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Cola ML, Plate S, Yankowitz L, Petrulla V, Bateman L, Zampella CJ, de Marchena A, Pandey J, Schultz RT, Parish-Morris J. Sex differences in the first impressions made by girls and boys with autism. Mol Autism 2020; 11:49. [PMID: 32546266 PMCID: PMC7298946 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are characterized by social communication challenges and repetitive behaviors that may be quickly detected by experts (Autism Res 10:653-62, 2017; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 2013). Recent research suggests that even naïve non-experts judge a variety of human dimensions using narrow windows of experience called "first impressions." Growing recognition of sex differences in a variety of observable behaviors in ASD, combined with research showing that some autistic girls and women may "camouflage" outward symptoms, suggests it may be more difficult for naïve conversation partners to detect ASD symptoms in girls. Here, we explore the first impressions made by boys and girls with ASD and typically developing (TD) peers. METHODS Ninety-three school-aged children with ASD or TD were matched on IQ; autistic girls and boys were additionally matched on autism symptom severity using the ADOS-2. Participants completed a 5-minute "get-to-know-you" conversation with a new young adult acquaintance. Immediately after the conversation, confederates rated participants on a variety of dimensions. Our primary analysis compared conversation ratings between groups (ASD boys, ASD girls, TD boys, TD girls). RESULTS Autistic girls were rated more positively than autistic boys by novel conversation partners (better perceived social communication ability), despite comparable autism symptom severity as rated by expert clinicians (equivalent true social communication ability). Boys with ASD were rated more negatively than typical boys and typical girls by novel conversation partners as well as expert clinicians. There was no significant difference in the first impressions made by autistic girls compared to typical girls during conversations with a novel conversation partner, but autistic girls were rated lower than typical girls by expert clinicians. LIMITATIONS This study cannot speak to the ways in which first impressions may differ for younger children, adults, or individuals who are not verbally fluent; in addition, there were more autistic boys than girls in our sample, making it difficult to detect small effects. CONCLUSIONS First impressions made during naturalistic conversations with non-expert conversation partners could-in combination with clinical ratings and parent report-shed light on the nature and effects of behavioral differences between girls and boys on the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L. Cola
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Samantha Plate
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Lisa Yankowitz
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Victoria Petrulla
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Leila Bateman
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Casey J. Zampella
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Ashley de Marchena
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Psychology, University of the Sciences, 600 S 43rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Juhi Pandey
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Robert T. Schultz
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Julia Parish-Morris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Goldschmied N, Spitznagel C. Sweating the connection of uniform colours and success in sport: No evidence for the red win effect in elite women's NCAA basketball. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:93-99. [PMID: 32028868 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1727571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to research the link between uniform colours and performance in sport have gained momentum in recent years demonstrating a red superiority effect. The current investigation identified a gender gap in participation between laboratory experimental studies of performance, which are dominated by women participants, and archival game analysis research, which is almost exclusively conducted in elite men's sports. To address this disparity, we conducted the first dedicated exploration of uniform colours with women's American collegiate basketball teams during the national annual tournament (NCAA) in a period spanning eight seasons (2012-19). In contrast to the evidence from experimental research, we failed to detect an effect and the results remained null when several colours were tested and ranking was considered. Based on the findings, we conclude with mounting confidence that uniform colours do not exert influence over winning in relatively long-duration, low aggression team sports with substantial physical contact. We discuss the results in relationship to the colour-in-context theory (Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2012). Colour-in-context theory. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 45, pp. 61-125). Academic Press.) and highlight its shortcomings pertaining to sex as a moderator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Goldschmied
- Department of Psychological Sciences,University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carson Spitznagel
- Department of Psychological Sciences,University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Garrido MV, Prada M, Simão C, Semin GR. The Impact of Stimuli Color in Lexical Decision and Semantic Word Categorization Tasks. Cogn Sci 2019; 43:e12781. [DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marília Prada
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE‐IUL) CIS – IUL
| | - Cláudia Simão
- Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics Universidade Católica Portuguesa
| | - Gün R. Semin
- William James Center for Research ISPA‐Instituto Universitário
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences Utrecht University
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Abstract
A growing body of research has investigated how we associate colours and social traits. Specifically, studies have explored the links between red and perceptions of qualities like attractiveness and anger. Although less is known about other colours, the prevailing framework suggests that the specific context plays a significant role in determining how a particular colour might affect our perceptions of a person or item. Importantly, this factor has yet to be considered for children's colour associations, where researchers focused on links between colours and emotions, rather than social traits. Here, we consider whether context-specific colour associations are demonstrated by 5- to 10-year-old children and compare these associations with adult data collected on the same task. We asked participants to rank order sets of six identical images (e.g., a boy completing a test), which varied only in the colour of a single item (his T-shirt). Each question was tailored to the image set to address a specific context, for example, "Which boy do you think looks the most likely to cheat on a test?" Our findings revealed several colour associations shared by children, and many of these were also present in adults, although some had strengthened or weakened by this stage of life. Taken together, our results demonstrate the presence of both stable and changing context-specific colour associations during development, revealing a new area of study for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanne Y Prior
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
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Rowland HM, Burriss RP. Human colour in mate choice and competition. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0350. [PMID: 28533465 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The colour of our skin and clothing affects how others perceive us and how we behave. Human skin colour varies conspicuously with genetic ancestry, but even subtle changes in skin colour due to diet, blood oxygenation and hormone levels influence social perceptions. In this review, we describe the theoretical and empirical frameworks in which human colour is researched. We explore how subtle skin colour differences relate to judgements of health and attractiveness. Also, because humans are one of the few organisms able to manipulate their apparent colour, we review how cosmetics and clothing are implicated in courtship and competition, both inside the laboratory and in the real world. Research on human colour is in its infancy compared with human psychophysics and colour research in non-human animals, and hence we present best-practice guidelines for methods and reporting, which we hope will improve the validity and reproducibility of studies on human coloration.This article is part of the themed issue 'Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Rowland
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK .,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Robert P Burriss
- Faculty of Psychology, Basel University, Basel 4055, Switzerland
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Thorstenson CA, Pazda AD, Elliot AJ, Perrett DI. Facial Redness Increases Men’s Perceived Healthiness and Attractiveness. Perception 2016; 46:650-664. [DOI: 10.1177/0301006616680124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Past research has shown that peripheral and facial redness influences perceptions of attractiveness for men viewing women. The current research investigated whether a parallel effect is present when women rate men with varying facial redness. In four experiments, women judged the attractiveness of men’s faces, which were presented with varying degrees of redness. We also examined perceived healthiness and other candidate variables as mediators of the red-attractiveness effect. The results show that facial redness positively influences ratings of men’s attractiveness. Additionally, perceived healthiness was documented as a mediator of this effect, independent of other potential mediator variables. The current research emphasizes facial coloration as an important feature of social judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Thorstenson
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, NY, USA
- Munsell Color Science Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA
| | - Adam D. Pazda
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina–Aiken, SC, USA
| | - Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | - David I. Perrett
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY, UK
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Kramer RSS. The Red Power(less) Tie. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 14:1474704916651634. [PMCID: PMC10426933 DOI: 10.1177/1474704916651634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has demonstrated that wearing red can have significant effects on perceptions of the wearer. However, these findings are based on impressions formed while viewing static images. Here, I focus on perceptions of political leaders and show participants short videos in order to investigate color effects in stimuli with increased ecological validity. Viewers watched videos of politicians and made judgments regarding how dominant, how good a leader, and how believable the politicians appeared to be. The colors of the politicians’ ties were digitally manipulated to be red or blue. Whether the politician was familiar (Study 1) or unfamiliar to viewers (Study 2), tie color had no effect on perceptions. Even when the sound was muted in order to increase the influence of visual cues (Study 3), I found no clothing color effect. Finally, when only presented with a static image (Study 4), wearing red still had no effect on judgments. These results suggest that, at least in a political setting, wearing red has no effect on perceptions. Therefore, real-world applications associated with red clothing may be limited.
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Seeman MV. On delusion formation. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2015; 60:87-90. [PMID: 25886659 PMCID: PMC4344950 DOI: 10.1177/070674371506000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Seeman
- Professor Emerita, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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Emotion Expression and Color: Their Joint Influence on Perceived Attractiveness and Social Position. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-014-9266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Fetterman AK, Liu T, Robinson MD. Extending color psychology to the personality realm: interpersonal hostility varies by red preferences and perceptual biases. J Pers 2014; 83:106-16. [PMID: 24393102 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The color psychology literature has made a convincing case that color is not just about aesthetics, but also about meaning. This work has involved situational manipulations of color, rendering it uncertain as to whether color-meaning associations can be used to characterize how people differ from each other. The present research focuses on the idea that the color red is linked to, or associated with, individual differences in interpersonal hostility. Across four studies (N = 376 undergraduates), red preferences and perceptual biases were measured along with individual differences in interpersonal hostility. It was found that (a) a preference for the color red was higher as interpersonal hostility increased, (b) hostile people were biased to see the color red more frequently than nonhostile people, and (c) there was a relationship between a preference for the color red and hostile social decision making. These studies represent an important extension of the color psychology literature, highlighting the need to attend to person-based, as well as situation-based, factors.
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Elliot AJ, Maier MA. Color psychology: effects of perceiving color on psychological functioning in humans. Annu Rev Psychol 2013; 65:95-120. [PMID: 23808916 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Color is a ubiquitous perceptual stimulus that is often considered in terms of aesthetics. Here we review theoretical and empirical work that looks beyond color aesthetics to the link between color and psychological functioning in humans. We begin by setting a historical context for research in this area, particularly highlighting methodological issues that hampered earlier empirical work. We proceed to overview theoretical and methodological advances during the past decade and conduct a review of emerging empirical findings. Our empirical review focuses especially on color in achievement and affiliation/attraction contexts, but it also covers work on consumer behavior as well as food and beverage evaluation and consumption. The review clearly shows that color can carry important meaning and can have an important impact on people's affect, cognition, and behavior. The literature remains at a nascent stage of development, however, and we note that considerable work on boundary conditions, moderators, and real-world generalizability is needed before strong conceptual statements and recommendations for application are warranted. We provide suggestions for future research and conclude by emphasizing the broad promise of research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627;
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