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Oleuropein Activates Neonatal Neocortical Proteasomes, but Proteasome Gene Targeting by AAV9 Is Variable in a Clinically Relevant Piglet Model of Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia and Hypothermia. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082120. [PMID: 34440889 PMCID: PMC8391411 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) compromises the proteasome in a clinically relevant neonatal piglet model. Protecting and activating proteasomes could be an adjunct therapy to hypothermia. We investigated whether chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity differs regionally and developmentally in the neonatal brain. We also tested whether neonatal brain proteasomes can be modulated by oleuropein, an experimental pleiotropic neuroprotective drug, or by targeting a proteasome subunit gene using recombinant adeno-associated virus-9 (AAV). During post-HI hypothermia, we treated piglets with oleuropein, used AAV-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to knock down proteasome activator 28γ (PA28γ), or enforced PA28γ using AAV-PA28γ with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Neonatal neocortex and subcortical white matter had greater proteasome activity than did liver and kidney. Neonatal white matter had higher proteasome activity than did juvenile white matter. Lower arterial pH 1 h after HI correlated with greater subsequent cortical proteasome activity. With increasing brain homogenate protein input into the assay, the initial proteasome activity increased only among shams, whereas HI increased total kinetic proteasome activity. OLE increased the initial neocortical proteasome activity after hypothermia. AAV drove GFP expression, and white matter PA28γ levels correlated with proteasome activity and subunit levels. However, AAV proteasome modulation varied. Thus, neonatal neocortical proteasomes can be pharmacologically activated. HI slows the initial proteasome performance, but then augments ongoing catalytic activity. AAV-mediated genetic manipulation in the piglet brain holds promise, though proteasome gene targeting requires further development.
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Tao L, Zhu Y, Wang R, Han J, Ma Y, Guo H, Tang W, Zhuo L, Fan Z, Yin A, Hou W, Li Y. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 deficiency aggravates memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2019; 379:112384. [PMID: 31778735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system and the most common dementia type in elderly people. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a cell stress response gene, is primarily expressed in astrocytes in mammalian brains. The hippocampal protein levels of NDRG2 in AD patients were significantly higher than those in healthy peers. However, whether the increase in NDRG2 is involved in the development of AD or is an endogenous protective response initiated by stress remains unknown. Here, we investigated the roles of NDRG2 in the development of memory impairment in AD using mouse models established by amyloid β injection or crossing of APP/PS1 mice. We found that NDRG2 deficiency worsened the memory impairment in AD mice. In addition, NDRG2 deletion induced downregulation of the proteasome functional subunit PSMB6 in AD mice. These findings suggest that NDRG2 is an endogenous neuroprotectant that participates in the pathological course of waste-clearing impairment and memory damage in AD. NDRG2 may be a therapeutic target for the intervention of AD memory degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tao
- Center for Brain Science & Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital of The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiao Han
- Center for Brain Science & Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center to Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Medical Center to Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhong Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the 960th Hospital of PLA, Jinan, China
| | - Lixia Zhuo
- Center for Brain Science & Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ze Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital of The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Anqi Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital of The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wugang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital of The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Brain Science & Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Sun L, Ye Y, Sun H, Yu J, Zhang L, Sun Y, Zhang D, Ma L, Shen B, Zhu C. Identification of proteasome subunit beta type 6 (PSMB6) associated with deltamethrin resistance in mosquitoes by proteomic and bioassay analyses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65859. [PMID: 23762443 PMCID: PMC3677870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deltamethrin (DM) insecticides are currently being promoted worldwide for mosquito control, because of the high efficacy, low mammalian toxicity and less environmental impact. Widespread and improper use of insecticides induced resistance, which has become a major obstacle for the insect-borne disease management. Resistance development is a complex and dynamic process involving many genes. To better understand the possible molecular mechanisms involved in DM resistance, a proteomic approach was employed for screening of differentially expressed proteins in DM-susceptible and -resistant mosquito cells. Twenty-seven differentially expressed proteins were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS). Four members of the ubiquitin-proteasome system were significantly elevated in DM-resistant cells, suggesting that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway may play an important role in DM resistance. Proteasome subunit beta type 6 (PSMB6) is a member of 20S proteasomal subunit family, which forms the proteolytic core of 26S proteasome. We used pharmaceutical inhibitor and molecular approaches to study the contributions of PSMB6 in DM resistance: the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 and bortezomib were used to suppress the proteasomal activity and siRNA was designed to block the function of PSMB6. The results revealed that both MG-132 and bortezomib increased the susceptibility in DM-resistant cells and resistance larvae. Moreover, PSMB6 knockdown decreased cellular viability under DM treatment. Taken together, our study indicated that PSMB6 is associated with DM resistance in mosquitoes and that proteasome inhibitors such as MG-132 or bortezomib are suitable for use as a DM synergist for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchun Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Pediatric Research Center, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Ye
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Province Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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