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Gamma irradiation mediated production improvement of some myco-fabricated nanoparticles and exploring their wound healing, anti-inflammatory and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potentials. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1629. [PMID: 36717680 PMCID: PMC9887004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current scenario, scaling up the microbial production of nanoparticles with diverse biological applications is an emerging prospect for NPs' sustainable industry. Thus, this paper was conducted to develop a suitable applicative process for the myco-fabrication of cobalt-ferrite (CoFeNPs), selenium (SeNPs), and zinc oxide (ZnONPs) nanoparticles. A strain improvement program using gamma irradiation mutagenesis was applied to improve the NPs-producing ability of the fungal strains. The achieved yields of CoFeNPs, SeNPs, and ZnONPs were intensified by a 14.47, 7.85, and 22.25-fold increase from the initial yield following gamma irradiation and isolation of stable mutant strains. The myco-fabricated CoFeNPs, SeNPs, and ZnONPs were then exploited to study their wound healing, and anti-inflammatory. In addition, the acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities of the myco-fabricated NPs were evaluated and analyzed by molecular docking. The obtained results confirmed the promising wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition potentials of the three types of NPs. Additionally, data from analyzing the interaction of NPs with acetylcholinesterase enzyme by molecular docking were in conformation with the experimental data.
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Hazaa MA, Shebl MM, El-Sayed ESR, Mahmoud SR, Khattab AA, Amer MM. Bioprospecting endophytic fungi for antifeedants and larvicides and their enhancement by gamma irradiation. AMB Express 2022; 12:120. [PMID: 36114376 PMCID: PMC9481848 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The search and discovery of new natural products with antifeedant and larvicidal potentials to mitigate harmful insects are scientific pressing issues in the modern agriculture. In this paper, the antifeedant and larvicidal potentials of 69 fungal isolates were screened against the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis. A total of 17 isolates showed the insecticidal potentials with three promising isolates. These strains were Aspergillus sydowii, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Aspergillus flavus isolated from Ricinus communis (bark), Terminalia arjuna (Bark), and Psidium guajava (twigs), respectively. The effect of gamma irradiation on the antifeedant and larvicidal activities of the three strains was investigated. Exposure of the fungal spores to 1000 Gy of gamma rays significantly intensified both the antifeedant and larvicidal potentials. To identify compounds responsible for these activities, extracts of the three strains were fractionated by thin layer chromatography. The nature of the separated compounds namely, Penitrem A, 1, 3, 5, 8- tetramethyl- 4, 6-diethyl- 7- [2- (methoxycarbonyl)ethyl] porphyrin (from A. sydowii), Penitrem A, 2, 7, 12, 17-Tetramethyl-3, 5:8, 10:13, 15:18, 20-tetrakis (2,2-dimethylpropano) porphyrin (from A. flavus), N,N-Diethyl-3-nitrobenzamide, and Diisooctyl-phthalate (from L. theobromae) were studied by GC-MS analysis. These findings recommend endophytic fungi as promising sources of novel natural compounds to mitigate harmful insects. Three promising fungal endophytes with antifeedant and larvicidal activities were reported. The antifeedant and larvicidal activities were intensified following exposure of fungal spores to 1000 Gy gamma rays. Extracts of the three strains were separately fractionated by TLC then GC-MS was used to identify chemical constituents responsible for bioactivity.
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Optimization of Alpha-Amylase Production by a Local Bacillus paramycoides Isolate and Immobilization on Chitosan-Loaded Barium Ferrite Nanoparticles. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8050241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We set out to isolate alpha-amylase producers from soil samples, optimize the production, and immobilize the enzyme on chitosan-loaded barium ferrite nanoparticles (CLBFNPs). Alpha-amylase producers were isolated on starch agar plates and confirmed by dinitrosalicylic acid assay. The potent isolate was identified by phenotypic methods, 16S-rRNA sequencing, and phylogenetic mapping. Sequential optimization of α-amylase production involved the use of Plackett–Burman (P–BD) and central composite designs (CCD), in addition to exposing the culture to different doses of gamma irradiation. Alpha-amylase was immobilized on CLBFNPs, and the nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, with energy-dispersive analysis of X-ray analysis. Forty-five α-amylase producers were isolated from 100 soil samples. The highest activity (177.12 ± 6.12 U/mg) was detected in the MS009 isolate, which was identified as Bacillus paramycoides. The activity increased to 222.3 ± 5.07 U/mg when using the optimal culture conditions identified by P–BD and CCD, and to 319.45 ± 4.91 U/mg after exposing the culture to 6 kGy. Immobilization of α-amylase on CLBFNPs resulted in higher activity (246.85 ± 6.76 U/mg) compared to free α-amylase (222.254 ± 4.89 U/mg), in addition to retaining activity for up to five cycles of usage. Gamma irradiation improved α-amylase production, while immobilization on CLBFNPs enhanced activity, facilitated enzyme recovery, and enabled its repetitive use.
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El-Sayed ESR, Mousa SA, Abdou DA, Abo El-Seoud MA, Elmehlawy AA, Mohamed SS. Exploiting the exceptional biosynthetic potency of the endophytic Aspergillus terreus in enhancing production of Co3O4, CuO, Fe3O4, NiO, and ZnO nanoparticles using bioprocess optimization and gamma irradiation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:2463-2474. [PMID: 35531225 PMCID: PMC9072909 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing a suitable applicative process and scaling up the microbial synthesis of nanomaterials is an attractive and emerging prospect for a future sustainable industrial production. In this paper, optimization of fermentation conditions for enhanced production of Co3O4, CuO, Fe3O4, NiO, and ZnO nanoparticles by the endophytic A. terreus ORG-1 was studied. Different cultivation conditions were evaluated. Then, a response surface methodology program was used to optimize physical conditions controlling the biosynthesis of these NPs. Finally, the use of gamma irradiation for improvement of NPs’ production was adopted. Under the optimum conditions and after gamma irradiation, the final yields of the respective NPs reached 545.71, 651.67, 463.19, 954.88, 1356.42 mg L−1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the production and enhancement of different types of nanomaterials from one microbial culture that can open up the way towards the industrialization of the microbial production of nanomaterials.
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El-Sayed ER. Discovery of the anticancer drug vinblastine from the endophytic Alternaria alternata and yield improvement by gamma irradiation mutagenesis. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2886-2898. [PMID: 34062037 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Several fungal endophytes were isolated from some medicinal plants and screened for their ability to produce the anticancer drug vinblastine. METHODS AND RESULTS An isolate was found to produce vinblastine (205·38 μg l-1 ), and the identity of the fungal vinblastine was confirmed by UV spectroscopic, high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analyses. Based on both morphological and molecular studies, the vinblastine-producing strain was identified as Alternaria alternata. Cytotoxic activities of the fungal vinblastine were evaluated against CHO-K1, MCF-7 and HepG-2 cell lines by the MTT assay. The proliferation of these cell lines was inhibited after treatment with fungal vinblastine and the recorded IC50 values of the respective cell lines were 12·15, 8·55 and 7·48 μg ml-1 . A strain improvement programme for improving vinblastine productivity by the fungal strain was also used. In addition, 10 broth media were evaluated for further increasing the production of vinblastine. The yield of vinblastine was intensified by 3·98-fold following gamma irradiation at 1000 Gy, and a stable mutant strain was isolated. Among the screened media, M1D broth (pH 6·0) stimulated the highest vinblastine production of 1553·62 μg l-1 by the isolated mutant strain. CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first report on the production and yield improvement of the anticancer drug vinblastine by A. alternata. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These findings suggest A. alternata as a viable and potent source with excellent biotechnological potential for the production of vinblastine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R El-Sayed
- Plant Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Salmonella Vaccine Vector System for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Evaluation of Its Efficacy with Virus-Like Particles. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010022. [PMID: 33466461 PMCID: PMC7824887 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious and devastating disease in livestock animals and has a great potential to cause severe economic loss worldwide. The major antigen of FMDV capsid protein, VP1, contains the major B-cell epitope responsible for effectively eliciting protective humoral immunity. In this study, irradiated Salmonella Typhimurium (KST0666) were used as transgenic vectors containing stress-inducible plasmid pRECN-VP1 to deliver the VP1 protein from FMDV-type A/WH/CHA/09. Mice were orally inoculated with ATOMASal-L3 harboring pRECN-VP1, and FMDV virus-like particles, where (VLPFMDV)-specific humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses were evaluated. Mice vaccinated with attenuated Salmonella (KST0666) expressing VP1 (named KST0669) showed high levels of VLP-specific IgA in feces and IgG in serum, with high FMDV neutralization titer. Moreover, KST0669-vaccinated mice showed increased population of IFN-γ (type 1 T helper cells; Th1 cells)-, IL-5 (Th2 cells)-, and IL-17A (Th17 cells)-expressing CD4+ as well as activated CD8+ T cells (IFN-γ+CD8+ cells), detected by stimulating VLPFMDV. All data indicate that our Salmonella vector system successfully delivered FMDV VP1 to immune cells and that the humoral and cellular efficacy of the vaccine can be easily evaluated using VLPFMDV in a Biosafety Level I (BSL1) laboratory.
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Development of One Pot Strategy for Hyper Production and In Vivo Evaluation of Lovastatin. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194380. [PMID: 32987627 PMCID: PMC7583722 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this project was to improve the Aspergillus terreus strain and pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse as carrier substrate for bulk production of lovastatin, a cholesterol-lowering drug, in solid state fermentation. Sugarcane bagasse was treated with alkali (1–3% NaOH) for the conversion of complex polysaccharides into simple sugars for better utilization of carrier substrate by microorganism for maximum lovastatin production. Ethidium bromide (time of exposure 30–180 min) was used to induce mutation in Aspergillus terreus and the best mutant was selected on the basis of inhibition zone appeared on petri plates. Fermented lovastatin was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The fermented lovastatin, produced by parent and mutant Aspergillus terreus strain, was checked on body weight, blood glucose and serum cholesterol, ALT, AST, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG and TC levels of rats for their cholesterol lowering capacity. Our results indicate that selected strain along with 2% NaOH treated sugar cane bagasse was best suitable for bulk production of lovastatin by fermentation and fermented lovastatin effectively lower the cholesterol level of rats.
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Overproduction of Glucose Oxidase by Aspergillus tubingensis CTM 507 Randomly Obtained Mutants and Study of Its Insecticidal Activity against Ephestia kuehniella. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9716581. [PMID: 32596402 PMCID: PMC7294356 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9716581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to enhance the production of glucose oxidase (GOD), random mutagenesis of Aspergillus tubingensis CTM 507 was performed using the chemical and physical mutagens: nitric acid and UV irradiation, respectively. The majority of the isolated mutants showed good GOD production, but only some mutants presented a significant overproduction, as compared with the parent strain. The selected mutants (19 strains), showing an overproduction larger than 200%, are quite stable after three successive subcultures. Among these, six strains revealed an important improvement in submerged fermentation. The insecticidal activity of GOD produced by the wild and the selected mutant strains was evaluated against the third larval instars of E. kuehniella. Mutant strains U11, U12, U20, and U21, presenting the most important effect, displayed an LC50 value of 89.00, 88.51, 80.00, and 86.00 U/cm2, respectively, which was 1.5-fold more important than the wild strain (61 U/cm2). According to histopathology observations, the GOD enzyme showed approximately similar damage on the E. kuehniella midgut including rupture and disintegration of the epithelial layer and cellular vacuolization. The data supports, for the first time, the use of GOD as a pest control agent against E. kuehniella.
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Enhanced production of lipstatin from mutant of Streptomyces toxytricini and fed-batch strategies under submerged fermentation. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:151. [PMID: 32181113 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces toxytricini produces bioactive metabolite recognized as lipstatin and its intermediate orlistat. The main focus of this study is to enhance lipstatin production by strain improvement and precursor feeding. In this study, strain improvement to enhance the production of lipstatin was carried out by different doses (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 Gy) of gamma radiation and precursors (Linoleic acid, Oleic acid, and l-Leucine). Screening showed that the highest yield of lipstatin (4.58 mg/g) was produced by mutant designated as SRN 7. The production of lipstatin (5.011 mg/g) increased significantly when the medium was supplemented with ratio 1:1.5 (linoleic acid + oleic acid). The addition of 1.5% l-Leucine leads to further increment in the production of lipstatin (5.765 mg/g). The addition of 10% soy flour in the culture medium resulted in the maximum production of lipstatin to 5.886 mg/g.
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El-Sayed ER, Ahmed AS, Abdelhakim HK. A novel source of the cardiac glycoside digoxin from the endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum: isolation, characterization, production enhancement by gamma irradiation mutagenesis and anticancer activity evaluation. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:747-762. [PMID: 31710165 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Different endophytic fungi were isolated and screened for their digoxin-producing ability. Strain improvement and different culture conditions were studied for more effective production of digoxin. METHODS AND RESULTS Among the isolated fungi, an isolate produced digoxin in a concentration of 2·07 mg l-1 . The digoxin-producing fungal isolate was identified as Epicoccum nigrum Link according to the morphological features and phylogenetic analyses. The potentiality of the fungal strain for production enhancement of digoxin was performed by gamma radiation mutagenesis. Gamma irradiation dose of 1000 Gy intensified the digoxin yield by five-fold. Using this dose, a stable mutant strain with improved digoxin productivity was isolated and the stability for digoxin production was followed up across four successive generations. In the effort to increase digoxin magnitude, selection of the proper cultivation medium, addition of some elicitors to the most proper medium and several physical fermentation conditions were tested. Fermentation process carried out in malt extract autolysate medium (pH 6·5) supplemented by methyl jasmonate and inoculated with 2 ml of 6-day-old culture and incubated at 25°C for 10 days stimulated the highest production of digoxin to attain 50·14 mg l-1 . Moreover, cytotoxicity of digoxin separated from the fungal culture was tested against five different cancer cell lines. Based on the MTT assay, digoxin inhibited the proliferation of the five different cancer cell lines and the recorded 50% inhibitory concentration ranged from 10·76 to 35·14 μg ml-1 . CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on the production and enhancement of digoxin using fungal fermentation as a new and alternate source with high productivity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These findings offer new and alternate sources with excellent biotechnological potential for digoxin production by fungal fermentation. Moreover, digoxin proved to be a promising anticancer agent whose anticancer potential should be assessed in prospective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R El-Sayed
- Plant Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A S Ahmed
- Plant Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H K Abdelhakim
- Biochemistry Lab, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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El-Sayed ESR, Ahmed AS, Hassan IA, Ismaiel AA, Karam El-Din AZA. Strain improvement and immobilization technique for enhanced production of the anticancer drug paclitaxel by Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria tenuissima. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8923-8935. [PMID: 31520132 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UV and gamma irradiation mutagenesis was applied on Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria tenuissima in order to improve their producing ability of paclitaxel. Among the screened mutants, two stable strains (designated TXD105-GM6 and TER995-GM3) showed the maximum paclitaxel production. Paclitaxel titers of the two respective mutants were dramatically intensified to 1.22- and 1.24-fold, as compared by their respective parents. Immobilization using five different entrapment carriers of calcium alginate, agar-agar, Na-CMC, gelatin, and Arabic gum was successfully applied for production enhancement of paclitaxel by the two mutants. The immobilized cultures were superior to free-cell cultures and paclitaxel production by the immobilized mycelia was much higher than that of the immobilized spores using all the tried carriers. Moreover, calcium alginate gel beads were found the most conductive and proper entrapment carrier for maximum production of paclitaxel. The feasibility of the paclitaxel production by the immobilized mycelia as affected by incubation period, medium volume, and number of beads per flask was adopted. Under the favorable immobilization conditions, the paclitaxel titers were significantly intensified to 1.31- and 1.88-fold by the respective mutants, as compared by their free cultures. The obtained paclitaxel titers by the immobilized mycelia of the respective mutants (694.67 and 388.65 μg L-1) were found promising in terms of fungal production of paclitaxel. Hence, these findings indicate the future possibility to reduce the cost of producing paclitaxel and suggest application of the immobilization technique for the biotechnological production of paclitaxel at an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Sayed R El-Sayed
- Plant Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ashraf S Ahmed
- Plant Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ismail A Hassan
- Plant Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Ismaiel
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Effect of Gamma-Rays on the Growth and Penicillin Production of Penicillium chrysogenum. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Larvicidal potential of irradiated myco-insecticide fromMetarhizium anisopliaeand larvicidal synergistic effect with its mycosynthesized titanium nanoparticles (TiNPs). JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Aleem B, Rashid MH, Zeb N, Saqib A, Ihsan A, Iqbal M, Ali H. Random mutagenesis of super Koji (Aspergillus oryzae): improvement in production and thermal stability of α-amylases for maltose syrup production. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:200. [PMID: 30486793 PMCID: PMC6264608 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alpha-amylases hydrolyze 1,4 α-glycosidic bonds of starch and produce malto-oligosaccharides. It is an important enzyme generally applied in textile, food and brewing industries. Enhancement in thermal stability and productivity of enzymes are the two most sought after properties for industrial use. The Aspergillus oryzae (Koji) has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status and safe for use in food industry. Hence, Koji strain’s development for the screening of potent mutants, hyper producer of thermostable α-amylases, with desired attributes is the need of the time. Results A process has been developed to improve super Koji (A. oryzae cmc1) strain through γ-rays treatment. The doses i.e. 0.60, 0.80, 1.00, 1.20 & 1.40 KGy gave more than 3.0 log kill. Initially, 52 Koji mutants resistant to 1% (w/v) Triton X-100 were selected. 2nd screening was based on α-amylases hyper production and 23 mutants were sorted out by measuring clearing zones index (CI). Afterwards nine potent mutants, resistant to 2-deoxy D-glucose, were screened based on CI. These were further analyzed for thermal stability and productivity of α-amylase under submerged conditions. The mutants’ M-80(10), M-100(6) & M-120(5) gave about four fold increases in α-amylases productivity. The half life of M-100(6) α-amylase at 55 °C was 52 min and was highest among the mutants. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis confirmed that mutants did not produce aflatoxins. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) of Koji mycelia depicted that exposure to gamma rays increased rigidity of the mycelium. The potent Koji mutant M-100(6) was grown on soluble starch in 10L fermenter and produced 40.0 IU ml-1 of α-amylases with specific activity of 2461 IU mg-1 protein. Growth kinetic parameters were: μ = Specific growth rate= 0.069 h-1, td = Biomass doubling time= 10.0 h, Yp/x = Product yield coefficient with respect to cell mass = 482 U g-1; qp= Specific rate of product formation= 33.29 U g-1 h-1. Conclusion It was concluded that the developed five step screening process has great potential to generate potent mutants for the hyper production of thermostable enzymes through γ-rays mediated physical mutagenesis. The developed thermostable α-amylases of super Koji mutantM-100(6) has immense potential for application in saccharification process for maltose syrup production. Moreover, the developed five step strain’s development process may be used for the simultaneous improvement in productivity and thermal stability of other microbial enzymes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1345-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Aleem
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, P. O. Box 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamaabd, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamid Rashid
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, P. O. Box 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan. .,Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamaabd, Pakistan.
| | - Neelam Zeb
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, P. O. Box 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Anam Saqib
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, P. O. Box 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Ihsan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, P. O. Box 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, P. O. Box 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hazrat Ali
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, P. O. Box 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Sweis IE, Cressey BC. Potential role of the common food additive manufactured citric acid in eliciting significant inflammatory reactions contributing to serious disease states: A series of four case reports. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:808-812. [PMID: 30128297 PMCID: PMC6097542 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Citric acid naturally exists in fruits and vegetables. However, it is not the naturally occurring citric acid, but the manufactured citric acid (MCA) that is used extensively as a food and beverage additive. Approximately 99% of the world's production of MCA is carried out using the fungus Aspergillus niger since 1919. Aspergilus niger is a known allergen. The FDA placed MCA under the category of GRAS without any research to substantiate this claim. In 2016, 2.3 million tons of MCA were produced, predominantly in China, and approximately 70% is used as a food or beverage additive. There have been no scientific studies performed to evaluate the safety of MCA when ingested in substantial amounts and with chronic exposure. We present four case reports of patients with a history of significant and repetitive inflammatory reactions including respiratory symptoms, joint pain, irritable bowel symptoms, muscular pain and enervation following ingestion of foods, beverages or vitamins containing MCA. We believe that ingestion of the MCA may lead to a harmful inflammatory cascade which manifests differently in different individuals based on their genetic predisposition and susceptibility, and that the use of MCA as an additive in consumable products warrants further studies to document its safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana E. Sweis
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
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El-Batal AI, El-Sayyad GS, El-Ghamry A, Agaypi KM, Elsayed MA, Gobara M. Melanin-gamma rays assistants for bismuth oxide nanoparticles synthesis at room temperature for enhancing antimicrobial, and photocatalytic activity. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 173:120-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Kostyleva EV, Sereda AS, Velikoretskaya IA, Burtseva EI, Veselkina TN, Nefedova LI, Sharikov AY, Tsurikova NV, Lobanov NS, Sinitsyn AP. Development of schemes of induced mutagenesis for improving the productivity of Aspergillus strains producing amylolytic enzymes. Microbiology (Reading) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261717040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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18
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Effect of mutagenesis treatment on antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of pigments extracted from Rhodotorula glutinis. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Yolmeh M, Khomeiri M, Ghorbani M, Ghaemi E, Ramezanpour SS. High efficiency pigment production from Micrococcus roseus (PTCC 1411) under ultraviolet irradiation. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Jin HX, OuYang XK, Hu ZC. Enhancement of epoxide hydrolase production by 60
Co gamma and UV irradiation mutagenesis of Aspergillus niger
ZJB-09103. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2016; 64:392-399. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huo-Xi Jin
- Institute of Food and Medicine; Zhejiang Ocean University; Zhoushan People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Kun OuYang
- Institute of Food and Medicine; Zhejiang Ocean University; Zhoushan People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Ce Hu
- Institute of Bioengineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou People's Republic of China
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21
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Fu GM, Li RY, Li KM, Hu M, Yuan XQ, Li B, Wang FX, Liu CM, Wan Y. Optimization of liquid-state fermentation conditions for the glyphosate degradation enzyme production of strain Aspergillus oryzae by ultraviolet mutagenesis. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 46:780-787. [PMID: 26795747 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2015.1135462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to obtain strains with high glyphosate-degrading ability and improve the ability of glyphosate degradation enzyme by the optimization of fermentation conditions. Spore from Aspergillus oryzae A-F02 was subjected to ultraviolet mutagenesis. Single-factor experiment and response surface methodology were used to optimize glyphosate degradation enzyme production from mutant strain by liquid-state fermentation. Four mutant strains were obtained and named as FUJX 001, FUJX 002, FUJX 003, and FUJX 004, in which FUJX 001 gave the highest total enzyme activity. Starch concentration at 0.56%, GP concentration at 1,370 mg/l, initial pH at 6.8, and temperature at 30°C were the optimum conditions for the improved glyphosate degradation endoenzyme production of A. oryzae FUJX 001. Under these conditions, the experimental endoenzyme activity was 784.15 U/100 ml fermentation liquor. The result (784.15 U/100 ml fermentation liquor) was approximately 14-fold higher than that of the original strain. The result highlights the potential of glyphosate degradation enzyme to degrade glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Ming Fu
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- b Sino-German Food Engineering Center , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- c Food Science College, Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
| | - Ru-Yi Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- b Sino-German Food Engineering Center , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- c Food Science College, Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
| | - Kai-Min Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- b Sino-German Food Engineering Center , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- c Food Science College, Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
| | - Ming Hu
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- b Sino-German Food Engineering Center , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- c Food Science College, Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yuan
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- b Sino-German Food Engineering Center , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- c Food Science College, Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
| | - Bin Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- b Sino-German Food Engineering Center , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- c Food Science College, Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
| | - Feng-Xue Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- b Sino-German Food Engineering Center , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- c Food Science College, Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
| | - Cheng-Mei Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- b Sino-German Food Engineering Center , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- c Food Science College, Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
| | - Yin Wan
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
- c Food Science College, Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
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22
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El-Batal AI, El-Sayyad GS, El-Ghamery A, Gobara M. Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Melanin Production by Streptomyces cyaneus and Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Gamma Radiation. J CLUST SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-016-1101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Using physical and chemical mutagens for enhanced carotenoid production from Rhodotorula glutinis (PTCC 5256). BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Utilization of agro-industrial waste for β-galactosidase production under solid state fermentation using halotolerant Aspergillus tubingensis GR1 isolate. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:411-421. [PMID: 28324562 PMCID: PMC4522723 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A halotolerant fungal isolate Aspergillus tubingensis GR1 was isolated from the man-made solar saltern located at Khambhat, Gujarat, India, and identified using 28S rDNA partial genome sequencing. This isolate was studied for β-galactosidase production under solid state fermentation using wheat bran and deproteinized acid cheese whey. The influence of various agro-industrial wastes, nitrogen source and other growth conditions on β-galactosidase production was investigated using 'one-factor-at-a-time' approach. Among various variables screened along with wheat bran and deproteinized acid cheese whey as major growth substrate, corn steep liquor and MgSO4 were found to be most significant. The optimum concentrations of these significant parameters were determined employing the response surface central composite design, revealing corn steep liquor concentration (2 mL) and magnesium sulphate (50 mg) per 5 g of wheat bran and 20 mL of deproteinized acid cheese whey for highest enzyme production (15,936 U/gds). These results suggest the feasibility of industrial large-scale production of β-galactosidase known to be valuable in whey hydrolysis and removal of galactosyl residue from polysaccharide.
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25
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Seo HS. Application of radiation technology in vaccines development. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2015; 4:145-58. [PMID: 26273573 PMCID: PMC4524899 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2015.4.2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the earliest methods used in the manufacture of stable and safe vaccines is the use of chemical and physical treatments to produce inactivated forms of pathogens. Although these types of vaccines have been successful in eliciting specific humoral immune responses to pathogen-associated immunogens, there is a large demand for the development of fast, safe, and effective vaccine manufacturing strategies. Radiation sterilization has been used to develop a variety of vaccine types, because it can eradicate chemical contaminants and penetrate pathogens to destroy nucleic acids without damaging the pathogen surface antigens. Nevertheless, irradiated vaccines have not widely been used at an industrial level because of difficulties obtaining the necessary equipment. Recent successful clinical trials of irradiated vaccines against pathogens and tumors have led to a reevaluation of radiation technology as an alternative method to produce vaccines. In the present article, we review the challenges associated with creating irradiated vaccines and discuss potential strategies for developing vaccines using radiation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Seong Seo
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea
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26
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Ismaiel A, Ahmed A, El-Sayed E. Immobilization technique for enhanced production of the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid by ultraviolet and gamma-irradiated Penicillium roqueforti. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:112-26. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Ismaiel
- Department of Botany and Microbiology; Faculty of Science; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
| | - A.S. Ahmed
- Plant Research Department; Nuclear Research Center; Atomic Energy Authority; Cairo Egypt
| | - E.R. El-Sayed
- Plant Research Department; Nuclear Research Center; Atomic Energy Authority; Cairo Egypt
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27
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Improved endoxylanase production and colony morphology of Aspergillus niger DSM 26641 by γ-ray induced mutagenesis. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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28
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Olarte RA, Horn BW, Singh R, Carbone I. Sexual recombination in Aspergillus tubingensis. Mycologia 2015; 107:307-12. [PMID: 25572097 DOI: 10.3852/14-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus tubingensis from section Nigri (black Aspergilli) is closely related to A. niger and is used extensively in the industrial production of enzymes and organic acids. We recently discovered sexual reproduction in A. tubingensis, and in this study we demonstrate that the progeny are products of meiosis. Progeny were obtained from six crosses involving five MAT1-1 strains and two MAT1-2 strains. We examined three loci, including mating type (MAT), RNA polymerase II (RPB2) and β-tubulin (BT2), and found that 84% (58/69) of progeny were recombinants. Recombination associated with sexual reproduction in A. tubingensis provides a new option for the genetic improvement of industrial strains for enzyme and organic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Olarte
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Bruce W Horn
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Dawson, Georgia 39842
| | - Rakhi Singh
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Ignazio Carbone
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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29
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Zhang W, Liu F, Yang M, Liang Q, Zhang Y, Ai D, An Z. Enhanced β-galactosidase production of Aspergillus oryzae mutated by UV and LiCl. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 44:310-20. [PMID: 24274018 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2013.829496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to breed a high-yield β-galactosidase-producing strain, Aspergillus oryzae was used as the parent strain and mutagenized with ultraviolet (UV) and UV plus lithium chloride (LiCl), respectively. After being mutagenized by UV, the β-galactosidase activity of mutant UV-15-20 reached 114.08 U/mL, which revealed a 49.22% increase compared with the original strain. A mutant UV-LiCl-38 with high β-galactosidase activity (121.42 U/mL) was obtained after compound mutagenesis of UV and LiCl; the β-galactosidase activity of this mutant was 58.82% higher than that of the parent strain. Subculture testing indicated that UV-15-20 and UV-LiCl-38 had good hereditary stability and may be ideal strains for the production of β-galactosidase. Additionally, it was demonstrated that compound mutagenesis with UV and LiCl is an effective mutation method for breeding industrially interesting strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Zhang
- a College of Food Science and Technology Engineering , Gansu Agricultural University , Lanzhou , China
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30
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Genome Shuffling of Aspergillus niger for Improving Transglycosylation Activity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:50-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Lidder P, Sonnino A. Biotechnologies for the management of genetic resources for food and agriculture. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2012; 78:1-167. [PMID: 22980921 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394394-1.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the land area under agriculture has declined as also has the rate of growth in agricultural productivity while the demand for food continues to escalate. The world population now stands at 7 billion and is expected to reach 9 billion in 2045. A broad range of agricultural genetic diversity needs to be available and utilized in order to feed this growing population. Climate change is an added threat to biodiversity that will significantly impact genetic resources for food and agriculture (GRFA) and food production. There is no simple, all-encompassing solution to the challenges of increasing productivity while conserving genetic diversity. Sustainable management of GRFA requires a multipronged approach, and as outlined in the paper, biotechnologies can provide powerful tools for the management of GRFA. These tools vary in complexity from those that are relatively simple to those that are more sophisticated. Further, advances in biotechnologies are occurring at a rapid pace and provide novel opportunities for more effective and efficient management of GRFA. Biotechnology applications must be integrated with ongoing conventional breeding and development programs in order to succeed. Additionally, the generation, adaptation, and adoption of biotechnologies require a consistent level of financial and human resources and appropriate policies need to be in place. These issues were also recognized by Member States at the FAO international technical conference on Agricultural Biotechnologies for Developing Countries (ABDC-10), which took place in March 2010 in Mexico. At the end of the conference, the Member States reached a number of key conclusions, agreeing, inter alia, that developing countries should significantly increase sustained investments in capacity building and the development and use of biotechnologies to maintain the natural resource base; that effective and enabling national biotechnology policies and science-based regulatory frameworks can facilitate the development and appropriate use of biotechnologies in developing countries; and that FAO and other relevant international organizations and donors should significantly increase their efforts to support the strengthening of national capacities in the development and appropriate use of pro-poor agricultural biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetmoninder Lidder
- Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, Research and Extension Branch, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Sonnino
- Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, Research and Extension Branch, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy
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32
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Csöndes I, Cseh A, Taller J, Poczai P. Genetic diversity and effect of temperature and pH on the growth of Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from sunflower fields in Hungary. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3259-69. [PMID: 21695429 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of temperature and pH on the growth of 45 Hungarian Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from different locations and hosts were compared on the basis of their genetic diversity. One Spanish and two Serbian isolates were also included in the experiment. The most favourable temperature regimes for the development of the isolates ranged between 25 and 35 °C. The optimal pH for the pathogen varied between 4.0 and 6.0, but growth was observed on potato dextrose agar even at pH values of 3.0, 7.0 and 8.0. RAPD analysis with 13 different primer pairs generated 148 unambiguous bands. RFLP analysis involving 8 different restriction endonucleases was performed on a 1550 bp fragment of the rDNA region containing internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, ITS2), the 5.8S rDNA and part of the 25S rDNA. The greatest genetic distance values were obtained for three isolates, two from Hungary and one from Spain, which had similar values, but were quite distinct from all the others. A strong positive correlation was observed between the genetic distances and the growth parameters measured at various temperatures, and between the geographical data and the growth data sets at different pH values, but the correlation was less strong in the latter case. While Hungarian M. phaseolina populations are thought to reproduce clonally, the present results indicate the coexistence of different haplotypes in this area, and besides the geographical dominance of a given haplotype it was found that a closer genetic relationship might exist between spatially distinct haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Csöndes
- Department of Botany and Plant Production, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Kaposvár, PO Box 16, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary.
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Characterization of Malaysian Trichoderma isolates using random amplified microsatellites (RAMS). Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:715-22. [PMID: 21553047 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma species are commercially applied as biocontrol agents against numerous plant pathogenic fungi due to their production of antifungal metabolites, competition for nutrients and space, and mycoparasitism. However, currently the identification of Trichoderma species from throughout the world based on micro-morphological descriptions is tedious and prone to error. The correct identification of Trichoderma species is important as several traits are species-specific. The Random Amplified Microsatellites (RAMS) analysis done using five primers in this study showed different degrees of the genetic similarity among 42 isolates of this genus. The genetic similarity values were found to be in the range of 12.50-85.11% based on a total of 76 bands scored in the Trichoderma isolates. Of these 76 bands, 96.05% were polymorphic, 3.95% were monomorphic and 16% were exclusive bands. Two bands (250 bp and 200 bp) produced by primer LR-5 and one band (250 bp) by primer P1A were present in all the Trichoderma isolates collected from healthy and infected oil palm plantation soils. Cluster analysis based on UPGMA of the RAMS marker data showed that T. harzianum, T. virens and T. longibrachiatum isolates were grouped into different clades and lineages. In this study we found that although T. aureoviride isolates were morphologically different when compared to T. harzianum isolates, the UPGMA cluster analysis showed that the majority isolates of T. aureoviride (seven from nine) were closely related to the isolates of T. harzianum.
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