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LeBreton JM, Reichin SL, Nijenhuis J, Cremers M, Heijden‐Lek K. Validity evidence and measurement equivalence for the Dutch translation of the conditional reasoning test for aggression. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/apps.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M. LeBreton
- Department of Psychology Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - Sydney L. Reichin
- Department of Psychology Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - Jan Nijenhuis
- Dutch Ministry of Defense Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Biomedical Department Chosun University Gwangju South Korea
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Rae Jenkins S, Siefert CJ, Weber K. Interpersonal Decentering and Person-Situation Interaction in the Thematic Apperception Test: Is It all in the Cards? What's the Story? J Pers Assess 2020; 102:551-562. [PMID: 30714823 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2018.1557668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Assessors using storytelling assessment techniques have debated the relative importance of picture imagery (card pull) versus story content for interpreting clients' stories. This study used generalizability theory to compare sources of variance in scores for Feffer's Interpersonal Decentering as a function of persons, cards, raters, or interactions. Representing situational activation of mature role-taking (mentalizing of interpersonal processes), decentering activity should differ across interpersonal situations according to the social role norms involved, resulting in more variance due to card pull than for previously studied scoring systems. Decentering scores from stories told to heterosexual romantic-pull pictures were compared with those for other pictures and with scores from romantic versus nonromantic stories to identify score variance explained by card pull and story content. Considering cards as analogs for life situations, person-card interaction explained more decentering variance (53.7%) than did other effects. Heterosexual romantic-pull pictures stimulated more mature decentering than others; story content did not explain significant variance. Women told more mature decentering stories to heterosexual romantic-pull pictures than to other pictures, and more so than men did. Finding strong person-card interaction illuminates typically low internal consistency for content-based scoring systems. Recommendations for clinicians include implications for card selection and story content interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caleb J Siefert
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn
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Schönbrodt FD, Hagemeyer B, Brandstätter V, Czikmantori T, Gröpel P, Hennecke M, Israel LSF, Janson KT, Kemper N, Köllner MG, Kopp PM, Mojzisch A, Müller-Hotop R, Prüfer J, Quirin M, Scheidemann B, Schiestel L, Schulz-Hardt S, Sust LNN, Zygar-Hoffmann C, Schultheiss OC. Measuring Implicit Motives with the Picture Story Exercise (PSE): Databases of Expert-Coded German Stories, Pictures, and Updated Picture Norms. J Pers Assess 2020; 103:392-405. [PMID: 32207995 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2020.1726936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We present two openly accessible databases related to the assessment of implicit motives using Picture Story Exercises (PSEs): (a) A database of 183,415 German sentences, nested in 26,389 stories provided by 4,570 participants, which have been coded by experts using Winter's coding system for the implicit affiliation/intimacy, achievement, and power motives, and (b) a database of 54 classic and new pictures which have been used as PSE stimuli. Updated picture norms are provided which can be used to select appropriate pictures for PSE applications. Based on an analysis of the relations between raw motive scores, word count, and sentence count, we give recommendations on how to control motive scores for story length, and validate the recommendation with a meta-analysis on gender differences in the implicit affiliation motive that replicates existing findings. We discuss to what extent the guiding principles of the story length correction can be generalized to other content coding systems for narrative material. Several potential applications of the databases are discussed, including (un)supervised machine learning of text content, psychometrics, and better reproducibility of PSE research.
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Patihis L, Cloud P, Nguyen K. Lessons for future research: two experiments failed to reproduce a relationship between achievement motivation and autobiographical memory distortion. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2018.1532960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Patihis
- School of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Paul Cloud
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Nguyen
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Stoeckart PF, Strick M, Bijleveld E, Aarts H. The implicit power motive predicts decisions in line with perceived instrumentality. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2018; 42:309-320. [PMID: 29720775 PMCID: PMC5915518 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Past research suggests that the implicit power motive (i.e., an unconsciously held motivational disposition to derive pleasure from having impact on others) predicts a preference to interact with individuals having submissive-looking faces. The present research extends this finding by testing whether the relation between the implicit power motive and approaching submissiveness depends on instrumentality. In two experiments, participants were assigned to a group that would ostensibly compete with another group. Within this intergroup context, they were asked to select persons as leaders or members for the in-group or the out-group. Potential leaders and members were displayed as submissive-looking or dominant-looking. Results showed that the implicit power motive predicted decisions favoring dominant-looking persons as in-group leaders, and submissive-looking persons as out-group leaders (Study 1) or in-group members (Study 2). These findings indicate that the tendency for people high in the implicit power motive to approach submissive-looking persons depends on the perceived instrumentality for gaining influence over others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Frank Stoeckart
- 1Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Madelijn Strick
- 1Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henk Aarts
- 1Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Effects of implicit fear of failure on cognitive processing: A diffusion model analysis. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Strick M, Papies EK. A Brief Mindfulness Exercise Promotes the Correspondence Between the Implicit Affiliation Motive and Goal Setting. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2017; 43:623-637. [PMID: 28903636 PMCID: PMC5414900 DOI: 10.1177/0146167217693611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People often choose to pursue goals that are dissociated from their implicit motives, which jeopardizes their motivation and well-being. We hypothesized that mindfulness may attenuate this dissociation to the degree that it increases sensitivity to internal cues that signal one's implicit preferences. We tested this hypothesis with a longitudinal repeated measures experiment. In Session 1, participants' implicit affiliation motive was assessed. In Session 2, half of the participants completed a mindfulness exercise while the other half completed a control task before indicating their motivation toward pursuing affiliation and nonaffiliation goals. In Session 3, this procedure was repeated with reversed assignment to conditions. The results confirmed our hypothesis that, irrespective of the order of the conditions, the implicit affiliation motive predicted a preference to pursue affiliation goals immediately after the mindfulness exercise, but not after the control task. We discuss implications of these findings for satisfaction and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther K Papies
- 1 Utrecht University, The Netherlands.,2 University of Glasgow, Ireland
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Stoeckart PF, Strick M, Bijleveld E, Aarts H. The implicit power motive predicts action selection. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 81:560-570. [PMID: 27007872 PMCID: PMC5397432 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that implicit motives can reliably predict which behaviors people select or decide to perform. However, so far, the question of how these motives are able to predict this action selection process has received little attention. Based on ideomotor theory, we argue that implicit motives can predict action selection when an action has become associated with a motive-congruent (dis)incentive through repeated experiences with the action-outcome relationship. This idea was investigated by examining whether the implicit need for power (nPower) would come to predict action selection (i.e., choosing to press either of two buttons) when these actions had repeatedly resulted in motive-congruent (dis)incentives (i.e., submissive or dominant faces). Both Studies 1 and 2 indicated that participants became more likely to select the action predictive of the motive-congruent outcome as their history with the action-outcome relationship increased. Study 2 indicated that this effect stemmed from both an approach towards incentives and an avoidance of disincentives. These results indicate that implicit motives (particularly the power motive) can predict action selection as a result of learning which actions yield motive-congruent (dis)incentives. Our findings therefore offer a model of how implicit motives can come to predict which behaviors people select to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Stoeckart
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 126, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Madelijn Strick
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 126, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Bijleveld
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 126, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Aarts
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 126, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Yang F, Ramsay JE, Schultheiss OC, Pang JS. Need for achievement moderates the effect of motive-relevant challenge on salivary cortisol changes. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2015; 39:321-334. [PMID: 25960584 PMCID: PMC4412424 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-014-9465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a key role in the physiological response to stress, preparing the organism for appropriate action. While some research has examined universally relevant threats, other research has suggested that individual differences may moderate the relationship between stress and cortisol release, such that some individuals exhibit modified reactivity to personally relevant stressors or challenges. In the present study we investigated whether one individual difference-the implicit need for achievement-moderates the effect of motive-relevant challenge on salivary cortisol. Participants' salivary cortisol and felt affect were measured before and after engagement in an achievement task. In the positive- and no-feedback conditions, individuals high in implicit achievement motivation demonstrated increased cortisol response to the task, whereas in the negative feedback condition, individuals high in implicit achievement motivation demonstrated a dampened cortisol response. Furthermore, changes in cortisol were accompanied by changes in felt affect in the same direction, specifically hedonic tone. These results suggest that the HPA axis also responds to non-social-evaluative challenge in a personality-contingent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- School of Sociology and Political Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Joyce S. Pang
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, HSS-04-08, 14 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637332 Singapore
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