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Soglia F, Bordini M, Mazzoni M, Zappaterra M, Di Nunzio M, Clavenzani P, Davoli R, Meluzzi A, Sirri F, Petracci M. The evolution of vimentin and desmin in Pectoralis major muscles of broiler chickens supports their essential role in muscle regeneration. Front Physiol 2022; 13:970034. [PMID: 36134328 PMCID: PMC9483144 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.970034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin (VIM) and desmin (DES) are muscle-specific proteins having crucial roles in maintaining the lateral organization and alignment of the sarcomeric structure during myofibrils’ regeneration. The present experiment was designed to ascertain the evolution of VIM and DES in Pectoralis major muscles (PM) of fast-growing (FG) and medium-growing (MG) meat-type chickens both at the protein and gene levels. MG broilers were considered as a control group whereas the evolution of VIM and DES over the growth period was evaluated in FG by collecting samples at different developmental stages (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days). After performing a preliminary classification of the samples based on their histological features, 5 PM/sampling time/genotype were selected for western blot, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and gene expression analyses. Overall, the findings obtained at the protein level mirrored those related to their encoding genes, although a potential time lag required to observe the consequences of gene expression was evident. The two- and 3-fold higher level of the VIM-based heterodimer observed in FG at d 21 and d 28 in comparison with MG of the same age might be ascribed to the beginning and progressive development of the regenerative processes. This hypothesis is supported by IHC highlighting the presence of fibers to co-expressing VIM and DES. In addition, gene expression analyses suggested that, unlike VIM common sequence, VIM long isoform may not be directly implicated in muscle regeneration. As for DES content, the fluctuating trends observed for both the native protein and its heterodimer in FG might be ascribed to its importance for maintaining the structural organization of the regenerating fibers. Furthermore, the higher expression level of the DES gene in FG in comparison with MG further supported its potential application as a marker of muscle fibers’ regeneration. In conclusion, the findings of the present research seem to support the existence of a relationship between the occurrence of muscle regeneration and the growth rate of meat-type chickens and corroborate the potential use of VIM and DES as molecular markers of these cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Soglia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Bordini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mazzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Zappaterra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Martina Zappaterra,
| | - Mattia Di Nunzio
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Clavenzani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Davoli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Adele Meluzzi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Petracci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Soglia F, Mazzoni M, Zappaterra M, Di Nunzio M, Babini E, Bordini M, Sirri F, Clavenzani P, Davoli R, Petracci M. Distribution and Expression of Vimentin and Desmin in Broiler Pectoralis major Affected by the Growth-Related Muscular Abnormalities. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1581. [PMID: 32009982 PMCID: PMC6978684 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmin (DES) and Vimentin (VIM) exert an essential role in maintaining muscle cytoarchitecture and since are considered reliable markers for muscle regeneration, their expression has been extensively investigated in dystrophic muscles. Thus, exhibiting features similar to those of human dystrophic muscles, the present study aimed at assessing the distribution of VIM and DES proteins and the expression of the corresponding genes in Pectoralis major muscles affected by white striping (WS), wooden breast (WB), and spaghetti meat (SM) abnormalities as well as in those having macroscopically normal appearance (NORM). For this purpose, 20 Pectoralis major muscles (5/group) were collected from the same flock of fast-growing broilers to perform immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and gene expression. Immunohistochemical analyses showed an increased number of fibers immunoreactive to both VIM and DES in WS and WB, while only a few immunoreactive fibers were observed in NORM. Concerning the protein level, if compared with NORM, a 55% increase in VIM content was found in WB affected cases (P < 0.05) thus suggesting the development of intense regenerative processes in an early-stage within these muscles. The significantly higher amount of DES (+53%) found in WS might be attributed to a progression of the regenerative processes that require its synthesis to preserve the structural organization of the developing fibers. On the other hand, significantly lower VIM and DES contents were found in SM. About gene expression, VIM mRNA levels gradually increased from the NORM to the SM group, with significantly higher gene expressions in WB and SM samples compared to the NORM group (P = 0.009 for WB vs. NORM and P = 0.004 for SM vs. NORM). Similarly, the expression of DES gene showed an increase from the NORM to WB group (P = 0.05). Overall, the findings of the present study suggest that intense regenerative processes take place in both WB and WS muscles although a different progression of regeneration might be hypothesized. On the other hand, the lack of correspondence between VIM gene expression and its protein product observed in SM suggests that VIM may also exert a role in the development of the SM phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Soglia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mazzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Zappaterra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Di Nunzio
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Babini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Bordini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Clavenzani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Davoli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Petracci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Vad-Nielsen J, Jakobsen KR, Daugaard TF, Thomsen R, Brügmann A, Sørensen BS, Nielsen AL. Regulatory dissection of the CBX5 and hnRNPA1 bi-directional promoter in human breast cancer cells reveals novel transcript variants differentially associated with HP1α down-regulation in metastatic cells. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:32. [PMID: 26791953 PMCID: PMC4721113 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The three members of the human heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) family of proteins, HP1α, HP1β, and HPγ, are involved in chromatin packing and epigenetic gene regulation. HP1α is encoded from the CBX5 gene and is a suppressor of metastasis. CBX5 is down-regulated at the transcriptional and protein level in metastatic compared to non-metastatic breast cancer. CBX5 shares a bi-directional promoter structure with the hnRNPA1 gene. But whereas CBX5 expression is down-regulated in metastatic cells, hnRNAP1 expression is constant. Here, we address the regulation of CBX5 in human breast cancer. METHODS Transient transfection and transposon mediated integration of dual-reporter mini-genes containing the bi-directional hnRNPA1 and CBX5 promoter was performed to investigate transcriptional regulation in breast cancer cell lines. Bioinformatics and functional analysis were performed to characterize transcriptional events specifically regulating CBX5 expression. TSA treatment and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were performed to investigate the chromatin structure along CBX5 in breast cancer cells. Finally, expression of hnRNPA1 and CBX5 mRNA isoforms were measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) in breast cancer tissue samples. RESULTS We demonstrate that an hnRNPA1 and CBX5 bi-directional core promoter fragment does not comprise intrinsic capacity for specific CBX5 down-regulation in metastatic cells. Characterization of transcriptional events in the 20 kb CBX5 intron 1 revealed existence of several novel CBX5 transcripts. Two of these encode consensus HP1α protein but used autonomous promoters in intron 1 by which HP1α expression could be de-coupled from the bi-directional promoter. In addition, another CBX5 transcriptional isoform, STET, was discovered. This transcript includes CBX5 exon 1 and part of intron 1 sequences but lacks inclusion of HP1α encoding exons. Inverse correlation between STET and HP1α coding CBX5 mRNA expression was observed in breast cancer cell lines and tissue samples from breast cancer patients. CONCLUSION We find that HP1α is down-regulated in a mechanism involving CBX5 promoter downstream sequences and that regulation through alternative polyadenylation and splicing generates a transcript, STET, with potential importance in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Vad-Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, The Bartholin building, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kristine Raaby Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, The Bartholin building, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Clinical-Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tina Fuglsang Daugaard
- Department of Biomedicine, The Bartholin building, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rune Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine, The Bartholin building, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anja Brügmann
- Department of Pathology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Boe Sandahl Sørensen
- Department of Clinical-Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Lade Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, The Bartholin building, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Head-to-head antisense transcription and R-loop formation promotes transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5785-90. [PMID: 25902512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421197112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms used by antisense transcripts to regulate their corresponding sense mRNAs are not fully understood. Herein, we have addressed this issue for the vimentin (VIM) gene, a member of the intermediate filament family involved in cell and tissue integrity that is deregulated in different types of cancer. VIM mRNA levels are positively correlated with the expression of a previously uncharacterized head-to-head antisense transcript, both transcripts being silenced in colon primary tumors concomitant with promoter hypermethylation. Furthermore, antisense transcription promotes formation of an R-loop structure that can be disfavored in vitro and in vivo by ribonuclease H1 overexpression, resulting in VIM down-regulation. Antisense knockdown and R-loop destabilization both result in chromatin compaction around the VIM promoter and a reduction in the binding of transcriptional activators of the NF-κB pathway. These results are the first examples to our knowledge of R-loop-mediated enhancement of gene expression involving head-to-head antisense transcription at a cancer-related locus.
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McLean JR, Smith GA, Rocha EM, Osborn TM, Dib S, Hayes MA, Beagan JA, Brown TB, Lawson TFS, Hallett PJ, Robertson J, Isacson O. ALS-associated peripherin spliced transcripts form distinct protein inclusions that are neuroprotective against oxidative stress. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:217-29. [PMID: 24907400 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular proteinaceous inclusions are well-documented hallmarks of the fatal motor neuron disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The pathological significance of these inclusions remains unknown. Peripherin, a type III intermediate filament protein, is upregulated in ALS and identified as a component within different types of ALS inclusions. The formation of these inclusions may be associated with abnormal peripherin splicing, whereby an increase in mRNA retaining introns 3 and 4 (Per-3,4) leads to the generation of an aggregation-prone isoform, Per-28. During the course of evaluating peripherin filament assembly in SW-13 cells, we identified that expression of both Per-3,4 and Per-28 transcripts formed inclusions with categorically distinct morphology: Per-3,4 was associated with cytoplasmic condensed/bundled filaments, small inclusions (<10μM), or large inclusions (≥10μM); while Per-28 was associated with punctate inclusions in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm. We found temporal and spatial changes in inclusion morphology between 12 and 48h post-transfected cells, which were accompanied by unique immunofluorescent and biochemical changes of other ALS-relevant proteins, including TDP-43 and ubiquitin. Despite mild cytotoxicity associated with peripherin transfection, Per-3,4 and Per-28 expression increased cell viability during H2O2-mediated oxidative stress in BE(2)-M17 neuroblastoma cells. Taken together, this study shows that ALS-associated peripherin isoforms form dynamic cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions, effect changes in local endogenous protein expression, and afford cytoprotection against oxidative stress. These findings may have important relevance to understanding the pathophysiological role of inclusions in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R McLean
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Gaynor A Smith
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Emily M Rocha
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Teresia M Osborn
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Samar Dib
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa A Hayes
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Beagan
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Tana B Brown
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Tristan F S Lawson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Janice Robertson
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
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Thomsen R, Pallesen J, Daugaard TF, Børglum AD, Nielsen AL. Genome wide assessment of mRNA in astrocyte protrusions by direct RNA sequencing reveals mRNA localization for the intermediate filament protein nestin. Glia 2013; 61:1922-37. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rune Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Jonatan Pallesen
- Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | | | - Anders D. Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- Center for Psychiatric Research; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Anders L. Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
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Su PH, Chen CC, Chang YF, Wong ZR, Chang KW, Huang BM, Yang HY. Identification and cytoprotective function of a novel nestin isoform, Nes-S, in dorsal root ganglia neurons. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8391-8404. [PMID: 23319587 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.408179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the first nestin isoform, Nes-S, was identified in neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of adult rats. Nes-S cannot form filaments by itself in cytoplasmic intermediate filament-free SW13 cells. Instead, it co-assembles into filaments with vimentin when transfected into vimentin(+) SW13 cells, and with peripherin and neurofilament proteins when transfected into N2a cells. In primary DRG neurons, endogenous Nes-S co-assembles with peripherin and neurofilament proteins. The expression of Nes-S first appears in DRG at postnatal day 5 and persists to adulthood. Among the adult tissues we examined, the expression of Nes-S is restricted to the sensory and motor neurons. Finally, exogenous Nes-S enhances viability when transfected into N2a cells, and knockdown of endogenous Nes-S impairs the survival of DRG neurons in primary cultures. Taken together, Nes-S is a new neuronal intermediate filament protein that exerts a cytoprotective function in mature sensory and motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Han Su
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fan Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Ruei Wong
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Yuan Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Roberg-Larsen H, Strand MF, Grimsmo A, Olsen PA, Dembinski JL, Rise F, Lundanes E, Greibrokk T, Krauss S, Wilson SR. High sensitivity measurements of active oxysterols with automated filtration/filter backflush-solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:291-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Madeira A, da Silva CL, dos Santos F, Camafeita E, Cabral JMS, Sá-Correia I. Human mesenchymal stem cell expression program upon extended ex-vivo cultivation, as revealed by 2-DE-based quantitative proteomics. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43523. [PMID: 22916271 PMCID: PMC3423346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been on the focus of intense clinical-oriented research due to their multilineage differentiation potential and immunomodulatory properties. However, to reach the clinically meaningful cell numbers for cellular therapy and tissue engineering applications, MSC ex-vivo expansion is mandatory but sequential cell passaging results in loss of proliferative, clonogenic and differentiation potential. To get clues into the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular senescence resulting from extended ex-vivo cultivation of bone marrow (BM) MSC, we explored a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) based quantitative proteomics to compare the expression programs of Passage 3 cells (P3), commonly used in clinical studies with expanded MSC, and Passage 7 (P7) cells, which already demonstrated significant signs of culture-induced senescence. Proteins of the functional categories "Structural components and cellular cytoskeleton" and "Folding and stress response proteins" are less abundant in P7 cells, compared to P3, while proteins involved in "Energy metabolism", "Cell cycle regulation and aging" and "Apoptosis" are more abundant. The large number of multiple size and charge isoforms with an altered content that were identified in this study in P7 versus P3, namely the cytoskeleton components β-actin (7 forms) and vimentin (24 forms), also emphasizes the importance of post-transcriptional modification upon long-term cultivation. The differential protein expression registered suggests that cellular senescence occurring during ex-vivo expansion of BM MSC is associated with the impairment of cytoskeleton remodeling and/or organization and the repair of damaged proteins resulting from cell exposure to culture stress. The genome-wide expression approach used in this study has proven useful for getting mechanistic insights into the observed decrease on the proliferative and clonogenic potential of P7 versus P3 cells and paves the way to set up a proteome profiling strategy for quality control to assure safe and clinically effective expanded MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Madeira
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia L. da Silva
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco dos Santos
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emilio Camafeita
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquim M. S. Cabral
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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Hyder CL, Isoniemi KO, Torvaldson ES, Eriksson JE. Insights into intermediate filament regulation from development to ageing. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1363-72. [PMID: 21502133 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.041244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins comprise a large family with more than 70 members. Initially, IFs were assumed to provide only structural reinforcement for the cell. However, IFs are now known to be dynamic structures that are involved in a wide range of cellular processes during all stages of life, from development to ageing, and during homeostasis and stress. This Commentary discusses some lesser-known functional and regulatory aspects of IFs. We specifically address the emerging roles of nestin in myogenesis and cancer cell migration, and examine exciting evidence on the regulation of nestin and lamin A by the notch signalling pathway, which could have repercussions for our understanding of the roles of IF proteins in development and ageing. In addition, we discuss the modulation of the post-translational modifications of neuronally expressed IFs and their protein-protein interactions, as well as IF glycosylation, which not only has a role in stress and ageing, but might also regulate IFs during development. Although many of these recent findings are still preliminary, they nevertheless open new doors to explore the functionality of the IF family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Hyder
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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11
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Maltman DJ, Brand S, Belau E, Paape R, Suckau D, Przyborski SA. Top-down label-free LC-MALDI analysis of the peptidome during neural progenitor cell differentiation reveals complexity in cytoskeletal protein dynamics and identifies progenitor cell markers. Proteomics 2011; 11:3992-4006. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Sølvsten C, Nielsen AL. FMR1 CGG repeat lengths mediate different regulation of reporter gene expression in comparative transient and locus specific integration assays. Gene 2011; 486:15-22. [PMID: 21767618 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene contains a polymorphic CGG trinucleotide repeat in the 5'-untranslated region. The repeat length in the normal population is between 5 and 54 repeats. A repeat length between 55 and 200 is defined as the pre-mutation repeat size. Elderly carriers of the pre-mutation can develop the progressive neurodegenerative disease Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). In FXTAS the FMR1 mRNA levels are increased and it is hypothesized that FXTAS is caused by a RNA gain of function mechanism. Repeat lengths beyond 200 CGGs are defined as the full-mutation and causes Fragile X-syndrome which is the most common inherited form of mental retardation. The full-mutation results in the absence of the FMR1 mRNA and protein, FMRP, through abnormal CpG methylation and FMR1 gene silencing. In this report we have used the Flp-In T-REx system to generate locus directed stable cell lines harboring the FMR1 5'-UTR with varying CGG repeat lengths in front of a reporter gene. By this system the influence of various CGG repeat lengths for reporter gene expression can be comparatively examined in cell lines where the only genetic difference is CGG repeat lengths. In such cell lines we find that a full-mutation CGG repeat confers inhibition of reporter gene expression, whereas a pre-mutation CGG repeat did not increase reporter gene expression. In transient transfection assays using the same expression vectors the pre-mutation and full-mutation CGG repeats increased reporter gene expression. This study shows that locus directed integration of model FMR1 CGG transgenes could be a new basic tool to further elucidating the basic molecular mechanisms behind transcriptional deregulation of the FMR1 gene in fragile X-syndrome and FXTAS.
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Thomsen R, Christensen DB, Rosborg S, Linnet TE, Blechingberg J, Nielsen AL. Analysis of HP1α regulation in human breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2011; 50:601-13. [PMID: 21374739 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The three mammalian HP1 proteins, HP1α/CBX5, HP1β/CBX1, and HPγ/CBX3, are involved in chromatin packing and gene regulation. The HP1α protein is down-regulated in invasive compared to non-invasive breast cancer cells and HP1α is a suppressor of cell migration and invasion. In this report, we examined the background for HP1α protein down-regulation in invasive breast cancer cells. We identified a strict correlation between HP1α down-regulation at the protein level and the mRNA level. The HP1α mRNA down-regulation in invasive cancer cells was not caused by mRNA destabilization. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of the HP1α gene showed a decrease in the histone mark for transcriptional activity H3-K36 tri-methylation and RNA polymerase II in invasive breast cancer cells which correlated with a decreased abundance of basal transcription factors at the HP1α promoter. E2F transcription factors regulate HP1α transcription and we identified that E2F5 depletion increased HP1α expression in invasive breast cancer cells. Finally, we have characterized two HP1α mRNA isoforms and both HP1α mRNA isoforms were down-regulated to a similar extend at the transcriptional level in invasive breast cancer cells. Collectively the presented results show that HP1α down-regulation in invasive breast cancer cells is primary a transcriptional effect and demonstrates a novel set of mechanisms involved in HP1α transcriptional regulation. The finding that HP1α is down-regulated primarily at the transcriptional level provides a new insight for the further elucidation of the detailed molecular mechanisms causing the HP1α down-regulation in invasive breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Thomsen
- Department of Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Langbein L, Eckhart L, Rogers MA, Praetzel-Wunder S, Schweizer J. Against the rules: human keratin K80: two functional alternative splice variants, K80 and K80.1, with special cellular localization in a wide range of epithelia. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:36909-21. [PMID: 20843789 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.161745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the 54 human keratins, five members have, at present, only been characterized at the gene level. In this study we have investigated the expression patterns of keratin K80, whose gene is located at the centromeric end of the type II keratin gene domain. K80 possesses a number of highly unusual properties. Structurally, it is distinctly closer to type II hair keratins than to type II epithelial keratins. Nonetheless, it is found in virtually all types of epithelia (stratified keratinizing/non-keratinizing, hard-keratinizing, as well as non-stratified tissues, and cell cultures thereof). This conspicuously broad expression range implies an unprecedented in vivo promiscuity of K80, which involves more than 20 different type I partners for intermediate filament (IF) formation. Throughout, K80 expression is related to advanced tissue or cell differentiation. However, instead of being part of the cytoplasmic IF network, K80 containing IFs are located at the cell margins close to the desmosomal plaques, where they are tightly interlaced with the cytoplasmic IF bundles abutting there. In contrast, in cells entering terminal differentiation, K80 adopts the "conventional" cytoplasmic distribution. In evolutionary terms, K80 is one of the oldest keratins, demonstrable down to fish. In addition, KRT80 mRNA is subject to alternative splicing. Besides K80, we describe a smaller but fully functional splice variant K80.1, which arose only during mammalian evolution. Remarkably, unlike the widely expressed K80, the expression of K80.1 is restricted to soft and hard keratinizing epithelial structures of the hair follicle and the filiform tongue papilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Langbein
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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