Functional polymorphisms of matrix metallopeptidase-9 and risk of coronary artery disease in a Chinese population

Association of LDLR, TP53 and MMP9 Gene Polymorphisms With Atherosclerosis in a Malaysian Study Population

Preliminary research has shown that low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), tumor protein (TP53) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) genes expression levels were significantly increased in atherosclerosis coronary artery tissue (ACAT) compared to non-atherosclerotic coronary artery tissue (NCAT) samples. Thus, further investigation was carried out to study the association of LDLR, TP53 and MMP9 gene polymorphisms and the risk of developing atherosclerosis (ATH) in a Malaysian population. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of C88S, TP53 codon 72 and MMP9C>T were analyzed in 76 ACAT samples and 149 NCAT samples, representing cases and controls, respectively. In results, heterozygous CT genotype of MMP9C>T polymorphism was significantly higher in ACAT compared to NCAT samples (57.9% vs 27.5%, χ² = 19.758, df= 1, P < 0.05). The CT genotype was found to be significantly associated with the risk of developing ATH (OR = 3.622, 95% CI = 2.028-6.470). However, the distribution of the CT genotype in a healthy Malaysian study population was incomparable regardless of gender and ethnicity. The DNA sequencing results validated the C88S, TP53 codon 72, and MMP9C>T polymorphisms. In conclusion, the CT genotype of the MMP9-1562C>T polymorphism was found to have a strong association with the risk of developing ATH.

Matrix metalloproteinase 3 and 9 as genetic biomarkers for the occurrence of cardiovascular complications in coronary artery disease: a prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are widely expressed in atherosclerosis lesions. The disequilibrium of MMPs driving to an overexpression or a lack of its level can be influenced by genetic variations. MMP-3 and MMP-9 may be affected by specific polymorphisms like - 1612 5 A/6A and the - 1562 C/T respectively. We aim in the present study to investigate prospectively the association between the - 1612 5 A/6A MMP-3 and - 1562 C/T MMP-9 polymorphisms and clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study is elaborated to reveal whether one of these polymorphisms is a probable predictor of cardiovascular complications in this CAD cohort.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 168 patients with CAD were prospectively followed up over a period of 5 years. Genotypes for the MMP-3 (-1612 5 A/6A) and MMP-9 (-1562 C/T) polymorphisms were performed using PCR-RFLP. Their levels were measured by ELISA in Sandwich test during the follow-up period, 39 cardiovascular outcomes occurred with 21 repeat targets for revascularization, 3 patients with Myocardial infarction, 8 for heart failure, 5 for Stroke and 2 for cardiovascular mortality. The MMP-3 5 A/6A polymorphism was related to the disease on the contrary of the MMP-9 -1562 C/T. Patients carrying the 5 A allele had a higher level of MMP-3 level and those who carried the 6 A allele had lower level (p = 0.04). After applied multivariable Cox-hazard models we revealed that the 6 A allele is independently associated to the disease complication. Kaplan-Meier survival test revealed that individuals having the 6 A allele had a lower survival rate than those with the 5 A allele (p = 0.04).

CONCLUSION

Our study suggests the disruption of the MMP-3 level may be due to the existence of the polymorphism - 1612 residing in its promoter region. MMP-3 can be considered as a marker of diagnosis and prediction in cardiovascular events.

Impact of MMP-9 Genetic Polymorphism and Concentration on the Development of Coronary Artery Disease in Ukrainian Population

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading causes of death in Europe. It is known that atherosclerosis is the primary risk factor of CAD development. MMP-9 is involved in all stages of atherosclerosis and thus may contribute to CAD emergence. To investigate the influence of MMP-9 on the (CAD) development 25 patients with intact coronary arteries (CA), 40 patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and 63 patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) were enrolled in the study. Real-time PCR was carried out for genotyping on the rs17567-polymorphic locus, and ELISA study was performed to measure the MMP-9 plasma concentration. It was found the lower risk of MI occurrence for AG-carriers ( $P_a=0.023$ ; ORa = 0.299, 95% CI = 0.106–0.848) in Ukrainian population.

The association between Matrix Metallo-proteinases-9 (MMP-9) gene family polymorphisms and risk of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 (C1562T), MMP-9 (R279Q), MMP-9 (P574R) and MMP-9 (R668Q) polymorphisms and risk of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).

Methods

After a systematic literature search, pooled odds ratio (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the strength of the association.

Results

We identified 40 studies with 11,792 cases and 8280 controls for C1562T, 7 case-control studies with 5525 cases and 2497 controls for R279Q, 2 studies with 1272 cases and 785 controls for P574R, and 2 studies with 1272 cases and 785 controls for R668Q. MMP-9 (C1562T) polymorphism was associated with increased risk of CAD under dominant model (OR = 1.41, P < 0.001), recessive model (OR = 1.59, P < 0.001), allelic model (OR = 1.38, P < 0.001), TT vs. CC model (OR = 1.70, P < 0.001), and CT vs. CC model (OR = 1.35, P < 0.001). Moreover, the subgroup analysis based on the continent of the study populations in this SNP indicated strong significant association in Asians but not in Europeans. Subgroup analysis was not performed in Africa, America and Oceania, due to lack of sufficient data.

Conclusions

Our meta-analysis revealed that MMP-9 (C1562T) SNP conferred a susceptibility risk for CAD in the overall analysis and Asian population. The overall analysis and subgroup analysis of the other three SNPs reject the association between MMP-9 polymorphisms and the risk of CAD. Although the results should interpret with caution because of small sample size of included studies in these three SNPs.

Association between matrix metalloproteinase 9 C-1562T polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease: an update systematic review and meta-analysis

Polymorphism (rs3918242) in the MMP9 gene has been reported to be associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study aims to investigate a more accurate estimation of the relationship between CAD and rs3918242 polymorphism by a meta-analysis method. We systematically searched studies on the association of rs3918242 polymorphism and CAD in PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Wanfang Data and CNKI. We used Stata 12.0 and RevMan 5.3 software to perform the meta-analyses. A total of 37 case-control studies involving 13,035 CAD patients and 11,372 non-CAD controls were included. A statistically significant association between rs3918242 polymorphism and CAD was observed in allelic model (Odds ratio (OR) 1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–1.50; p < 0.00001), recessive model (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.17–1.75; p = 0.0004), and in dominant model ( OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.20–1.53; p < 0.00001). Moreover, we also found that there is a statistically significant association between rs3918242 polymorphism and myocardial infarction (MI) in Asians with allelic model (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.29–2.14; p < 0.0001), recessive model (OR 2.29; 95% CI 1.44–3.63; p = 0.004), and dominant (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.29–2.35; p = 0.0003) model. A similar result in Caucasians with allelic model (OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.02–1.27; p = 0.02), and in dominant (OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.04–1.32; p = 0.01) model. Our meta-analysis suggested that the MMP9 T allele is a risk factor for CAD and MI.

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 Gene-1562C>T Gene Polymorphism and Coronary Artery Disease in the Chinese Han Population: A Meta-Analysis of 5468 Subjects

BACKGROUND

Multiple studies indicate that the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)-1562C>T gene polymorphism may be associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Chinese Han population. However, a clear consensus has yet to be established.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS

A meta-analysis of 5468 subjects from 10 separate studies was performed to explore the possible relationship between the MMP-9-1562C>T gene polymorphism and CAD within the Chinese Han population. Pooled odds ratio (ORs) for the association and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were evaluated by a random or fixed-effect model.

RESULTS

Our analysis confirms the association between the MMP-9-1562C>T gene polymorphism and an increased risk of CAD within the Chinese Han population under allelic (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.25-2.04, P = 0.0002), recessive (OR: 3.05, 95% CI: 1.67-5.56, P = 0.0003), dominant (OR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.49-3.35, P = 0.0001), homozygous (OR: 3.41, 95% CI: 1.87-6.23, P < 0.0001), heterozygous (OR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.40-2.93, P = 0.0002), and additive genetic models (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.33-2.39, P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

In the Chinese Han population, the MMP-9-1562C>T gene polymorphism is correlated with an increased risk of CAD. Therefore, Han Chinese carriers of the -1562T allele may be at an increased risk of CAD.

Genetic Influences on the Development of Fibrosis in Crohn's Disease

Fibrostenotic strictures are an important complication in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), very often necessitating surgery. This fibrotic process develops in a genetically susceptible individual and is influenced by an interplay with environmental, immunological, and disease-related factors. A deeper understanding of the genetic factors driving this fibrostenotic process might help to unravel the pathogenesis, and ultimately lead to development of new, anti-fibrotic therapy. Here, we review the genetic factors that have been associated with the development of fibrosis in patients with CD, as well as their potential pathophysiological mechanism(s). We also hypothesize on clinical implications, if any, and future research directions.

Association of matrix metalloproteinase-9 C1562T polymorphism and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

Many investigations have studied the associations between matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) C1562T polymorphisms and coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the conclusions of these studies were inconsistent. Therefore, this study was aimed at clarifying the association between MMP-9 C1562T polymorphisms and CAD in a large-scale meta-analysis.

METHODS

The PubMed and Embase databases were retrieved to collect all publications on the association between MMP-9 C1562T polymorphisms and CAD. Then the odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for C1562T TT+TC versus CC genotype between CAD and the control groups were evaluated. Subgroup analysis was also performed according to different races. The meta-analysis was performed by Stata 10.0.

RESULTS

Sixteen case-control studies were included in our meta-analysis, involving 11032 CAD patients and 4628 non-CAD controls. Compared with C allele carriers, East Asian T allele carriers TT+TC had a significantly higher risk of CAD (OR=1.43; 95% CI: 1.03-1.99; P=0.031); however, there were no significant associations in Western populations (OR=1.06; 95% CI: 0.96-1.18; P=0.240) or West Asians (OR=1.13; 95% CI: 0.75-1.70; P=0.565). When further analyzing the association between C1562T polymorphisms and myocardial infarction (MI, the most serious type of CAD), the risk of TT+TC genotype versus CC genotype for MI was significantly higher for the overall (OR=1.21; 95% CI: 1.04-1.40; P=0.012) and for East Asians (OR=1.58; 95% CI: 1.26-1.97; P=0.000) but not in Western populations (OR=1.12; 95% CI: 0.99-1.26; P=0.078).

CONCLUSIONS

Our meta-analysis suggested an obvious ethnic difference in the association between MMP-9 C1562T polymorphisms and CAD. MMP-9 C1562T polymorphism was significantly related to CAD in East Asians. However, no significant associations were observed in either West Asians or Western populations.

Association between -1562C>T polymorphism in the promoter region of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis

AIMS

The present study was undertaken to determine the association between -1562C>T polymorphism in the promoter region of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk.

METHODS

This meta-analysis was on the basis of 26 studies that included 12,776 cases and 6371 controls, heterogeneity of which was assessed by the Q-statistic test and the I(2)-statistic test. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by sequentially omitting any single study and recalculating the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Funnel plots and Egger's test were performed to test the potential publication bias. All data were analyzed by using STATA version 12.0.

RESULTS

We found that -1562C>T polymorphism did not contribute to the risk of CAD in the overall results. But the stratified analysis by ethnicity indicated that -1562C>T polymorphism might decrease susceptibility to CAD in Asians (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-1.00; ph=0.956 for CC vs. CT+TT).

CONCLUSIONS

Our meta-analysis supports the fact that -1562C>T polymorphism may have association with CAD risk in Asian populations. But further larger studies are required to confirm our findings.

Association of MMP-9 gene polymorphisms with acute coronary syndrome in the Uygur population of China

BACKGROUND

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays a pivotal role in early atherosclerosis, vascular remodeling and development of atherosclerotic lesion. The potentially functional MMP-9 gene polymorphism may contribute to the susceptibility of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This study aimed to investigate the association between two single nucleotide polymorphisms (-1562C>T, R279Q) of the MMP-9 gene in patients with ACS in the Uygur population of China.

METHODS

This case-control study was composed of 361 ACS patients and 432 control subjects, who had undergone coronary angiography. Among the ACS patients, 162 (44.9%) had single-vessel disease, 145 (40.2%) had two-vessel disease, and 54 (14.9%) had three-vessel disease. The genotypes of the two selected SNPs were determined by the method of polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR). The relationship between the polymorphism of the MMP-9 gene and the severity of coronary arterial stenosis was analyzed.

RESULTS

Analysis of the two SNPs showed that the frequency of CT and TT genotypes in patients with ACS was significantly higher than that in the control group (ACS vs. controls; CT+TT: 25.5% vs. 15.8%, P=0.001). And the -1562 gene allele (C/T) was significantly associated with acute coronary syndrome (ACS vs. controls; C allele: 85.7% vs. 91.5%, T allele: 14.3% vs. 8.5%, P<0.001). But the frequencies of CT+TT and CC genotypes were not statistically different among ACS patients with one, two and three or more significantly diseased vessels (P=0.55). The R279Q polymorphism site with regard to the association with ACS was not significant (P>0.05). The presence of CT or TT genotypes, assuming codominant effect of the T allele, was independently associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease when adjustment was made for age, body mass index, smoking, hypertension and diabetes mellitus [odds ratio=1.737 (95% confidence interval, 1.337-2.257), P=0.018].

CONCLUSIONS

MMP-9-1562C>T polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility to ACS in the Uygur population of China. However, this mutation apparently is not related to the severity of coronary arterial stenosis. Another SNP (R279Q) polymorphism of MMP-9 is not significantly associated with the risk of ACS.

Matrix metalloproteinases in coronary artery disease

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a family of zinc-containing endoproteinases that degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) components. MMP have important roles in the development, physiology and pathology of cardiovascular system. Metalloproteases also play key roles in adverse cardiovascular remodeling, atherosclerotic plaque formation and plaque instability, vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and restenosis that lead to coronary artery disease (CAD), and progressive heart failure. The study of MMP in developing animal model cardiovascular systems has been helpful in deciphering numerous pathologic conditions in humans. Increased peripheral blood MMP-2 and MMP-9 in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) may be useful as noninvasive tests for detection of plaque vulnerability. MMP function can be modulated by certain pharmacological drugs that can be exploited for treatment of ACS. CAD is a polygenic disease and hundreds of genes contribute toward its predisposition. A large number of sequence variations in MMP genes have been identified. Case-control association studies have highlighted their potential association with CAD and its clinical manifestations. Although results thus far are inconsistent, meta-analysis has demonstrated that MMP-3 Glu45Lys and MMP-9 1562C/T gene polymorphisms were associated with CAD risk.

QRS widening rates and genetic polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases in a cohort of patients with chronic heart failure

BACKGROUND

QRS duration is considered to be an indicator of adverse outcome in patients with heart failure (HF), and genetic polymorphisms may be involved in this conductivity impairment. We studied the prognostic impact of the QRS widening rate (QRS-WR) on patients with HF and the influence of the matrix metalloproteinases gene polymorphisms on the QRS-WR.

METHODS

This prospective cohort study included 184 patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (LV ejection fraction [LVEF] < 45%). The QRS-WR was calculated as the difference between 2 electrocardiogram assessments (in ms) divided by the time elapsed between each evaluation (months). The MMP-1 -1607 1G/2G, MMP-2 -790G/T and -1575G/A, MMP-3 -1171 5A/6A, MMP-9 -1562 C/T and R279Q, and MMP-12 -82A/G polymorphisms were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.

RESULTS

Patients were predominantly white (68%) men (67%) in New York Heart Association functional classes I and II (77%). Patients with HF with a QRS-WR ≥ 0.5 ms/month had more HF-related deaths and more combined clinical events than those with a QRS-WR < 0.5 ms/month (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively). After adjusting for other covariates, the QRS-WR remained an independent predictor of combined clinical events (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.5; P = 0.02). The MMP-1 2G2G genotype was associated with nearly a 2-fold increase in QRS-WR (P = 0.03). Conversely, patients with the MMP-3 5A5A genotype and a nonischemic cause of HF were protected against QRS enlargement (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

QRS-WR retains prognostic value in patients with chronic HF receiving guideline-based pharmacologic treatment. MMP gene polymorphisms can influence the rate of QRS enlargement over time.

Association of genetic polymorphisms in matrix metalloproteinase-9 and coronary artery disease in the Chinese Han population: a case-control study

OBJECTIVE

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays an important role in inflammation and matrix degradation involved in atherosclerosis and plaque rupture. The T allele of rs3918242 has been reported to lead to a high promoter activity and associate with the extent of coronary artery disease (CAD). And some studies have reported that the G allele of rs17576 might be associated with CAD. The aim of this study was to assess the association between the polymorphisms of the MMP-9 gene and CAD in the Chinese Han population.

METHODS

This case-control study comprised 258 CAD cases and 153 controls from the Chinese Han Population. The genomic DNA of MMP-9 was isolated from whole blood. Polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to determine the rs3918242 and rs17576 genotypes in the MMP-9 gene and the total serum levels of MMP-9 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in both case and control groups.

RESULTS

Analysis of MMP-9 gene polymorphisms showed that the frequencies of the T allele and CT+TT genotypes of rs3918242 were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (p<0.05). However, the distribution of variant genotypes of rs17576 did not differ between the case and control groups (p>0.05). The total serum level of MMP-9 was significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (p<0.05). The subjects carrying T alleles in the CAD group had higher average serum MMP-9 levels compared with CC genotypes (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that the single-nucleotide polymorphism of rs3918242 in the MMP-9 gene is associated with CAD and high serum levels of MMP-9 are also associated with CAD in the Chinese Han population. Therefore, genetic variation of rs3918242 may participate in the development of CAD through influencing MMP-9 expression.

Meta-analysis of MMP9-562C/T and the risk of coronary heart disease

INTRODUCTION

Previous case-control studies have suggested that the -1562C/T and R279Q polymorphisms of the matrix metalloproteinase 9 gene (MMP9) are associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). However, other studies do not confirm these relationships. The objective is to assess these relationships using meta-analysis.

METHODS

Databases, including PubMed and ScienceDirect, were searched to access the genetic association studies. Then data were extracted. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Moreover, subgroup and sensitive analysis were performed.

RESULTS

The meta-analysis of the -1562C/T polymorphism included 12 studies with 8,336 cases and 3,984 controls. The -1562T allele was significantly associated with CHD (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08-1.45, p = 0.004). There was heterogeneity among the 12 studies (I2 = 61%, p = 0.003). The overall results were consistent and were not changed substantially by the removal of any data set. The meta-analysis of the R279Q polymorphism, including 6 studies with 6,983 cases and 3,282 controls, showed that the R279Q polymorphism was not associated with CHD (p = 0.16).

CONCLUSIONS

The synthesis of available evidence supports the fact that the MMP9 -1562C/T polymorphism is a risk factor for CHD.

Influence of gelatinase B polymorphic variants and its serum levels in atherosclerosis

AIM

Atherosclerosis, the underlying pathology of cardiovascular disease, is a common, multifactorial disorder with both genetic and environmental components as risk factors. Gelatinase B, also known as MMP-9, is one of the matrix metalloproteinases that is highly expressed in the disruption-prone regions of atherosclerotic plaques. It has been hypothesized that a genetic variation affecting the expression or activity of MMP-9 influences the susceptibility and progression of atherosclerosis. The present study aims to ascertain the polymorphic variants of the MMP-9 gene promoter and its serum levels, which contribute to interindividual differences in susceptibility to atherosclerosis. The study population consisted of 200 individuals who include 100 cases with angiographically recorded coronary artery disease (CAD) and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum levels of MMP-9 were determined in these subjects using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and polymorphic genotypes of MMP-9 were determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay.

RESULTS

The MMP-9 levels among subjects with the TT genotype for controls (12.21±2.39) and CAD (22.86±2.45) were significantly higher than that of CC genotype (controls 10.37±1.42 and CAD 16.44±7.99), and the values were intermediate for the CT genotype (control 11.21±2.01 and CAD 18.80±3.17) and found to be significant at p<0.01. Genotypic analysis of -1562C/T polymorphism among patients and controls showed higher T allele frequencies in the patient group (0.36) than in the controls (0.29).

CONCLUSIONS

It has been observed that increased MMP-9 expression in T allele carriers may contribute to the severity of coronary atherosclerosis. These findings not only are relevant to the understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis but also may provide a novel target for future development of predictive, preventive, and therapeutic measures.

Genetic polymorphism of MMP family and coronary disease susceptibility: a meta-analysis

The issue that genetic polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family is in association with coronary disease is controversial. So we did a meta-analysis to clarify it clearly. We made a literature search of PubMed, the Web of Science, and Cochrane Collaboration's database to identify eligible reports. The methodological quality of each included studies was assessed. We calculated the pooled ORs with their 95%CI for each genetic polymorphism in STATA 11 software. Separate analysis was performed to address the consistency of results across the subgroup with different continents. A total of 39 studies were included, with a sample of 42269 individuals. This meta-analysis provided evidence that genetic polymorphism of MMP1-1607 1G/2G, MMP3-Gly45lys, MMP3-376 G/C, MMP3-1171 5A/6A, MMP9-1562 C/T and MMP9-R279Q have a small to medium effect on incidence of coronary disease. There was no evidence that MMP1-519 A/G, MMP1-340 T/C and MMP2-1306 C/T polymorphism could increase risk of coronary disease. Results from subgroup analysis supported a relation between MMP3-1711 5A allele, MMP9-1562 C allele and coronary disease especially in Asian population. The results provide moderate association between the six common genetic polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase family and coronary disease. However, the challenge for researcher is identifying separate effect on different races.

Interaction between MMP-9 gene polymorphisms and smoking in relation to myocardial infarction in a Uighur population

OBJECTIVES

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) plays a pivotal role in early atherosclerosis, vascular remodeling, and development of arterial plaque rupture. The potentially functional MMP-9 gene polymorphism may contribute to the susceptibility of myocardial infarction (MI). We aimed to investigate the association between the interaction of 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms ([SNPs] -1562C>T and R279Q) of the MMP-9 gene and smoking with MI in a Uighur population of China.

METHODS

A case-control study composed of 384 coronary angiography proven patients with MI and 451 sex-matched and ethnically matched control participants were enrolled in the study. The genotypes of the 2 selected SNPs were determined by the method of polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).

RESULTS

Analysis of 2 SNPs, the frequency of -1562 CT and TT genotypes in MI group was significantly higher than in control group (25.52% vs 17.29%; P = .004). And the -1562 T allele showed significant association with MI (MI vs controls: 14.19% vs 9.31%; P = .002). R279Q locus did not show significant differences between patients and controls ( P > .05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that -1562 T allele (CT or TT genotype; odds ratio [OR] 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22-1.40; P = .004), the interaction between -1562 T allele and smoking (OR 4.42, 95% CI 2.74-7.13; P < .001), and the interaction between 279 Q allele and smoking (OR 2.07, 95% CI: 1.04-4.13; P = .021) were independent risk factors for MI.

CONCLUSIONS

There findings suggest that MMP-9 -1562C>T polymorphism could be associated with the susceptibility to MI. Another SNP (R279Q) polymorphism was not significantly associated with MI. The -1562C>T or R279Q polymorphism of MMP-9 gene and smoking have a synergistic effect and are significantly associated with the risk of MI in Chinese Uighur population, respectively.

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 functional promoter polymorphism 1562C>T increased risk of early-onset coronary artery disease

The Matrix metalloproteinase-9 functional promoter polymorphism 1562C>T may be considered an important genetic determinant of early-onset coronary artery disease (ECAD). In this study, association between MMP-9 1562C>T allele with plasma MMP-9 activity, homocysteine and lipid-lipoproteins level and ECAD in Iranian subjects was investigated. This case-control study consisted of 53 ECAD patients (age < 55 years) and unrelated late-onsets CAD (age>70 years) who angiographically had at least 50% stenosis. MMP-9 1562C>T polymorphism was detected by PCRRFLP, plasma MMP-9 activity, serum lipid and homocysteine levels were determined by gelatin gel zymography, enzyme assay and by HPLC, respectively. The presence of MMP-9 1562C>T allele was found to be associated with ECAD (OR=3.2, P=0.001). The ECAD patients with MMP-9 1562C>T allele had higher MMP-9 activity (P=0.001), LDL-C (P=0.045), TC (P=0.02) and homocysteine (P=0.01) levels than the LCAD subjects. MMP-9 1562C>T allele is a risk factor for ECAD. The carriers of this allele have high levels of MMP-9 activity, LDL-C, TC and homocysteine (P=0.01), thus, are more likely to develop myocardial infarction and CAD at young age (less than 55 years).

Tumor necrosis factor-α: investigation of gene polymorphism and regulation of TACE-TNF-α system in patients with acute myocardial infarction

A polymorphism within tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene promoter and contribution of TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) have been reported to be associated with TNF-α production which may increase susceptibility to heart failure such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the relationship between this polymorphism and susceptibility to AMI and the mechanism of TACE-TNF-α system regulation has poorly been studied. Genomic DNA and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with AMI and control subjects was extracted. The -308 G/A TNF-α polymorphism was detected. The mRNA transcription and protein expression levels of TNF-α and TACE were analyzed by real time RT-PCR and flow cytometry respectively as well as plasma TNF-α by ELISA. The 'A' allele frequency of TNF-α was significantly more frequent in the patients than controls (P < 0.001). There were statistically significant differences in TNF-α and TACE mRNA and protein levels as well as circulating TNF-α in the patients. However, these levels were higher in the patients who carry 'A' allele. There were significant positive correlation between these mRNAs and protein expression levels (r = 0.66, P < 0.001, r = 0.78, P < 0.001 respectively). These data suggest that genetic polymorphism in TNF-α might be helpful for determining susceptibility to AMI in Iranian patients. The TACE-TNF-α system in circulating leucocytes is stimulated which these results demonstrate that in patients with AMI, TACE expression in PBMC increases with TNF-α expression and processing of TNF-α in PBMC might be regulated by TACE at transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels in AMI.