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Martinez de Morentin PB, Gonzalez JA, Dowsett GKC, Martynova Y, Yeo GSH, Sylantyev S, Heisler LK. A brainstem to hypothalamic arcuate nucleus GABAergic circuit drives feeding. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1646-1656.e4. [PMID: 38518777 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic is principally driven by the consumption of more calories than the body requires. It is therefore essential that the mechanisms underpinning feeding behavior are defined. Neurons within the brainstem dorsal vagal complex (DVC) receive direct information from the digestive system and project to second-order regions in the brain to regulate food intake. Although γ-aminobutyric acid is expressed in the DVC (GABADVC), its function in this region has not been defined. In order to discover the unique gene expression signature of GABADVC cells, we used single-nucleus RNA sequencing (Nuc-seq), and this revealed 19 separate clusters. We next probed the function of GABADVC cells and discovered that the selective activation of GABADVC neurons significantly controls food intake and body weight. Optogenetic interrogation of GABADVC circuitry identified GABADVC → hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) projections as appetite suppressive without creating aversion. Electrophysiological analysis revealed that GABADVC → ARC stimulation inhibits hunger-promoting neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons via GABA release. Adopting an intersectional genetics strategy, we clarify that the GABADVC → ARC circuit curbs food intake. These data identify GABADVC as a new modulator of feeding behavior and body weight and a controller of orexigenic NPY neuron activity, thereby providing insight into the neural underpinnings of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo B Martinez de Morentin
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road W, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - J Antonio Gonzalez
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road W, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Georgina K C Dowsett
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Yuliia Martynova
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road W, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sergiy Sylantyev
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road W, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; Odesa National Mechnikov University, Biological Department, 2 Shampansky Ln., Odesa 65015, Ukraine.
| | - Lora K Heisler
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road W, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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Liu X, Jiang L, Pang J, Wu Y, Pi Y, Zang J, Wang J, Han D. Maternal Dietary Supplementation with γ-Aminobutyric Acid Alleviated Oxidative Stress in Gestating Sows and Their Offspring by Regulating GABRP. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192539. [PMID: 36230278 PMCID: PMC9558543 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sows usually suffer oxidative stress during gestation, and this limits the growth of fetuses via placenta. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a functional nonessential amino acid engaged in regulating the physiological status of animals. However, the effects of GABA on the oxidative homeostasis of sows and their offspring remain unclear. Eighteen late gestating sows (85 d) were divided into the CON and GABA groups and fed the basal diet and the GABA diet (200 mg/kg GABA), respectively, until farrowing. At parturition, the sows’ litter characteristics, the plasma antioxidant parameters of sows, and their offspring were evaluated. The results showed that GABA supplementation had no marked effect on the reproductive performance of sows (p > 0.10) but had a trend of reducing the amount of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in piglets (0.05 < p < 0.10). At the same time, the addition of GABA elevated the plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) level of sows and enhanced the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of newborn piglets (p < 0.05). Based on the H2O2-induced oxidative stress in pTr-2 cells, GABA elevated intracellular GSH-Px, SOD, catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC, p < 0.01) and upregulated the gene expressions of CAT, gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABRP), and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) in H2O2-treated pTr-2 cells (p < 0.05). Taken together, GABA improved the antioxidant capacity of sows and alleviated the placental oxidative stress by upregulating the GABRP and Nrf2 genes, which have the potential to promote oxidative homeostasis in newborn piglets.
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Coaviche-Yoval A, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Soriano-Ursúa MA, Andrade-Jorge E, Sánchez-Labastida LA, Luna H, Tovar-Miranda R. In silico and in vivo neuropharmacological evaluation of two γ-amino acid isomers derived from 2,3-disubstituted benzofurans, as ligands of GluN1-GluN2A NMDA receptor. Amino Acids 2022; 54:215-228. [PMID: 34854957 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission systems are involved in seizures and other disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Benzofuran derivatives often serve as the core in drugs used to treat such neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to synthesize new γ-amino acids structurally related to GABA and derived from 2,3-disubstituted benzofurans, analyze in silico their potential toxicity, ADME properties, and affinity for the GluN1-GluN2A NMDA receptor, and evaluate their potential activity and neuronal mechanisms in a murine model of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)- and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-induced seizures. The in silico analysis evidenced a low risk of toxicity for the test compounds as well as the probability that they can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach their targets in the CNS. According to docking simulations, these compounds bind at the active site of the NMDA glutamate receptor with high affinity. The in vivo assays demonstrated that 4 protects against 4-AP-induced seizure episodes, suggesting negative allosteric modulation (NAMs) at the glutamatergic NMDA receptor. Contrarily, 3 (the regioisomer of 4) and its racemic derivatives (cis-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans) were previously described to exacerbate such episodes, pointing to their positive allosteric modulation (PAMs) of the same receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Coaviche-Yoval
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, 04960, Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa, 91190, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - José G Trujillo-Ferrara
- Departamentos de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Departamentos de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Erik Andrade-Jorge
- Departamentos de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala-UNAM, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Av. De Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Edo. De México, Mexico
| | - Luis A Sánchez-Labastida
- Departamentos de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Héctor Luna
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, 04960, Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Ricardo Tovar-Miranda
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa, 91190, Veracruz, Mexico.
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Farris NW, Hamidoghli A, Bae J, Won S, Choi W, Biró J, Lee S, Bai SC. Dietary Supplementation with γ-Aminobutyric Acid Improves Growth, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Non-Specific Immunity and Disease Resistance against Streptococcus iniae in Juvenile Olive Flounder, Paralichthysolivaceus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030248. [PMID: 35158571 PMCID: PMC8833569 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a very important biomolecule that is found in all lifeforms and serves innumerable essential biological functions in pathways ranging from neural transmission to metabolism and immunity. In recent years, GABA was identified as an important metabolite involved in the modulation of the gut microbiome, and even appetite, in fish. The current trial aims to assess the effects of GABA as a supplement for nutritionally important biomarkers of fish health. Our results show that approximately 229–282 mg/kg of the total dietary GABA has important benefits for juvenile olive flounder, most significantly with improved disease resistance against Streptococcus iniae. Abstract Recent research is increasingly shedding light on the important role that microbial metabolites such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) play in the context of nutrition, cognition, immune function, and the modulation of the gut microbiome. Yet, very few trials were conducted to assess the effects of its supplementation on biomarkers of fish health. Therefore, an eight-week feeding trial was devised to evaluate GABA supplementation in juvenile olive flounder, (Paralichthys olivaceus). A total of 630 fish with an average weight of 4.90 ± 0.10 g (±SD) were randomly assigned to one of seven triplicate groups and fed a non-GABA supplemented diet (CON, with 92 mg/kg GABA content), a positive control with 4 g/kg oxytetracycline (OTC), and five other diets supplemented with 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg GABA (corresponding to a total GABA content of 154, 229, 282, 327 and 352 mg/kg, respectively). Growth, blood chemistry, nonspecific immunity, digestive enzyme activity and disease resistance were assessed. The results showed that 100 and 150 mg/kg GABA supplementation consistently yielded significant improvements (p < 0.05) in growth, intestinal amylase, serum lysozyme, and survival against infection with Streptococcus iniae. Based on polynomial analysis, the optimal supplementation level was determined to be 237 mg/kg. These results support GABA as an important functional feed additive in juvenile olive flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel W. Farris
- Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Korea; (N.W.F.); (A.H.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Ali Hamidoghli
- Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Korea; (N.W.F.); (A.H.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Jinho Bae
- Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Korea; (N.W.F.); (A.H.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Seonghun Won
- Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Korea; (N.W.F.); (A.H.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Wonsuk Choi
- Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Korea; (N.W.F.); (A.H.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Janka Biró
- Research Centre for Aquaculture and Fisheries, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 5540 Szarvas, Hungary;
| | - Seunghyung Lee
- Department of Marine Bio-Materials & Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Sungchul C. Bai
- Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Korea; (N.W.F.); (A.H.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (W.C.)
- FAO World Fisheries University Pilot Program, Busan 48547, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (S.C.B.)
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Vlachou S. A Brief History and the Significance of the GABA B Receptor. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 52:1-17. [PMID: 34595739 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA type B (GABAB) receptors (GABABRs) are the only metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors for GABA and can be found distributed not only in the central nervous system, but also in the periphery. This chapter introduces important, fundamental knowledge related to GABABR function and the various potential therapeutic applications of the development of novel GABABR-active compounds, as documented through extensive studies presented in subsequent chapters of this Current Topic in Behavioral Neurosciences volume on the role of the neurobiology of GABABR function. The compounds that have received increased attention in the last few years compared to GABABR agonists and antagonists - the positive allosteric modulators - exhibit better pharmacological profiles and fewer side effects. As we continue to unveil the mystery of GABABRs at the molecular and cellular levels, we further understand the significance of these receptors. Future directions should aim for developing highly selective GABABR compounds for treating neuropsychiatric disorders and their symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Vlachou
- Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
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Gong T, Liu Y, Chen Y, Lin L, Lin Y, Wang G. Focal corticarl dysplasia in epilepsy is associated with GABA increase. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 31:102763. [PMID: 34280836 PMCID: PMC8313738 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a major cause of drug-resistant epilepsy; however the underlying epileptogenic mechanisms of FCD metabolism in epilepsy patients remain unclear. The aim of this study is to detect alterations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutathione (GSH), and the composite of glutamate and glutamine (Glx) in MRI-typical and neuropathologically confirmed FCD-associated epilepsy using Hadamard Encoding and Reconstruction of Mega-Edited Spectroscopy (HERMES). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen epileptic patients suspected to be caused by FCD and 14 healthy controls were enrolled prospectively in this study; all subjects underwent a 3 T MRI scan, including 3D T1 weighted imaging and HERMES. The GABA signal detected by HERMES also contains signals from macromolecules and homocarnosine, so it is referred as GABA+. Signals of GABA+, GSH and Glx detected by HERMES from tumor foci, contralateral cerebral regions, and healthy controls were quantified using Gannet. Fitting errors and signal to noise ratios (SNRs) of GABA + signals were also recorded. Differences of GABA+, GSH, Glx, fitting error and SNR of GABA + among three groups were analyzed using linear mixed effects models. RESULTS Twelve FCD-associated epilepsy patients (7 females, aged 21.9 ± 9.3 years) and 12 matched healthy controls (7 females, aged 22.8 ± 9.8 years) were finally enrolled in this study. ANOVA results indicated that GABA levels were significantly increased in FCD foci compared with contralateral regions (p = 0.008) and with healthy controls (p = 0.003), while no difference was found in GSH and Glx levels. No difference of fitting errors or SNR of GABA + was found among FCD foci, contralateral regions and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Increased GABA levels were found in FCD foci that indicated GABA may play a central role in the pathophysiology of FCD patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gong
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; MSunSoft Health Group, Shandong, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Yufan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | | | - Youting Lin
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.
| | - Guangbin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.
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Sharma S, Singh A, Sharma S, Sharma R, Singh J, Kinarivala N, Nepali K, Liou JP. Tailored Quinolines Demonstrate Flexibility to Exert Antitumor Effects through Varied Mechanisms-A Medicinal Perspective. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:288-315. [PMID: 32900354 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200908104303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quinoline is considered to be a privileged heterocyclic ring owing to its presence in diverse scaffolds endowed with promising activity profiles. In particular, quinoline containing compounds have exhibited substantial antiproliferative effects through the diverse mechanism of actions, which indicates that the heteroaryl unit is flexible as well as accessible to subtle structural changes that enable its inclusion in chemically distinct anti-tumor constructs. METHODS Herein, we describe a medicinal chemistry perspective on quinolines as anticancer agents by digging into the peer-reviewed literature as well as patents published in the past few years. RESULTS This review will serve as a guiding tool for medicinal chemists and chemical biologists to gain insights about the benefits of quinoline ring installation to tune the chemical architectures for inducing potent anticancer effects. CONCLUSION Quinoline ring containing anticancer agents presents enough optimism and promise in the field of drug discovery to motivate the researchers towards the continued explorations on such scaffolds. It is highly likely that adequate efforts in this direction might yield some potential cancer therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Arshdeep Singh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ram Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jagjeet Singh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nihar Kinarivala
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing P Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Si J, Wang Y, Xu J, Wang J. Antiepileptic effects of exogenous β-hydroxybutyrate on kainic acid-induced epilepsy. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:177. [PMID: 33101467 PMCID: PMC7579833 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the potential anticonvulsant effects of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in a kainic acid (KA)-induced rat epilepsy model. The KA-induced rat seizure model was established and BHB was administrated intraperitoneally at a dose of 4 mmol/kg 30 min prior to KA injection. Hippocampal tissues were then obtained 1, 3 and 7 days following KA administration, following which the expression levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were measured using a double immunofluorescence labeling method. In addition, the contents of glutathione (GSH), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ATP were measured using ELISA. Pretreatment with BHB markedly increased the expression of NSE after KA injection compared with that in the normal saline (NS) + KA group, suggesting that the application of BHB could alleviate neuronal damage in rats. The protective effect of BHB may be associated with suppressed inflammatory responses, which was indicated by the observed inhibition of GFAP expression in rats in the BHB + KA group compared with that in the NS + KA group. It was also found that GSH and GABA contents were notably increased after the rats were pretreated with BHB compared with those in the NS + KA group. To conclude, the application of exogenous BHB can serve as a novel therapeutic agent for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Si
- Department of Pediatrics, The People's Hospital of Guangrao, Dongying, Shandong 257300, P.R. China
| | - Yingyan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
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