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Liang Q, Liu Z, Liang Z, Zhu C, Li D, Kong Q, Mou H. Development strategies and application of antimicrobial peptides as future alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172150. [PMID: 38580107 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The use of in-feed antibiotics has been widely restricted due to the significant environmental pollution and food safety concerns they have caused. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted widespread attention as potential future alternatives to in-feed antibiotics owing to their demonstrated antimicrobial activity and environment friendly characteristics. However, the challenges of weak bioactivity, immature stability, and low production yields of natural AMPs impede practical application in the feed industry. To address these problems, efforts have been made to develop strategies for approaching the AMPs with enhanced properties. Herein, we summarize approaches to improving the properties of AMPs as potential alternatives to in-feed antibiotics, mainly including optimization of structural parameters, sequence modification, selection of microbial hosts, fusion expression, and industrially fermentation control. Additionally, the potential for application of AMPs in animal husbandry is discussed. This comprehensive review lays a strong theoretical foundation for the development of in-feed AMPs to achieve the public health globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Zhemin Liu
- Fundamental Science R&D Center of Vazyme Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Ziyu Liang
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Changliang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Dongyu Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Qing Kong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Haijin Mou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China.
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Daneshi M, Caton JS, Caixeta LS, Eftekhari Z, Ward AK. Expression, Regulation, and Function of β-Defensins in the Bovine Mammary Glands: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3372. [PMID: 37958127 PMCID: PMC10650070 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Defensins are cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that play an important role in the innate immune defense of bovines. They are constitutively expressed in mammary glands and induced differently in response to pathogens. Their expression is influenced by various factors, including hormones, plant-derived compounds, and dietary energy imbalance. The toll-like receptors (TLRs)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway plays a crucial role in β-defensin induction, while alternative pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and epigenetic regulation also make substantial contributions. β-Defensins exhibit bactericidal activity against a wide range of pathogens, including two major mastitis pathogens, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), primarily through membrane disruption. β-Defensins have low cytotoxicity to host cells and demonstrate immunomodulatory properties, and pathogens also display minimal resistance to these AMPs. Given the increasing concern in antimicrobial resistance, the potential of β-defensins as natural antimicrobials has garnered considerable attention. This article provides an overview of the characteristics of bovine β-defensins, their expression pathways, their mode of action, and factors influencing their expression in the mammary glands of cattle. Additionally, it identifies the current gaps in research within this field and suggests areas that require further investigation. Understanding the regulation and function of β-defensins offers valuable insights to develop effective strategies for strengthening the immune system of mammary glands, reducing the reliance on synthetic antimicrobials, and explore novel natural antimicrobial alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Daneshi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Joel S. Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Luciano S. Caixeta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Zohre Eftekhari
- Biotechnology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Alison K. Ward
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
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Sampaio de Oliveira KB, Leite ML, Rodrigues GR, Duque HM, da Costa RA, Cunha VA, de Loiola Costa LS, da Cunha NB, Franco OL, Dias SC. Strategies for recombinant production of antimicrobial peptides with pharmacological potential. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:367-390. [PMID: 32357080 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1764347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The need to develop new drugs for the control of pathogenic microorganisms has redoubled efforts to prospect for antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from natural sources and to characterize its structure and function. These molecules present a broad spectrum of action against different microorganisms and frequently present promiscuous action, with anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Furthermore, AMPs can be used as biopharmaceuticals in the treatment of hospital-acquired infections and other serious diseases with relevant social and economic impacts.Areas covered: The low yield and the therefore difficult extraction and purification process in AMPs are problems that limit their industrial application and scientific research. Thus, optimized heterologous expression systems were developed to significantly boost AMP yields, allow high efficiency in purification and structural optimization for the increase of therapeutic activity.Expert opinion: This review provides an update on recent developments in the recombinant production of ribosomal and non-ribosomal synthesis of AMPs and on strategies to increase the expression of genes encoding AMPs at the transcriptional and translational levels and regulation of the post-translational modifications. Moreover, there are detailed reports of AMPs that have already reached marketable status or are in the pipeline under advanced stages of preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Botelho Sampaio de Oliveira
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil
| | - Michel Lopes Leite
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil
| | - Gisele Regina Rodrigues
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil
| | - Harry Morales Duque
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Andrade da Costa
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil
| | - Victor Albuquerque Cunha
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil
| | - Lorena Sousa de Loiola Costa
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nicolau Brito da Cunha
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil
| | - Octavio Luiz Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil.,Universidade de Brasília, Pós-graduação em Patologia Molecular, Campus Darcy Ribeiro , Brasília, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco , Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Simoni Campos Dias
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil.,Universidade de Brasília, Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Campus Darcy Ribeiro , Brasília, Brazil
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4
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Aghaei S, Saffar B, Ghaedi K, Mobini Dehkordi M. Functional analysis of recombinant codon-optimized bovine neutrophil β-defensin. J Adv Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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ŞABABOĞLU E, TÜRÜTOĞLU H. HAYVANLARDA DEFENSİNLER VE ÖZELLİKLERİ. MEHMET AKIF ERSOY ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2016. [DOI: 10.24880/maeuvfd.260788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Díaz-Murillo V, Medina-Estrada I, López-Meza JE, Ochoa-Zarzosa A. Defensin γ-thionin from Capsicum chinense has immunomodulatory effects on bovine mammary epithelial cells during Staphylococcus aureus internalization. Peptides 2016; 78:109-18. [PMID: 26939717 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
β-Defensins are members of the antimicrobial peptide superfamily that are produced in various species from different kingdoms, including plants. Plant defensins exhibit primarily antifungal activities, unlike those from animals that exhibit a broad-spectrum antimicrobial action. Recently, immunomodulatory roles of mammal β-defensins have been observed to regulate inflammation and activate the immune system. Similar roles for plant β-defensins remain unknown. In addition, the regulation of the immune system by mammalian β-defensins has been studied in humans and mice models, particularly in immune cells, but few studies have investigated these peptides in epithelial cells, which are in intimate contact with pathogens. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the chemically synthesized β-defensin γ-thionin from Capsicum chinense on the innate immune response of bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) infected with Staphylococcus aureus, the primary pathogen responsible for bovine mastitis, which is capable of living within bMECs. Our results indicate that γ-thionin at 0.1 μg/ml was able to reduce the internalization of S. aureus into bMECs (∼50%), and it also modulates the innate immune response of these cells by inducing the mRNA expression (∼5-fold) and membrane abundance (∼3-fold) of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), as well as by inducing genes coding for the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β (∼14 and 8-fold, respectively) before and after the bacterial infection. γ-Thionin also induces the expression of the mRNA of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (∼12-fold). Interestingly, the reduction in bacterial internalization coincides with the production of other antimicrobial products by bMECs, such as NO before infection, and the secretion into the medium of the endogenous antimicrobial peptide DEFB1 after infection. The results from this work support the potential use of β-defensins from plants as immunomodulators of the mammalian innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Díaz-Murillo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, C.P. 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ivan Medina-Estrada
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, C.P. 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Joel E López-Meza
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, C.P. 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Ochoa-Zarzosa
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, C.P. 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico, Mexico.
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7
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Zeng Y, Xiang J, Lu Y, Chen Y, Wang T, Gong G, Wang L, Li X, Chen S, Sha Z. sghC1q, a novel C1q family member from half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis): identification, expression and analysis of antibacterial and antiviral activities. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:151-163. [PMID: 25312696 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The C1q family includes many proteins that contain a globular (gC1q) domain, and this family is widely conserved from bacteria to mammals. The family is divided into three subgroups: C1q, C1q-like and ghC1q. In this study, a novel C1q family member, sghC1q, was cloned and identified from Cynoglossus semilaevis (named CssghC1q). The full-length CssghC1q cDNA spans 905 bp, including an open reading frame (ORF) of 768 bp, a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 25 bp and a 3'-UTR of 112 bp. The ORF encodes a putative protein of 255 amino acids (aa) with a deduced molecular weight of 28 kDa. The predicted protein contains a signal peptide (aa 1-19), a coiled-coil region (aa 61-102) and a globular C1q (gC1q) domain (aa 117-255). Protein sequence alignment indicated that the C-terminus of CssghC1q is highly conserved across several species. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CssghC1q is most closely related to Maylandia zebra C1q-like-2-like. The CssghC1q genomic sequence spanned 1562 bp, with three exons and two introns. CssghC1q is constitutively expressed in all evaluated tissues, with the highest expression in the liver and the weakest in the heart. After a challenge with Vibrio anguillarum, CssghC1q transcript levels exhibited distinct time-dependent response patterns in the blood, head kidney, skin, spleen, intestine and liver. Recombinant CssghC1q protein exhibited antimicrobial activities against Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and viruses. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio anguillarum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were 0.043 mg/mL, 0.087 mg/mL, 0.174 mg/mL and 0.025 mg/mL, respectively. A low concentration (0.06 mg/mL) of CssghC1q showed significant antiviral activity in vitro against nervous necrosis virus (NNV). These results suggest that CssghC1q plays a vital role in immune defense against bacteria and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zeng
- Key Lab for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jinsong Xiang
- Key Lab for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Lab for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Key Lab for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tianzi Wang
- Key Lab for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Guangye Gong
- Key Lab for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Lab for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Xihong Li
- Key Lab for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Songlin Chen
- Key Lab for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhenxia Sha
- Key Lab for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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8
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Cloning, expression and characterization of antimicrobial porcine β defensin 1 in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 88:47-53. [PMID: 23220638 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine β defensin 1 (pBD1) is a cationic antimicrobial peptide with three pairs of disulfide bonds. When expressed in insect cells, two polypeptides of different length (pBD1(38) and pBD1(42)) accumulated, which differed by N-terminal truncation. However, only pBD1(42) was found in pigs. pBD1(42) had stronger antimicrobial activity than pBD1(38), and thus could be a good candidate as a bactericidal agent for pigs. In this study, pBD1(42) gene, obtained by RT-PCR using the tongue total RNA as a template, was cloned into pET30a expression vector and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) plysS. The recombinant pBD1(42) was expressed after induction by IPTG and purified by His tag affinity column with 90% purity. The recombinant pBD1(42) exhibited antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative E. coli including the multi-resistant E. coli. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of recombinant pBD1(42) against tested bacteria were 100 μg/mL for E. coli and 80 μg/mL for S. aureus. In addition, pBD1(42) showed low hemolytic activity and high thermal stability. These properties are relevant for the biotechnological applications of the peptide.
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Parachin NS, Mulder KC, Viana AAB, Dias SC, Franco OL. Expression systems for heterologous production of antimicrobial peptides. Peptides 2012; 38:446-56. [PMID: 23022589 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) consist of molecules that act on the defense systems of numerous organisms toward multiple pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. These compounds have become extremely significant due to the increasing resistance of microorganisms to common antibiotics. However, the low quantity of peptides obtained from direct purification is, to date, still a remarkable bottleneck for scientific and industrial research development. Therefore, this review describes the main heterologous systems currently used for AMP production, including bacteria, fungi and plants, and also the related strategies for reaching greater functional peptide production. The main difficulties of each system are also described in order to provide some directions for AMP production. In summary, data revised here indicate that large-scale production of AMPs can be obtained using biotechnological tools, and the products may be applied in the pharmaceutical industry as well as in agribusiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Skorupa Parachin
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Silva ON, Mulder KCL, Barbosa AEAD, Otero-Gonzalez AJ, Lopez-Abarrategui C, Rezende TMB, Dias SC, Franco OL. Exploring the pharmacological potential of promiscuous host-defense peptides: from natural screenings to biotechnological applications. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:232. [PMID: 22125552 PMCID: PMC3222093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the number of bacteria with enhanced resistance to conventional antibiotics has dramatically increased. Most of such bacteria belong to regular microbial flora, becoming a real challenge, especially for immune-depressed patients. Since the treatment is sometimes extremely expensive, and in some circumstances completely inefficient for the most severe cases, researchers are still determined to discover novel compounds. Among them, host-defense peptides (HDPs) have been found as the first natural barrier against microorganisms in nearly all living groups. This molecular class has been gaining attention every day for multiple reasons. For decades, it was believed that these defense peptides had been involved only with the permeation of the lipid bilayer in pathogen membranes, their main target. Currently, it is known that these peptides can bind to numerous targets, as well as lipids including proteins and carbohydrates, from the surface to deep within the cell. Moreover, by using in vivo models, it was shown that HDPs could act both in pathogens and cognate hosts, improving immunological functions as well as acting through multiple pathways to control infections. This review focuses on structural and functional properties of HDP peptides and the additional strategies used to select them. Furthermore, strategies to avoid problems in large-scale manufacture by using molecular and biochemical techniques will also be explored. In summary, this review intends to construct a bridge between academic research and pharmaceutical industry, providing novel insights into the utilization of HDPs against resistant bacterial strains that cause infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmar N Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises Protômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília Brasília, Brazil
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Liu X, Ju Z, Wang L, Zhang Y, Huang J, Li Q, Li J, Zhong J, An L, Wang C. Six novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms in SPAG11 gene and their association with sperm quality traits in Chinese Holstein bulls. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 129:14-21. [PMID: 22030336 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sperm-associated antigen 11 (SPAG11) is predominant in the male reproductive tract. Similar to β-defensin, aside from its antibacterial activity, SPAG11 also has an important role in male reproductive function. In the present study, the association of bovine SPAG11 gene polymorphism with sperm quality traits was examined, including ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, fresh sperm motility, post-thaw cryopreserved sperm motility, and deformity rate of bull semen. Six novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the SPGA11 gene were investigated in 426 normal mature Chinese Holstein bulls using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP), PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), created restriction site-PCR (CRS-PCR), and DNA sequencing methods. Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that g.1306G>A and g.1454G>A (SNP-1), and g.16904G>T, g.16974C>T, and g.17000A>G (SNP-2) are completely linked, respectively. Correlation analysis showed the SNP-2 marker had a marked effect on fresh sperm motility and sperm concentration (P<0.05). SNP-3 g.22696T>C had a marked effect on post-thaw cryopreserved sperm motility (P<0.05) and deformity rate (P<0.01). However, the presence of SNP-1 was not correlated with the sperm production traits (P>0.05). Furthermore, association analyses of the 8 haplotypes constructed from the 17 combined haplotypes and reproductive traits showed that the bulls with the combined haplotype H5H6 (GGT/TTC) have the highest ejaculate volumes and the bulls with combined haplotypes H1H1 (AAT/TTT) and H1H6 (AGT/TTC) had the highest fresh and post-thaw sperm motilities, respectively. These results indicate that new molecular markers associated with sperm quality traits can be used in marker-assisted selection in bull breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Liu
- Laboratory of Dairy Cattle Reproduction, Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, PR China
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