng F. Deep Learning-Based Prediction of Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:1073-1084. [PMID: 30715873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Blockade of the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel by small molecules induces the prolongation of the QT interval which leads to fatal cardiotoxicity and accounts for the withdrawal or severe restrictions on the use of many approved drugs. In this study, we develop a deep learning approach, termed deephERG, for prediction of hERG blockers of small molecules in drug discovery and postmarketing surveillance. In total, we assemble 7,889 compounds with well-defined experimental data on the hERG and with diverse chemical structures. We find that deephERG models built by a multitask deep neural network (DNN) algorithm outperform those built by single-task DNN, naı̈ve Bayes (NB), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and graph convolutional neural network (GCNN). Specifically, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) value for the best model of deephERG is 0.967 on the validation set. Furthermore, based on 1,824 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs, 29.6% drugs are computationally identified to have potential hERG inhibitory activities by deephERG, highlighting the importance of hERG risk assessment in early drug discovery. Finally, we showcase several novel predicted hERG blockers on approved antineoplastic agents, which are validated by clinical case reports, experimental evidence, and the literature. In summary, this study presents a powerful deep learning-based tool for risk assessment of hERG-mediated cardiotoxicities in drug discovery and postmarketing surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuipu Cai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Yadi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Fengxue Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Jiansong Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou 510405 , China
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute , Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine , Case Western Reserve University , 9500 Euclid Avenue , Cleveland , Ohio 44195 , United States.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center , Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
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19
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Yu J, Yan Y, Gu Q, Kumar G, Yu H, Zhao Y, Liu C, Gao Y, Chai Z, Chumber J, Xiao BG, Zhang GX, Zhang HT, Jiang Y, Ma CG. Fasudil in Combination With Bone Marrow Stromal Cells (BMSCs) Attenuates Alzheimer's Disease-Related Changes Through the Regulation of the Peripheral Immune System. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:216. [PMID: 30061826 PMCID: PMC6054996 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease. Its mechanism is still not clear. Majority of research focused on the central nervous system (CNS) changes, while few studies emphasize on peripheral immune system modulation. Our study aimed to investigate the regulation of the peripheral immune system and its relationship to the severity of the disease after treatment in an AD model of APPswe/PSEN1dE9 transgenic (APP/PS1 Tg) mice. APP/PS1 Tg mice (8 months old) were treated with the ROCK-II inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-homo-piperazine (Fasudil) (intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections, 25 mg/kg/day), bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs; caudal vein injections, 1 × 106 BMSCs /time/mouse), Fasudil combined with BMSCs, or saline (i.p., control) for 2 months. Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to evaluate learning and memory. The mononuclear cells (MNCs) of spleens of APP/PS1 Tg mice were analyzed using flow cytometry for CD4+ T-cells, macrophages, and the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules of the macrophages. Immunohistochemical staining was used to examine the expression of ROCK-II in the spleens of APP/PS1 Tg mice. The MWM test showed improved spatial learning ability in APP/PS1 Tg mice treated with Fasudil or BMSCs alone or in combination, compared to untreated APP/PS1 Tg mice. Fasudil combined with BMSCs intervention significantly promoted the proliferation of CD4+/CD25+ and CD4+/ IL-10 lymphocytes, induced the release of cytokine factors, and regulated the balance of the immune system to work functionally. It also shifted M1 (MHC-II, CD86) to M2 (IL-10, CD206) phenotype of macrophages of CD11b and significantly enhanced the anti-inflammatory and phagocytic abilities (CD16/32) of macrophages of CD11b. Immunohistochemical staining showed significantly decreased expression of ROCK-II in mice treated with combination of Fasudil with BMSCs as compared to saline control. Fasudil in combination of BMSCs improved cognition of APP/PS1 Tg mice through the regulation of the peripheral immune system, including reduction of ROCK-II expression and increased proportion of anti-inflammatory M2 mononuclear phenotype and phagocytic macrophages in the spleen of the peripheral immune system. The latter was achieved through the communication between brain and spleen to improve the immunoregulation of CNS and AD disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Yan
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Qingfang Gu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Gajendra Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hongqiang Yu
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Center of Neurobiology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yijin Zhao
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Chunyun Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Ye Gao
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Zhi Chai
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Center of Neurobiology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jasleen Chumber
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry & Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, The Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry & Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, The Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Yuqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China.,2011 Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Center of Neurobiology, Taiyuan, China
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