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Liu L, Liu X, Bai Z, Tanveer M, Zhang Y, Chen W, Shabala S, Huang L. Small but powerful: RALF peptides in plant adaptive and developmental responses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 343:112085. [PMID: 38588983 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Plants live in a highly dynamic environment and require to rapidly respond to a plethora of environmental stimuli, so that to maintain their optimal growth and development. A small plant peptide, rapid alkalization factor (RALF), can rapidly increase the pH value of the extracellular matrix in plant cells. RALFs always function with its corresponding receptors. Mechanistically, effective amount of RALF is induced and released at the critical period of plant growth and development or under different external environmental factors. Recent studies also highlighted the role of RALF peptides as important regulators in plant intercellular communications, as well as their operation in signal perception and as ligands for different receptor kinases on the surface of the plasma membrane, to integrate various environmental cues. In this context, understanding the fine-print of above processes may be essential to solve the problems of crop adaptation to various harsh environments under current climate trends scenarios, by genetic means. This paper summarizes the current knowledge about the structure and diversity of RALF peptides and their roles in plant development and response to stresses, highlighting unanswered questions and problems to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Liu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xing Liu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhenkun Bai
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mohsin Tanveer
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China; School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia.
| | - Liping Huang
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
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2
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Jia Y, Li Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Comparative Analysis of RALF Gene Family in Legume and Non-Legume Species. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108842. [PMID: 37240187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) are small secreted peptide hormones that can induce rapid alkalinization in a medium. They act as signaling molecules in plants, playing a critical role in plant development and growth, especially in plant immunity. Although the function of RALF peptides has been comprehensively analyzed, the evolutionary mechanism of RALFs in symbiosis has not been studied. In this study, 41, 24, 17 and 12 RALFs were identified in Arabidopsis, soybean, Lotus and Medicago, respectively. A comparative analysis including the molecular characteristics and conserved motifs suggested that the RALF pre-peptides in soybean represented a higher value of isoelectric point and more conservative motifs/residues composition than other species. All 94 RALFs were divided into two clades according to the phylogenetic analysis. Chromosome distribution and synteny analysis suggested that the expansion of the RALF gene family in Arabidopsis mainly depended on tandem duplication, while segment duplication played a dominant role in legume species. The expression levels of most RALFs in soybean were significantly affected by the treatment of rhizobia. Seven GmRALFs are potentially involved in the release of rhizobia in the cortex cells. Overall, our research provides novel insights into the understanding of the role of the RALF gene family in nodule symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Youguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
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3
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Dong B, Yang Q, Song Z, Niu L, Cao H, Liu T, Du T, Yang W, Qi M, Chen T, Wang M, Jin H, Meng D, Fu Y. Hyperoside promotes pollen tube growth by regulating the depolymerization effect of actin-depolymerizing factor 1 on microfilaments in okra. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:145. [PMID: 34193835 PMCID: PMC8245483 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mature pollen germinates rapidly on the stigma, extending its pollen tube to deliver sperm cells to the ovule for fertilization. The success of this process is an important factor that limits output. The flavonoid content increased significantly during pollen germination and pollen tube growth, which suggests it may play an important role in these processes. However, the specific mechanism of this involvement has been little researched. Our previous research found that hyperoside can prolong the flowering period of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra), but its specific mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the effect of hyperoside in regulating the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF), which further affects the germination and growth of pollen. We found that hyperoside can prolong the effective pollination period of okra by 2-3-fold and promote the growth of pollen tubes in the style. Then, we used Nicotiana benthamiana cells as a research system and found that hyperoside accelerates the depolymerization of intercellular microfilaments. Hyperoside can promote pollen germination and pollen tube elongation in vitro. Moreover, AeADF1 was identified out of all AeADF genes as being highly expressed in pollen tubes in response to hyperoside. In addition, hyperoside promoted AeADF1-mediated microfilament dissipation according to microfilament severing experiments in vitro. In the pollen tube, the gene expression of AeADF1 was reduced to 1/5 by oligonucleotide transfection. The decrease in the expression level of AeADF1 partially reduced the promoting effect of hyperoside on pollen germination and pollen tube growth. This research provides new research directions for flavonoids in reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Zhihua Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Hongyan Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Tengyue Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Tingting Du
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Wanlong Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Meng Qi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Mengying Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Haojie Jin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Dong Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China.
| | - Yujie Fu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150000, China.
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Loubert-Hudon A, Mazin BD, Chevalier É, Matton DP. The ScRALF3 secreted peptide is involved in sporophyte to gametophyte signalling and affects pollen mitosis I. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:13-20. [PMID: 31529608 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Signalling events through small peptides are essential in multiple aspects of plant reproduction. The ScRALF3 Solanum chacoense Rapid Alkalinization Factor (RALF) peptide was previously shown to regulate multiple aspects of cell-cell communication between the surrounding sporophytic tissue and the female gametophyte during ovule development. We analysed the global expression pattern of ScRALF3 with GUS reporter gene under control of the ScRALF3 promoter and validated it with in situ hybridisation. To better understand the role of ScRALF3 we used three different RNA interference (RNAi) lines that reduced the expression of ScRALF3 during pollen development. Both expression methods showed the presence of ScRALF3 in different tissues, including stigma, style, vascular tissues and during stamen development. Down-regulation of ScRALF3 expression through RNAi showed drastic defects in early stages of pollen development, mainly on the first mitosis. These results suggest that the ScRALF3 secreted peptide regulates the transition from sporogenesis to gametogenesis in both male and female gametophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Loubert-Hudon
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - B D Mazin
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - É Chevalier
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - D P Matton
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada
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Frederick RO, Haruta M, Tonelli M, Lee W, Cornilescu G, Cornilescu CC, Sussman MR, Markley JL. Function and solution structure of the Arabidopsis thaliana RALF8 peptide. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1115-1126. [PMID: 31004454 PMCID: PMC6511734 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the recombinant preparation from Escherichia coli cells of samples of two closely related, small, secreted cysteine-rich plant peptides: rapid alkalinization factor 1 (RALF1) and rapid alkalinization factor 8 (RALF8). Purified samples of the native sequence of RALF8 exhibited well-resolved nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and also biological activity through interaction with a plant receptor kinase, cytoplasmic calcium mobilization, and in vivo root growth suppression. By contrast, RALF1 could only be isolated from inclusion bodies as a construct containing an N-terminal His-tag; its poorly resolved NMR spectrum was indicative of aggregation. We prepared samples of the RALF8 peptide labeled with 15 N and 13 C for NMR analysis and obtained near complete 1 H, 13 C, and 15 N NMR assignments; determined the disulfide pairing of its four cysteine residues; and examined its solution structure. RALF8 is mostly disordered except for the two loops spanned by each of its two disulfide bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie O. Frederick
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility at MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706
| | - Miyoshi Haruta
- Biotechnology CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706
| | - Marco Tonelli
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility at MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706
| | - Woonghee Lee
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility at MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706
| | - Gabriel Cornilescu
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility at MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706
| | - Claudia C. Cornilescu
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility at MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706
| | - Michael R. Sussman
- Biotechnology CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706
| | - John L. Markley
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility at MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706
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6
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Mecchia MA, Santos-Fernandez G, Duss NN, Somoza SC, Boisson-Dernier A, Gagliardini V, Martínez-Bernardini A, Fabrice TN, Ringli C, Muschietti JP, Grossniklaus U. RALF4/19 peptides interact with LRX proteins to control pollen tube growth in
Arabidopsis. Science 2017; 358:1600-1603. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aao5467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Timing a switch in tissue integrity
In plants, sperm cells travel through the pollen tube as it grows toward the ovule. Successful fertilization depends on the pollen tube rupturing to release the sperm cells (see the Perspective by Stegmann and Zipfel). Ge
et al.
and Mecchia
et al.
elucidated the intercellular cross-talk that maintains pollen tube integrity during growth but destroys it at just the right moment. The signaling peptides RALF4 and RALF19, derived from the pollen tube, maintain its integrity as it grows. Once in reach of the ovule, a related signaling peptide, RALF34, which derives from female tissues, takes over and causes rupture of the pollen tube.
Science
, this issue p.
1596
, p.
1600
; see also p.
1544
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. Mecchia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gorka Santos-Fernandez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadine N. Duss
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sofía C. Somoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Valeria Gagliardini
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Martínez-Bernardini
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tohnyui Ndinyanka Fabrice
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Ringli
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jorge P. Muschietti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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Cao J, Shi F. Evolution of the RALF Gene Family in Plants: Gene Duplication and Selection Patterns. Evol Bioinform Online 2012; 8:271-92. [PMID: 22745530 PMCID: PMC3382376 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s9652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs) are plant small peptides that could induce a rapid pH increase in the medium of plant cell suspension culture and play a critical role in plant development. The evolutionary process of the RALF gene family remains unclear. To obtain details of the phylogeny of these genes, this study characterized RALF genes in Arabidopsis, rice, poplar and maize. Phylogenetic trees, evolutionary patterns and molecular evolutionary rates were used to elucidate the evolutionary process of this gene family. In addition, the different signatures of selection, expression patterns, and subcellular localization of RALFs were also analyzed. We found that the RALF gene family had a rapid birth process after the separation of the eudicot and monocot species about 145 million years ago, that tandem duplication played a dominant role in the expansion of Arabidopsis and rice RALF gene family, and that RALFs were under purifying selection according to estimations of the substitution rates of these genes. We also identified a diverse expression pattern of RALF genes and predominant extracellular localization feature of RALF proteins. Our findings shed light on several key differences in RALF gene family evolution among the plant species, which may provide a scaffold for future functional analysis of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Institute of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang (212013), Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Feng Shi
- Shandong Lvdu Bio-technique Industry, 169# Huanghe 2 Road, Binzhou (256600), Shandong, PR China
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8
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Mayer KF, Martis M, Hedley PE, Šimková H, Liu H, Morris JA, Steuernagel B, Taudien S, Roessner S, Gundlach H, Kubaláková M, Suchánková P, Murat F, Felder M, Nussbaumer T, Graner A, Salse J, Endo T, Sakai H, Tanaka T, Itoh T, Sato K, Platzer M, Matsumoto T, Scholz U, Doležel J, Waugh R, Stein N. Unlocking the barley genome by chromosomal and comparative genomics. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:1249-63. [PMID: 21467582 PMCID: PMC3101540 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.082537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We used a novel approach that incorporated chromosome sorting, next-generation sequencing, array hybridization, and systematic exploitation of conserved synteny with model grasses to assign ~86% of the estimated ~32,000 barley (Hordeum vulgare) genes to individual chromosome arms. Using a series of bioinformatically constructed genome zippers that integrate gene indices of rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and Brachypodium distachyon in a conserved synteny model, we were able to assemble 21,766 barley genes in a putative linear order. We show that the barley (H) genome displays a mosaic of structural similarity to hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) A, B, and D subgenomes and that orthologous genes in different grasses exhibit signatures of positive selection in different lineages. We present an ordered, information-rich scaffold of the barley genome that provides a valuable and robust framework for the development of novel strategies in cereal breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus F.X. Mayer
- Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences/Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mihaela Martis
- Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences/Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pete E. Hedley
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland DD25DA, United Kingdom
| | - Hana Šimková
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, 77200 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hui Liu
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland DD25DA, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny A. Morris
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland DD25DA, United Kingdom
| | - Burkhard Steuernagel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Stefan Taudien
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Roessner
- Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences/Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heidrun Gundlach
- Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences/Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marie Kubaláková
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, 77200 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Suchánková
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, 77200 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Florent Murat
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Clermont-Ferrand, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Blaise Pascal 1095, Amélioration et Santé des Plantes, Domaine de Crouelle, Clermont-Ferrand 63100, France
| | - Marius Felder
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Nussbaumer
- Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences/Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Graner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jerome Salse
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Clermont-Ferrand, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Blaise Pascal 1095, Amélioration et Santé des Plantes, Domaine de Crouelle, Clermont-Ferrand 63100, France
| | - Takashi Endo
- Kyoto University, Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sakai
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Takeshi Itoh
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Okayama University, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Matthias Platzer
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Uwe Scholz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, 77200 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland DD25DA, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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9
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Pearce G, Yamaguchi Y, Munske G, Ryan CA. Structure-activity studies of RALF, Rapid Alkalinization Factor, reveal an essential--YISY--motif. Peptides 2010; 31:1973-7. [PMID: 20800638 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rapid Alkalinization Factor (RALF) is a 49-amino acid peptide initially isolated from tobacco leaves that is capable of arresting both root and pollen tube growth. With suspension cells, addition of RALF causes an elevation of the pH of the extracellular media, caused by the blockage of a proton pump. RALF associates with a putative receptor(s) on the surface of the plant cell, initiating a signal transduction pathway. Although the exact function(s) of RALFs are unknown, its presence throughout the plant kingdom attests to its importance in some type of basic regulatory role. In the present study, deletion and substitution analyses of RALF reveal a specific - YISY - motif located at positions 5 through 8 from the N-terminus, highly conserved within the plant kingdom, which is a requirement for productive binding of RALF to its putative receptor. Replacement of isoleucine with alanine in the - YISY - motif caused a severe reduction in alkalinization of suspension cell media and a loss of root growth inhibition with tomato seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Pearce
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA.
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