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The Phylogeny of Osteopontin-Analysis of the Protein Sequence. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092557. [PMID: 30154395 PMCID: PMC6164354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is important for tissue remodeling, cellular immune responses, and calcium homeostasis in milk and urine. In pathophysiology, the biomolecule contributes to the progression of multiple cancers. Phylogenetic analysis of 202 osteopontin protein sequences identifies a core block of integrin-binding sites in the center of the protein, which is well conserved. Remarkably, the length of this block varies among species, resulting in differing distances between motifs within. The amino acid sequence SSEE is a candidate phosphorylation site. Two copies of it reside in the far N-terminus and are variably affected by alternative splicing in humans. Between those motifs, birds and reptiles have a histidine-rich domain, which is absent from other species. Just downstream from the thrombin cleavage site, the common motif (Q/I)(Y/S/V)(P/H/Y)D(A/V)(T/S)EED(L/E)(-/S)T has been hitherto unrecognized. While well preserved, it is yet without assigned function. The far C-terminus, although very different between Reptilia/Aves on the one hand and Mammals on the other, is highly conserved within each group of species, suggesting important functional roles that remain to be mapped. Taxonomic variations in the osteopontin sequence include a lack of about 20 amino acids in the downstream portion, a small unique sequence stretch C-terminally, a lack of six amino acids just upstream of the RGD motifs, and variable length insertions far C-terminally.
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Pan Y, Cui Y, Yu S, Zhang Q, Fan J, Abdul Rasheed B, Yang K. The Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and its Receptor (EGFR) During Post-Natal Testes Development in the Yak. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:970-6. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Pan
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - Y Cui
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - S Yu
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - Q Zhang
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - J Fan
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - B Abdul Rasheed
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - K Yang
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
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Bai WL, Yin RH, Zhao SJ, Jiang WQ, Yin RL, Ma ZJ, Wang ZY, Zhu YB, Luo GB, Yang RJ, Zhao ZH. Technical note: Selection of suitable reference genes for studying gene expression in milk somatic cell of yak (Bos grunniens) during the lactation cycle. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:902-10. [PMID: 24342693 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR is the most sensitive technique for gene expression analysis. Data normalization is essential to correct for potential errors incurred in all steps from RNA isolation to PCR amplification. The commonly accepted approach for normalization is the use of reference gene. Until now, no suitable reference genes have been available for data normalization of gene expression in milk somatic cells of lactating yaks across lactation. In the present study, we evaluated the transcriptional stability of 10 candidate reference genes in milk somatic cells of lactating yak, including ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, GTP, MRPL39, PPP1R11, RPS9, RPS15, UXT, and RN18S1. Four genes, RPS9, PPP1R11, UXT, and MRPL39, were identified as being the most stable genes in milk somatic cells of lactating yak. Using the combination of RPS9, PPP1R11, UXT, and MRPL39 as reference genes, we further assessed the relative expression of 4 genes of interest in milk somatic cells of yak across lactation, including ELF5, ABCG2, SREBF2, and DGAT1. Compared with expression in colostrum, the overall transcription levels of ELF5, ABCG2, and SREBF2 in milk were found to be significantly upregulated in early, peak, and late lactation, and significantly downregulated thereafter, before the dry period. A similar pattern was observed in the relative expression of DGAT1, but no significant difference was revealed in its expression in milk from late lactation compared with colostrum. Based on these results, we suggest that the geometric mean of RPS9, PPP1R11, UXT, and MRPL39 can be used for normalization of real-time PCR data in milk somatic cells of lactating yak, if similar experiments are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Bai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - R H Yin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - S J Zhao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Animal Science Research Academy of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - W Q Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - R L Yin
- Research Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine Sciences of Jilin Province, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Z J Ma
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Z Y Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Y B Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - G B Luo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - R J Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Z H Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Bai WL, Yin RH, Yang RJ, Khan WA, Ma ZJ, Zhao SJ, Jiang WQ, Wang ZY, Zhu YB, Luo GB, Zhao ZH. Technical note: identification of suitable normalizers for microRNA expression analysis in milk somatic cells of the yak (Bos grunniens). J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4529-34. [PMID: 23684019 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA are approximately 18- to 22-nucleotide nonprotein coding molecules that play important roles in the regulation of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. In the present study, we assessed the suitability of 8 noncoding small RNA as normalizers for microRNA (miR) quantitative analysis in milk somatic cells of lactating yaks, including 3 small nuclear RNA (snRNA; RNU1A, RNU5A, and RNU6B), 3 small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA; SNORA73A, Z30, and SNORA74A), 1 rRNA (5S), and 1 transfer RNA (Met-tRNA). The snRNA RNU1A, RNU5A, and SNORA73A were identified as the most stable references in milk somatic cells of lactating yaks. Also, a minimum of 3 reference RNA (RNU1A, RNU5A, and SNORA73A) were required for the normalization of microRNA expression data in milk somatic cells of the lactating yak. We further evaluated the suitability of the combination of RNU1A, RNU5A, and SNORA73A as reference RNA in milk somatic cells of lactating yaks via detecting the relative expression of miR 16b, miR 21-5p, miR 145, and miR 155 as microRNA of putative interest. In comparison to the colostrum period, on the whole, the expressions of the 4 microRNA were found to be upregulated at an early period and, thereafter, a declining pattern was exhibited from early to final periods in all microRNA investigated. Based on the results from this study, we recommend that the combination of RNU1A, RNU5A, and SNORA73A can be used as normalizers for microRNA quantitative analysis in future longitudinal studies on milk somatic cells of lactating yaks in relation to lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Bai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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Bai W, Yin R, Jiang W, Ajayi O, Zhao S, Luo G, Zhao Z, Imumorin I. Molecular analysis of αs1-, β-, αs2- and κ-casein transcripts reveals differential translational efficiency in yak lactating mammary gland. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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