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Bashir NH, Chen H, Munir S, Wang W, Chen H, Sima YK, An J. Unraveling the Role of Lac Insects in Providing Natural Industrial Products. INSECTS 2022; 13:1117. [PMID: 36555027 PMCID: PMC9784800 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the current era, products made from organic materials enjoy a privileged position because of their inherent safety. The eco-friendly properties of natural lac resins have increased their demand in many industries. It is secreted by sucking insects (Hemiptera, Kerriidae) and comprises three major components, viz., resin, dye, and wax. Lac insects are generally bivoltine in nature and are distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions with complex multi-trophic habitats. Because of their sedentary habits, lac insects are more vulnerable to predators, parasitoids, squirrels, and rats, leading to a more than 50% reduction in production yield. To increase lac production, advanced-level molecular research is required to figure out the mechanism behind lac synthesis and secretion to improve lac yield and quality. The present review highlights metamorphosis, sexual dimorphism, multi-trophic habitat, host plants, and natural enemies of lac insects, lac composition, and applications, emphasizing the role of microbes, potential lac genes, and lac synthesis mechanisms in enhancing lac quality and production. The information provided here might be useful for lac researchers and for stakeholders aiming to make their products more eco-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaz Haider Bashir
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Huanhuan Chen
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
- Key Laboratory of Insect-Pollinator Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shahzad Munir
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yong-Kang Sima
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland Science, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jiandong An
- Key Laboratory of Insect-Pollinator Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Bashir NH, Wang W, Ling X, Zhang J, Lu Q, He R, Chen H. Characterization of Potential Molecular Markers in Lac Insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) Responsible for Lac Production. INSECTS 2022; 13:545. [PMID: 35735882 PMCID: PMC9225327 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Kerria lacca (Kerr) is an important lac insect extensively used in industrial products in the form of resin, wax and dye. The scarce knowledge on molecular markers for K. lacca is a barrier in elucidating genetic information. Our study identified a total of 16,921 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and 6231 insertions and deletions (InDels)-of which, intergenic variation accounted for 41.22% and 56.30%, and exonic variation accounted for 39.10% and 17.46%, of SNPs and InDels, respectively. Observation of SNPs suggested that nucleotide substitution frequency and transition to transversion (Ts/Tv) ratio were highest at the late adult stage, 3.97, compared to at the other stages, with a genome-wide Ts/Tv ratio of 2.95. The maximum number of SNPs, 2853 (16.86%), was identified in chromosome 8, while the lowest, 1126 (6.65%), was identified in chromosome 7. The maximum and minimum numbers of InDels were located on chromosome 1 and 7, with 834 (13.38%) and 519 (8.33%), respectively. Annotation showed that highest numbers of exonic and intergenic SNPs were present at the late adult stage, whereas the maximum number of InDels was found at the larval stage. On the basis of gene function, 47 gene variations were screened and 23 candidate genes were identified in associations with lac production. Concluding work will enhance knowledge on molecular markers to facilitate an increase in lac production in K. lacca as well as other lac insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaz Haider Bashir
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (N.H.B.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (N.H.B.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Xiaofei Ling
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (N.H.B.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (N.H.B.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Qin Lu
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (N.H.B.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Rui He
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (N.H.B.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Hang Chen
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (N.H.B.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.H.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects, State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, China
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Bashir NH, Wang W, Liu J, Wang W, Chen H. First record of the lac-producing species Kerrianepalensis Varshney (Hemiptera, Kerriidae) from China, with a key to Chinese species. Zookeys 2021; 1061:1-9. [PMID: 34703354 PMCID: PMC8492606 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1061.73114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lac insects include astonishing species responsible for lac production. Lac is composed of resins, dyes, and shellac wax with significant economic importance. Previously, 11 species of the genus Kerria were reported from China, with the highest species diversity in Yunnan province. Another lac-producing species of the genus Kerria, namely Kerrianepalensis Varshney, is recorded for the first time in Yunnan province, China, on Dalbergiacochinchinensis Pierre ex Laness. (Fabaceae), a new host plant. In addition, a key to the 12 Kerria species recorded in China is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaz Haider Bashir
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry Kunming China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry Kunming China
| | - Juan Liu
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry Kunming China
| | - Wei Wang
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry Kunming China
| | - Hang Chen
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry Kunming China.,The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects, State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects, State Forestry Administration Kunming China
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Wang W, Liu P, Lu Q, Ling X, Zhang J, Chen MS, Chen H, Chen X. Potential Pathways and Genes Involved in Lac Synthesis and Secretion in Kerria chinensis (Hemiptera: Kerriidae) Based on Transcriptomic Analyses. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10120430. [PMID: 31795150 PMCID: PMC6956188 DOI: 10.3390/insects10120430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lac is a type of natural resin secreted by lac insects and is widely used in the military and other industries because of its excellent adhesion and insulation properties. The main ingredients of lac are lactones and lactides, which are formed from hydroxy fatty acids and sesquiterpene esters. In this study, we measured lac secretion rates by the insect Kerria chinensis at different developmental stages and identified lac secretion-minimum and lac secretion-active stages of the insect. We then analyzed transcriptomes of lac secretion-minimum and lac secretion-active stages of the insect. Based on expression profiles of genes in different stages of the insect, we identified pathways and genes that are potentially involved in lac synthesis and secretion in K. chinensis. Our study lays a foundation for future studies to reveal the molecular mechanisms and pathways of lac synthesis and secretion in this beneficial insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (W.W.); (P.L.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (W.W.); (P.L.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Qin Lu
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (W.W.); (P.L.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiaofei Ling
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (W.W.); (P.L.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (W.W.); (P.L.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Ming-Shun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Hang Chen
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (W.W.); (P.L.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (X.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects, State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (W.W.); (P.L.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.Z.); (X.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects, State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, China
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