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Malik G, Singh D, Bansal R. Exploring the Complex Dynamics: Examining the Influence of Deviant Personas in Online Gambling. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:1271-1294. [PMID: 38649656 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The widespread use of computers and the Internet has substantially changed the gaming environment during the past ten years. The gambling industry is no longer exclusive to land-based gaming establishments (such as casinos and racetracks). Today, a few keystrokes on a computer are all it takes to access gaming operations. Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and various other platforms constitute a particular form of access that has drawn more attention from academics in gambling studies. This increasing focus is partially attributable to the fact that social media sites have gained popularity as a means of accessing online gambling websites via hyperlinks hidden inside adverts. Users of social networking platforms can play free-to-play virtual gambling games using programmes. Virtual gaming platforms are the new name for these free-to-play simulation games of gambling. However, there is evidence to suggest that playing social casino games may serve as a "gateway" to real money gambling. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of deviant personas on online gambling behavior. By examining the relationship between deviant personas and online gambling, we seek to enhance our understanding of the factors that contribute to problematic gambling behaviors in virtual environments. Employing a robust methodological approach, this research amalgamates the analytical power of PLS-SEM (Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling) to explore the factors influencing the intention to adopt online gambling services. The data for this study were obtained by administering an online survey questionnaire to a sample of 325 aware customers of online gambling. The study's discerning insights have notable implications for the academic community, brand strategists, online game designers, and online gambling platform providers, offering valuable guidance for decision-making and strategy formulation within the burgeoning online gambling industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Malik
- Faculty of Marketing, Birla Institute of Management Technology, Greater Noida, India.
| | | | - Rohit Bansal
- Department of Management Studies, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Amethi, India
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Robertson MC, Swartz MC, Basen-Engquist KM, Li Y, Jennings K, Thompson D, Baranowski T, Volpi E, Lyons EJ. A social media game to increase physical activity among older adult women: protocol of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate CHALLENGE. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2172. [PMID: 39135010 PMCID: PMC11318238 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adult women often do not engage in sufficient physical activity (PA) and can encounter biological changes that exacerbate the negative effects of inadequate activity. Wearable activity monitors can facilitate PA initiation, but evidence of sustained behavior change is lacking. Supplementing wearable technologies with intervention content that evokes enjoyment, interest, meaning, and personal values associated with PA may support long term adherence. In this paper, we present the protocol of an NIA-funded study designed to evaluate the efficacy of CHALLENGE for increasing step count and motivation for PA in insufficiently active older women (Challenges for Healthy Aging: Leveraging Limits for Engaging Networked Game-based Exercise). CHALLENGE uses social media to supplement wearable activity monitors with the autonomy-supportive frame of a game. We hypothesize that CHALLENGE will engender playful experiences that will improve motivation for exercise and lead to sustained increases in step count. METHODS We will recruit 300 healthy, community dwelling older adult women on a rolling basis and randomize them to receive either the CHALLENGE intervention (experimental arm) or an activity monitor-only intervention (comparison arm). Participants in both groups will receive a wearable activity monitor and personalized weekly feedback emails. In the experimental group, participants will also be added to a private Facebook group, where study staff will post weekly challenges that are designed to elicit playful experiences while walking. Assessments at baseline and 6, 12, and 18 months will measure PA and motivation-related constructs. We will fit linear mixed-effects models to evaluate differences in step count and motivational constructs, and longitudinal mediation models to evaluate if interventional effects are mediated by changes in motivation. We will also conduct thematic content analysis of text and photos posted to Facebook and transcripts from individual interviews. DISCUSSION By taking part in a year-long intervention centered on imbuing walking behaviors with playful and celebratory experiences, participating older adult women may internalize changes to their identity and relationship with PA that facilitate sustained behavior change. Study results will have implications for how we can harness powerful and increasingly ubiquitous technologies for health promotion to the vast and growing population of older adults in the U.S. and abroad. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04095923. Registered September 17th, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Robertson
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Health Behavior, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-0177, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, TSET Health Promotion Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Maria Chang Swartz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karen M Basen-Engquist
- Department of Health Disparities, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yisheng Li
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristofer Jennings
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Debbe Thompson
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tom Baranowski
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology & Palliative Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Lyons
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Health Behavior, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-0177, USA.
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Plakias S, Michailidis Y. Factors Affecting the Running Performance of Soccer Teams in the Turkish Super League. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:196. [PMID: 39058087 PMCID: PMC11280778 DOI: 10.3390/sports12070196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Performance analysis in sports is a rapidly evolving field, where academics and applied performance analysts work together to improve coaches' decision making through the use of performance indicators (PIs). This study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of factors affecting running performance (RP) in soccer teams, focusing on low (LI), medium (MI), and high-speed distances (HI) and the number of high-speed runs (NHI). Data were collected from 185 matches in the Turkish first division's 2021-2022 season using InStat Fitness's optical tracking technology. Four linear mixed-model analyses were conducted on the RP metrics with fixed factors, including location, team quality, opponent quality, ball possession, high-press, counterattacks, number of central defenders, and number of central forwards. The findings indicate that high-press and opponent team quality affect MI (d = 0.311, d = 0.214) and HI (d = 0.303, d = 0.207); team quality influences MI (d = 0.632); location and counterattacks impact HI (d = 0.228, d = 0.450); high-press and the number of central defenders affects NHI (d = 0.404, d = 0.319); and ball possession affects LI (d = 0.287). The number of central forwards did not influence any RP metrics. This study provides valuable insights into the factors influencing RP in soccer, highlighting the complex interactions between formations and physical, technical-tactical, and contextual variables. Understanding these dynamics can help coaches and analysts optimize team performance and strategic decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Plakias
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 38221 Trikala, Greece;
| | - Yiannis Michailidis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, New Buildings of Laboratories, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Milne-Ives M, Homer SR, Andrade J, Meinert E. Potential associations between behavior change techniques and engagement with mobile health apps: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1227443. [PMID: 37794916 PMCID: PMC10545861 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1227443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lack of engagement is a common challenge for digital health interventions. To achieve their potential, it is necessary to understand how best to support users' engagement with interventions and target health behaviors. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the behavioral theories and behavior change techniques being incorporated into mobile health apps and how they are associated with the different components of engagement. Methods The review was structured using the PRISMA and PICOS frameworks and searched six databases in July 2022: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, APA PsycArticles, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias 2 and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tools. Analysis A descriptive analysis provided an overview of study and app characteristics and evidence for potential associations between Behavior Change Techniques (BCTs) and engagement was examined. Results The final analysis included 28 studies. Six BCTs were repeatedly associated with user engagement: goal setting, self-monitoring of behavior, feedback on behavior, prompts/cues, rewards, and social support. There was insufficient data reported to examine associations with specific components of engagement, but the analysis indicated that the different components were being captured by various measures. Conclusion This review provides further evidence supporting the use of common BCTs in mobile health apps. To enable developers to leverage BCTs and other app features to optimize engagement in specific contexts and individual characteristics, we need a better understanding of how BCTs are associated with different components of engagement. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022312596.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Milne-Ives
- Centre for Health Technology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie R. Homer
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Andrade
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Meinert
- Centre for Health Technology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Cutting J, Deterding S, Demediuk S, Sephton N. Difficulty-skill balance does not affect engagement and enjoyment: a pre-registered study using artificial intelligence-controlled difficulty. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:220274. [PMID: 36756072 PMCID: PMC9890114 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
How does the difficulty of a task affect people's enjoyment and engagement? Intrinsic motivation and flow theories posit a 'goldilocks' optimum where task difficulty matches performer skill, yet current work is confounded by questionable measurement practices and lacks scalable methods to manipulate objective difficulty-skill ratios. We developed a two-player tactical game test suite with an artificial intelligence (AI)-controlled opponent that uses a variant of the Monte Carlo Tree Search algorithm to precisely manipulate difficulty-skill ratios. A pre-registered study (n = 311) showed that our AI produced targeted difficulty-skill ratios without participants noticing the manipulation, yet different ratios had no significant impact on enjoyment or engagement. This indicates that difficulty-skill balance does not always affect engagement and enjoyment, but that games with AI-controlled difficulty provide a useful paradigm for rigorous future work on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Cutting
- Digital Creativity Labs, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sebastian Deterding
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Simon Demediuk
- Digital Creativity Labs, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Nick Sephton
- Digital Creativity Labs, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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6
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Timon CE. Semiotic vista. ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/14634996221130555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Throughout life, one may witness grand views, scenes accompanied by intense affect and a sense of awe or wonder. The awe-inspiring things in these experiences vary considerably from suns in sunsets to glowing visages in holy visions to juices in simple tangerines. For different people, different views along the broad spectrum of these affectively intensive grand-view experiences can produce meaning in life, the influential facet of wellbeing identified by positive psychologists but poorly differentiated from meaning-making in other senses. This paper lays out a theory of semiotic vista to organize such disparate signification events and their use of both linguistic and non-linguistic signs. Using the examples of accounts of mountain hiking experiences, mindfulness meditation experiences, and supernatural encounters, I describe semiotic vista as a transitional mode of semiotic viewing in which agents re-interpret multiple signifiers of ordinary phenomena (objects) as valorized components of novel contexts, typically in association with intense affective experience. The vista mode is heavily facilitated by the (re)generation of at least two primary types of first-order indexical interpretants which occur in these contexts and of their attendant second-order indexicality which (semi)permanently re-contextualizes the objects originally referenced in the same view. I also briefly touch on how this process relates to storytelling and audience reactions. This analysis has implications for wellbeing, positive affect generation, and ideological enregisterment.
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Marchese F, Malagoli Lanzoni I, Steca P. Personality Traits and Motives in Table Tennis Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10715. [PMID: 36078437 PMCID: PMC9518059 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate table tennis players' personality traits and motives in the frame of the Big Five personality model and the self-determination theory (SDT) of motivation. A total of 447 Italian table tennis players ranging in level of play between the regional and international levels participated in the study. They completed a self-report questionnaire measuring their personality traits and motives to play table tennis. Findings showed conscientiousness as the most distinctive trait of table tennis players. No differences were detected between elite and non-elite players. Table tennis players are mainly motivated by factors belonging to the intrinsic pole of the self-determination motivational continuum. External reinforcements represent a minimal incentive to play this sport both for elite and non-elite athletes. The current findings help clarify the relationships between personality traits, playing certain types of sports, and achieving different performance levels. We conclude by outlining implications for applied sport psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Marchese
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Malagoli Lanzoni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Steca
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
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8
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Deterding S, Andersen MM, Kiverstein J, Miller M. Mastering uncertainty: A predictive processing account of enjoying uncertain success in video game play. Front Psychol 2022; 13:924953. [PMID: 35959012 PMCID: PMC9363017 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.924953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Why do we seek out and enjoy uncertain success in playing games? Game designers and researchers suggest that games whose challenges match player skills afford engaging experiences of achievement, competence, or effectance—of doing well. Yet, current models struggle to explain why such balanced challenges best afford these experiences and do not straightforwardly account for the appeal of high- and low-challenge game genres like Idle and Soulslike games. In this article, we show that Predictive Processing (PP) provides a coherent formal cognitive framework which can explain the fun in tackling game challenges with uncertain success as the dynamic process of reducing uncertainty surprisingly efficiently. In gameplay as elsewhere, people enjoy doing better than expected, which can track learning progress. In different forms, balanced, Idle, and Soulslike games alike afford regular accelerations of uncertainty reduction. We argue that this model also aligns with a popular practitioner model, Raph Koster’s Theory of Fun for Game Design, and can unify currently differentially modelled gameplay motives around competence and curiosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Deterding
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Digital Creativity Labs, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Sebastian Deterding,
| | - Marc Malmdorf Andersen
- Interacting Minds Centre, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julian Kiverstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Miller
- Centre for Consciousness and Contemplative Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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9
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Wenk N, Jordi MV, Buetler KA, Marchal-Crespo L. Hiding Assistive Robots During Training in Immersive VR Does not Affect Users' Motivation, Presence, Embodiment, Performance, nor Visual Attention. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:390-399. [PMID: 35085087 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3147260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Combining immersive virtual reality (VR) using head-mounted displays (HMDs) with assisting robotic devices might be a promising procedure to enhance neurorehabilitation. However, it is still an open question how immersive virtual environments (VE) should be designed when interacting with rehabilitation robots. In conventional training, the robot is usually not visually represented in the VE, resulting in a visuo-haptic sensory conflict between what users see and feel. This study aimed to investigate how motivation, embodiment, and presence are affected by this visuo-haptic sensory conflict. Using an HMD and a rehabilitation robot, 28 healthy participants performed a path-tracing task, while the robot was either visually reproduced in the VE or not and while the robot either assisted the movements or not. Participants' performance and visual attention were measured during the tasks, and after each visibility/assistance condition, they reported their motivation, presence, and embodiment with questionnaires. We found that, independently of the assistance, the robot visibility did not affect participants' motivation, presence, embodiment, nor task performance. We only found a greater effort/importance reported when the robot was visible. The visual attention was also slightly affected by the robot's visibility. Importantly, we found that the robotic assistance hampered presence and embodiment, but improved motivation. Our results indicate no disadvantage of not reproducing robotic devices in VEs when using HMDs. However, caution must be put when developing assisting controllers, as they might hamper users' affect.
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10
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Li C, Yanagisawa H. Intrinsic motivation in virtual assistant interaction for fostering spontaneous interactions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250326. [PMID: 33891650 PMCID: PMC8064575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
With the growing utility of today’s conversational virtual assistants, the importance of user motivation in human–artificial intelligence interactions is becoming more obvious. However, previous studies in this and related fields, such as human–computer interaction, scarcely discussed intrinsic motivation (the motivation to interact with the assistants for fun). Previous studies either treated motivation as an inseparable concept or focused on non-intrinsic motivation (the motivation to interact with the assistant for utilitarian purposes). The current study aims to cover intrinsic motivation by taking an affective engineering approach. A novel motivation model is proposed, in which intrinsic motivation is affected by two factors that derive from user interactions with virtual assistants: expectation of capability and uncertainty. Experiments in which these two factors are manipulated by making participants believe they are interacting with the smart speaker “Amazon Echo” are conducted. Intrinsic motivation is measured both by using questionnaires and by covertly monitoring a five-minute free-choice period in the experimenter’s absence, during which the participants could decide for themselves whether to interact with the virtual assistants. Results of the first experiment showed that high expectation engenders more intrinsically motivated interaction compared with low expectation. However, the results did not support our hypothesis that expectation and uncertainty have an interaction effect on intrinsic motivation. We then revised our hypothetical model of action selection accordingly and conducted a verification experiment of the effects of uncertainty. Results of the verification experiment showed that reducing uncertainty encourages more interactions and causes the motivation behind these interactions to shift from non-intrinsic to intrinsic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (CL); (HY)
| | - Hideyoshi Yanagisawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (CL); (HY)
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11
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Shen Q, Zhu L, Meng L, Qiu W, Ma Q, Ebstein RP, Jin J. To Reveal or Not to Reveal? Observation of Social Outcomes Facilitates Reward Processing. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:579702. [PMID: 33505233 PMCID: PMC7829484 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.579702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation is a key topic that comprises considerable theoretical and practical implications, and its study is gaining increasing traction in recent years. Employing both behavioral and neural techniques, previous studies examined the extent to which intrinsic and extrinsic motivations collectively shape individual decision making. Investigations found that both processes play indispensable and interactive roles in choice behavior. However, despite its importance, little is known respecting the role of extrinsic social factors in contributing to individual variations in intrinsic motivation. Toward elucidating the role of extrinsic social factors in motivated decision making, the current study implements the stop watch task, combined with hyper-recording electrophysiological measurements. With the electrophysiological toolkit, our goal is to bring to light how extrinsic social signals impact intrinsic motivation and shape the reward processing over success and failure at the succeeding stage. Empirically, we show that, following social outcome presentation, there is an increased divergent feedback-related negativity (FRN), which reflects the failure/success discrepancy at the outcome stage of choice behavior. In summary, this study demonstrates the saliency of social information in intrinsic motivational processes that underpin success-failure outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shen
- School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lian Zhu
- School of Journalism and Communication, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Meng
- Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwei Qiu
- College of Economics and Management, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingguo Ma
- School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Richard P Ebstein
- School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Jin
- Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.,Academy of Neuroeconomics and Neuromanagement, Business School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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12
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Abuhamdeh S. Investigating the "Flow" Experience: Key Conceptual and Operational Issues. Front Psychol 2020; 11:158. [PMID: 32116954 PMCID: PMC7033418 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The “flow” experience (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975) has been the focus of a large body of empirical work spanning more than four decades. Nevertheless, advancement in understanding – beyond what Csikszentmihalyi uncovered during his initial breakthrough in 1975 – has been modest. In this conceptual analysis, it is argued that progress within the field has been impeded by a lack of consistency in how flow is operationalized, and that this inconsistency in part reflects an underlying confusion regarding what flow is. Flow operationalizations from papers published within the past 5 years are reviewed. Across the 42 reviewed studies, flow was operationalized in 24 distinct ways. Three specific points of inconsistency are then highlighted: (1) inconsistences in operationalizing flow as a continuous versus discrete construct, (2) inconsistencies in operationalizing flow as inherently enjoyable (i.e., “autotelic”) or not, and (3) inconsistencies in operationalizing flow as dependent on versus distinct from the task characteristics proposed to elicit it (i.e., the conditions/antecedents). After tracing the origins of these discrepancies, the author argues that, in the interest of conceptual intelligibility, flow should be conceptualized and operationalized exclusively as a discrete, highly enjoyable, “optimal” state of consciousness, and that this state should be clearly distinguished from the conditions proposed to elicit it. He suggests that more mundane instances of goal-directed engagement are better conceived and operationalized as variations in task involvement rather than variations in flow. Additional ways to achieve greater conceptual and operational consistency within the field are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Abuhamdeh
- Department of Psychology, Istanbul Şehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Delatorre P, Salguero A, León C, Tapscott A. The Impact of Context on Affective Norms: A Case of Study With Suspense. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1988. [PMID: 31543851 PMCID: PMC6728922 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emotional response to a stimulus is typically measured in three variables called valence, arousal and dominance. Based on such dimensions, Bradley and Lang (1999) published the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW), a corpus of affective ratings for 1,034 non-contextualized words. Expanded and adapted to many languages, ANEW provides a corpus to evaluate and to predict human responses to different stimuli, and it has been used in a number of studies involving analysis of emotions. However, ANEW seems not to appropriately predict affective responses to concepts when these are contextualized in certain situational backgrounds, in which words can have different connotations from those in non-contextualized scenarios. These contextualized affective norms have not been sufficiently contrasted yet because the literature does not provide a corpus of the ANEW list in specific contexts. On this basis, this paper reports on the creation of a new corpus of affective norms for the original 1,034 ANEW words in a particular context (a fictional scene of suspense). An extensive quantitative data analysis comparing both corpora was carried out, confirming that the affective ratings are highly influenced by the context. The corpus can be downloaded as Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Delatorre
- Department of Computer Science, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Alberto Salguero
- Department of Computer Science, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carlos León
- Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, Instituto de Tecnología del Conocimiento, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alan Tapscott
- Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, Instituto de Tecnología del Conocimiento, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Parke J, Williams RJ, Schofield P. Exploring psychological need satisfaction from gambling participation and the moderating influence of game preferences. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2019.1633381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Parke
- Salford Business School, University of Salford, Salford, UK
- Sophro Ltd, Newark Beacon, Newark-on-Trent, UK
| | - Robert J. Williams
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Peter Schofield
- Department of Service Sector Management, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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Marchal-Crespo L, Tsangaridis P, Obwegeser D, Maggioni S, Riener R. Haptic Error Modulation Outperforms Visual Error Amplification When Learning a Modified Gait Pattern. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:61. [PMID: 30837824 PMCID: PMC6390202 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Robotic algorithms that augment movement errors have been proposed as promising training strategies to enhance motor learning and neurorehabilitation. However, most research effort has focused on rehabilitation of upper limbs, probably because large movement errors are especially dangerous during gait training, as they might result in stumbling and falling. Furthermore, systematic large movement errors might limit the participants' motivation during training. In this study, we investigated the effect of training with novel error modulating strategies, which guarantee a safe training environment, on motivation and learning of a modified asymmetric gait pattern. Thirty healthy young participants walked in the exoskeletal robotic system Lokomat while performing a foot target-tracking task, which required an increased hip and knee flexion in the dominant leg. Learning the asymmetric gait pattern with three different strategies was evaluated: (i) No disturbance: no robot disturbance/guidance was applied, (ii) haptic error amplification: unsafe and discouraging large errors were limited with haptic guidance, while haptic error amplification enhanced awareness of small errors relevant for learning, and (iii) visual error amplification: visually observed errors were amplified in a virtual reality environment. We also evaluated whether increasing the movement variability during training by adding randomly varying haptic disturbances on top of the other training strategies further enhances learning. We analyzed participants' motor performance and self-reported intrinsic motivation before, during and after training. We found that training with the novel haptic error amplification strategy did not hamper motor adaptation and enhanced transfer of the practiced asymmetric gait pattern to free walking. Training with visual error amplification, on the other hand, increased errors during training and hampered motor learning. Participants who trained with visual error amplification also reported a reduced perceived competence. Adding haptic disturbance increased the movement variability during training, but did not have a significant effect on motor adaptation, probably because training with haptic disturbance on top of visual and haptic error amplification decreased the participants' feelings of competence. The proposed novel haptic error modulating controller that amplifies small task-relevant errors while limiting large errors outperformed visual error augmentation and might provide a promising framework to improve robotic gait training outcomes in neurological patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marchal-Crespo
- Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Sensory-Motor Systems (SMS) Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Tsangaridis
- Sensory-Motor Systems (SMS) Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Obwegeser
- Sensory-Motor Systems (SMS) Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serena Maggioni
- Sensory-Motor Systems (SMS) Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Reharobotics Group, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Hocoma AG, Volketswil, Switzerland
| | - Robert Riener
- Sensory-Motor Systems (SMS) Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Reharobotics Group, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Identifying the neural substrates of intrinsic motivation during task performance. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [PMID: 28639132 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-017-0524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic motivation is the inherent tendency to seek out novelty and challenge, to explore and investigate, and to stretch and extend one's capacities. When people imagine performing intrinsically motivating tasks, they show heightened anterior insular cortex (AIC) activity. To fully explain the neural system of intrinsic motivation, however, requires assessing neural activity while people actually perform intrinsically motivating tasks (i.e., while answering curiosity-inducing questions or solving competence-enabling anagrams). Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found that the neural system of intrinsic motivation involves not only AIC activity, but also striatum activity and, further, AIC-striatum functional interactions. These findings suggest that subjective feelings of intrinsic satisfaction (associated with AIC activations), reward processing (associated with striatum activations), and their interactions underlie the actual experience of intrinsic motivation. These neural findings are consistent with the conceptualization of intrinsic motivation as the pursuit and satisfaction of subjective feelings (interest and enjoyment) as intrinsic rewards.
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17
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Reeve J, Lee W. A neuroscientific perspective on basic psychological needs. J Pers 2018; 87:102-114. [PMID: 29626342 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-determination theory's (SDT) most basic propositions are, first, that all people possess an inherent set of psychological needs and, second, that autonomy, competence, and relatedness are the three critical psychological satisfactions needed to maintain and promote personal growth and well-being. In this article, we identify the neural basis of the psychological needs and, in doing so, seek to advance the integration of SDT and neuroscience. METHOD We examine the neural underpinnings of SDT-based motivational states and traits for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. To study motivational states, participants are exposed to situational conditions known to affect their psychological needs, and neuroscience methods (e.g., fMRI) are used to examine changes in their brain activity. To study motivational traits, participants complete self-report trait measures that are then correlated with their brain activity observed during need-satisfying activities. RESULTS For both motivational states and traits and across all three needs, intrinsic satisfaction is associated with striatum-based reward processing, anterior insula-based subjective feelings, and the integration of these subjective feelings with reward-based processing. CONCLUSIONS Psychological need satisfaction is associated with striatum activity, anterior insula activity, and the functional coactivation between these two brain areas. Given these findings, it is now clear that several opportunities exist to integrate SDT motivational constructs with neuroscientific study, so we suggest eight new questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnmarshall Reeve
- Department of Education, Brain and Motivation Research Institute, Korea University
| | - Woogul Lee
- Department of Education, Korea National University of Education
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18
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Sylvester BD, Jackson B, Beauchamp MR. The Effects of Variety and Novelty on Physical Activity and Healthy Nutritional Behaviors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adms.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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19
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Fang H, He B, Fu H, Meng L. Being Eager to Prove Oneself: U-Shaped Relationship between Competence Frustration and Intrinsic Motivation in Another Activity. Front Psychol 2017; 8:2123. [PMID: 29312025 PMCID: PMC5733033 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Competence frustration has been consistently found to undermine one's intrinsic motivation in the same activity. However, the relationship between competence frustration in a preceding activity and one's intrinsic motivation in a subsequent one remains unclear. In order to explore this relationship, self-reported data were collected from 617 undergraduate students of a large comprehensive university in southern China, who took varied courses immediately before taking a less-demanding one. Results suggested a U-shaped relationship between students' competence frustration in a preceding course and intrinsic motivation in a subsequent one. To be specific, for students whose competence frustration reached the inflection point, a restoration process would be activated if the current course would help restore their competence. Importantly, these students' competence frustration in a preceding course was found to positively predict their intrinsic motivation level in a subsequent course. As far as we are concerned, this is the first study to reveal a potential positive effect of need frustration outside of its primary thwarting context, which complements and extends existing literatures on the dynamics between need frustration and intrinsic motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fang
- School of Management, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Managerial Psychology and Behavior, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin He
- School of Management, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Managerial Psychology and Behavior, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijian Fu
- School of Management, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Managerial Psychology and Behavior, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Meng
- School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.,Neuromanagement Lab, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Pires MRGM, Gottems LBD, Fonseca RMGSD. RECRIAR-SE LÚDICO NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DE JOGOS NA SAÚDE: REFERÊNCIAS TEÓRICO-METODOLÓGICAS À PRODUÇÃO DE SUBJETIVIDADES CRÍTICAS. TEXTO & CONTEXTO ENFERMAGEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-07072017002500017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo: refletir sobre a centralidade do lúdico na reinvenção de subjetividades críticas na área da saúde; apresentar, com base no referencial elaborado e nos relatos de experiência em pesquisa, as técnicas, os instrumentos e as triangulações utilizadas na metodologia Recriar-se Lúdico. Método: reflexão teórica e relato de experiência em pesquisa com o propósito de fundamentar o referencial teórico-metodológico do Recriar-se Lúdico na produção de tecnologias lúdico-educativas para a saúde. Resultados: a perspectiva agonista do Recriar-se Lúdico na produção de subjetividades críticas contrapõe-se às concepções positivistas presentes na produção científica e tecnológica dos jogos voltados para a saúde e para o mercado dos games. Conclusão: a metodologia do Recriar-se Lúdico, fundamentada no agon como um princípio de combate engajado em favor da imaginação e da abundância de vida, contribui para experiências plenas de sentidos que se expressam em subjetividades múltiplas, relacionais, descentradas e interpretativas nas/os jogadoras/es.
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21
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Rogers R. The motivational pull of video game feedback, rules, and social interaction: Another self-determination theory approach. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Ma Q, Pei G, Meng L. Inverted U-Shaped Curvilinear Relationship between Challenge and One's Intrinsic Motivation: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:131. [PMID: 28400712 PMCID: PMC5368271 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between task demand and one's competence is critical for the maintenance of intrinsic motivation. According to Flow theory and Self-determination theory, optimal challenge gives rise to the maximum intrinsic motivation, and an inverted U-shaped curvilinear relationship between perceived challenge and one's intrinsic motivation is suggested. In order to provide direct experimental evidences for predictions of these theories, in this study, we employed the two-player StopWatch game that we previously designed, which made references to the game format of a badminton tournament. According to our manipulation, a male participant was defeated by the same-sex player paired with him (played by a well-trained confederate of the experimenter) in two matches, one with a wide margin (the complete defeat condition) and another with a narrow one (the near miss condition). Participants performed better and reported to enjoy the near miss match to a greater extent. Besides, an enlarged Stimulus-preceding negativity was elicited when participants were actively anticipating outcomes in the near miss condition, suggesting greater anticipatory attention toward the outcome and an enhanced intrinsic motivation to win. Thus, converging electrophysiological evidences from this study and our former study confirmed the inverted U-shaped curvilinear relationship between perceived challenge and one's intrinsic motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Ma
- Institute of Neural Management Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanxiong Pei
- School of Management, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Meng
- School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies UniversityShanghai, China; Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Shanghai International Studies UniversityShanghai, China
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24
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Meng L, Pei G, Zheng J, Ma Q. Close games versus blowouts: Optimal challenge reinforces one's intrinsic motivation to win. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 110:102-108. [PMID: 27816482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
When immersed in intrinsically motivating activities, individuals actively seek optimal challenge, which generally brings the most satisfaction as they play hard and finally win. To better simulate real-life scenarios in the controlled laboratory setting, a two-player online StopWatch (SW) game was developed, whose format is similar to that of a badminton tournament. During the game, a male opponent played by a confederate ensured that the same-sex participant paired with him won both matches, one with a wide margin (the lack of challenge condition) and another with a narrow one (the optimal challenge condition). Electrophysiological data were recorded during the entire experiment. An enlarged Stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) was observed in the optimal challenge condition, indicating a more concentrated anticipatory attention toward the feedback and a stronger intrinsic motivation during close games. Thus, this study provided original neural evidence for predictions of Self-determination theory (SDT) and Flow theory, and confirmed and emphasized the significant role of optimal challenge in promoting one's intrinsic motivation to win.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Meng
- School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China; School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Guanxiong Pei
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Neuromanagement Lab, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehui Zheng
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Neuromanagement Lab, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingguo Ma
- Institute of Neural Management Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China; Neuromanagement Lab, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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25
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Performance, incentives, and needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness: a meta-analysis. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-016-9578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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