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Stephens EKH, Guayco Sigcha J, Lopez-Loo K, Yang IA, Marshall HM, Fong KM. Biomarkers of lung cancer for screening and in never-smokers-a narrative review. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2023; 12:2129-2145. [PMID: 38025810 PMCID: PMC10654441 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-23-291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, partially attributed to late-stage diagnoses. In order to mitigate this, lung cancer screening (LCS) of high-risk patients is performed using low dose computed tomography (CT) scans, however this method is burdened by high false-positive rates and radiation exposure for patients. Further, screening programs focus on individuals with heavy smoking histories, and as such, never-smokers who may otherwise be at risk of lung cancer are often overlooked. To resolve these limitations, biomarkers have been posited as potential supplements or replacements to low-dose CT, and as such, a large body of research in this area has been produced. However, comparatively little information exists on their clinical efficacy and how this compares to current LCS strategies. Methods Here we conduct a search and narrative review of current literature surrounding biomarkers of lung cancer to supplement LCS, and biomarkers of lung cancer in never-smokers (LCINS). Key Content and Findings Many potential biomarkers of lung cancer have been identified with varying levels of sensitivity, specificity, clinical efficacy, and supporting evidence. Of the markers identified, multi-target panels of circulating microRNAs, lipids, and metabolites are likely the most clinically efficacious markers to aid current screening programs, as these provide the highest sensitivity and specificity for lung cancer detection. However, circulating lipid and metabolite levels are known to vary in numerous systemic pathologies, highlighting the need for further validation in large cohort randomised studies. Conclusions Lung cancer biomarkers is a fast-expanding area of research and numerous biomarkers with potential clinical applications have been identified. However, in all cases the level of evidence supporting clinical efficacy is not yet at a level at which it can be translated to clinical practice. The priority now should be to validate existing candidate markers in appropriate clinical contexts and work to integrating these into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward K. H. Stephens
- UQ Thoracic Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jazmin Guayco Sigcha
- UQ Thoracic Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kenneth Lopez-Loo
- UQ Thoracic Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ian A. Yang
- UQ Thoracic Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Henry M. Marshall
- UQ Thoracic Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kwun M. Fong
- UQ Thoracic Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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2
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Biological and Genetic Mechanisms of COPD, Its Diagnosis, Treatment, and Relationship with Lung Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020448. [PMID: 36830984 PMCID: PMC9953173 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most prevalent chronic adult diseases, with significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. Although long-term tobacco smoking is a critical risk factor for this global health problem, its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Several phenomena are thought to be involved in the evolution of emphysema, including airway inflammation, proteinase/anti-proteinase imbalance, oxidative stress, and genetic/epigenetic modifications. Furthermore, COPD is one main risk for lung cancer (LC), the deadliest form of human tumor; formation and chronic inflammation accompanying COPD can be a potential driver of malignancy maturation (0.8-1.7% of COPD cases develop cancer/per year). Recently, the development of more research based on COPD and lung cancer molecular analysis has provided new light for understanding their pathogenesis, improving the diagnosis and treatments, and elucidating many connections between these diseases. Our review emphasizes the biological factors involved in COPD and lung cancer, the advances in their molecular mechanisms' research, and the state of the art of diagnosis and treatments. This work combines many biological and genetic elements into a single whole and strongly links COPD with lung tumor features.
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3
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Somasundaram A, Socinski MA, Villaruz LC. Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Oncogene-Driven Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Drugs 2020; 80:883-892. [PMID: 32436070 PMCID: PMC8579493 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-020-01320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with oncogene-driven lung cancer have limited therapeutic options after progressing on their targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. Given the growing role of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in the treatment of lung cancer, oncogene-driven cancer has warranted further evaluation regarding ICI therapy. However, initial ICI studies have suggested that ICI monotherapy is not only lacking in efficacy, but that it may be less tolerable in oncogene-driven non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We performed a detailed review of the literature using Pubmed, and present the current and impactful findings here. Studies evaluating the use of concurrent ICI therapy and TKI therapy have also suggested increased toxicity and lack of increased activity in these patients. Larger studies have suggested that the sequence of ICI therapy and TKI, such as utilizing ICI therapy after TKI as opposed to before TKI, may play a role in reducing toxicity (hepatotoxicity, pneumonitis); however, these studies are limited in number. Novel methods of patient selection, including low tumor mutational burden, inflamed phenotyping, and high CD8 + tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, may aid in determining ideal patients to give ICI therapy. Novel therapeutic combinations including the addition of anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) therapy or radiotherapy show promising findings for these patients. Given the growing unmet need for therapeutic options in patients with oncogene-driven NSCLC who have failed TKI therapy, further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Somasundaram
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark A Socinski
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Advent Health Cancer Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Liza C Villaruz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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4
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Bei C, Zhang Y, Wei R, Zhu X, Wang Z, Zeng W, Chen Q, Tan S. Clinical significance of CMTM4 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5439-5443. [PMID: 29180877 PMCID: PMC5694205 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s149786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CMTM4 is the most conserved member of chemokine-like factor (CKLF)-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing (CMTM) family on chromosome 16q22.1, a locus that harbors a number of tumor-suppressor genes. In previous studies, CMTM4 was reported to be downregulated and exhibited tumor-suppressor activities by regulating cell growth and cell cycle in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. However, its roles in tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain poorly studied. This study first investigated the expression of CMTM4 in HCC, and then examined the association between the expression of CMTM4 with the clinicopathological features and prognosis of HCC patients. It was found that CMTM4 was downregulated in HCC tissues, compared with matched adjacent nontumor tissues, as detected by immunohistochemistry. In addition, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the negative expression of CMTM4 was associated with decreased overall survival rates in patients with HCC. The results of this study suggest CMTM4 plays a role as a tumor suppressor in HCC and CMTM4 negative expression is a risk factor for poor prognosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Bei
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University
| | - Riming Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University
| | - Xiaonian Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University
| | - Qiuyue Chen
- Department of Pathology, 181st Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Guilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengkui Tan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University
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5
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Zhang P, Zhu Y, Li Y, Zhu S, Ma R, Zhao M, Li J. Forensic evaluation of STR typing reliability in lung cancer. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2017; 30:38-41. [PMID: 29154002 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Short tandem repeats (STR) analysis is the gold standard method in the forensics field for personal identification and paternity testing. In cancerous tissues, STR markers are gaining attention, with some studies showing increased instability. Lung cancer, which is one of the most commonmalignancies, has become the most lethal among all cancers. In certain situations, lung cancer tissues may be the only resource available for forensic analysis. Therefore, evaluating the reliability of STR markers in lung cancer tissues is required to avoid false exclusions. In this study, 75 lung cancer tissue samples were examined to evaluate the reliability of various STR markers. Out of the 75 examined samples, 24 of the cancerous samples (32%) showed genetic alterations on at least one STR loci, totaling 55 times. The most common type of STR variation was a partial loss of heterozygosity, with the D5S818 loci having the highest variation frequency and no alterations detected on the D2S441 and Penta E loci. Moreover, STR variation frequencies were shown to increase with an increased patient age and increased clinical and pathological characteristics, thus an older patient with an advanced stage of progression exhibited a higher variation frequency. Overall, this study provides forensic scientists with further insight into STR analysis relating to lung cancer tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yongguo Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shisheng Zhu
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Ruoxiang Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Minzhu Zhao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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6
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Carozzi FM, Bisanzi S, Carrozzi L, Falaschi F, Lopes Pegna A, Mascalchi M, Picozzi G, Peluso M, Sani C, Greco L, Ocello C, Paci E. Multimodal lung cancer screening using the ITALUNG biomarker panel and low dose computed tomography. Results of the ITALUNG biomarker study. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:94-101. [PMID: 28387927 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asymptomatic high-risk subjects, randomized in the intervention arm of the ITALUNG trial (1,406 screened for lung cancer), were enrolled for the ITALUNG biomarker study (n = 1,356), in which samples of blood and sputum were analyzed for plasma DNA quantification (cut off 5 ng/ml), loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability. The ITALUNG biomarker panel (IBP) was considered positive if at least one of the two biomarkers included in the panel was positive. Subjects with and without lung cancer diagnosis at the end of the screening cycle with LDCT (n = 517) were evaluated. Out of 18 baseline screen detected lung cancer cases, 17 were IBP positive (94%). Repeat screen-detected lung cancer cases were 18 and 12 of them positive at baseline IBP test (66%). Interval cancer cases (2-years) and biomarker tests after a suspect Non Calcific Nodule follow-up were investigated. The single test versus multimodal screening measures of accuracy were compared in a simulation within the screened ITALUNG intervention arm, considering screen-detected and interval cancer cases. Sensitivity was 90% at baseline screening. Specificity was 71 and 61% for LDCT and IBP as baseline single test, and improved at 89% with multimodal, combined screening. The positive predictive value was 4.3% for LDCT at baseline and 10.6% for multimodal screening. Multimodal screening could improve the screening efficiency at baseline and strategies for future implementation are discussed. If IBP was used as primary screening test, the LDCT burden might decrease of about 60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maria Carozzi
- Regional Cancer Prevention Laboratory, ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Simonetta Bisanzi
- Regional Cancer Prevention Laboratory, ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Carrozzi
- Cardiopulmonary Department, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Falaschi
- Radiology Department, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Mario Mascalchi
- Radiodiagnostic Section, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Picozzi
- Radiodiagnostic Unit, ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Peluso
- Regional Cancer Prevention Laboratory, ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Sani
- Regional Cancer Prevention Laboratory, ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Luana Greco
- Biologist, formerly at ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Eugenio Paci
- Retired, formerly at ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
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7
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Mahas A, Potluri K, Kent MN, Naik S, Markey M. Copy number variation in archival melanoma biopsies versus benign melanocytic lesions. Cancer Biomark 2017; 16:575-97. [PMID: 27002761 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin melanocytes can give rise to benign and malignant neoplasms. Discrimination of an early melanoma from an unusual/atypical benign nevus can represent a significant challenge. However, previous studies have shown that in contrast to benign nevi, melanoma demonstrates pervasive chromosomal aberrations. OBJECTIVE This substantial difference between melanoma and benign nevi can be exploited to discriminate between melanoma and benign nevi. METHODS Array-comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is an approach that can be used on DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues to assess the entire genome for the presence of changes in DNA copy number. In this study, high resolution, genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays were utilized to perform comprehensive and detailed analyses of recurrent copy number aberrations in 41 melanoma samples in comparison with 21 benign nevi. RESULTS We found statistically significant copy number gains and losses within melanoma samples. Some of the identified aberrations are previously implicated in melanoma. Moreover, novel regions of copy number alterations were identified, revealing new candidate genes potentially involved in melanoma pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings can help improve melanoma diagnosis and introduce novel melanoma therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mahas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Keerti Potluri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Michael N Kent
- Department of Dermatology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA.,Dermatopathology Laboratory of Central States, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Sameep Naik
- Dermatopathology Laboratory of Central States, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Michael Markey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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8
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Warth A, Körner S, Penzel R, Muley T, Dienemann H, Schirmacher P, von Knebel-Doeberitz M, Weichert W, Kloor M. Microsatellite instability in pulmonary adenocarcinomas: a comprehensive study of 480 cases. Virchows Arch 2015; 468:313-9. [PMID: 26637197 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A major molecular pathway of genetic instability in cancer is DNA mismatch repair deficiency, leading to accumulation of numerous mutations at repetitive DNA sequence stretches (microsatellites), known as high-level microsatellite instability (MSI-H). In colorectal cancer, MSI-H tumors show a clinical behavior different from microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors. Data about the prevalence of MSI among non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are conflicting, and clinical relevance of MSI is largely unknown. We analyzed a series of 480 pulmonary adenocarcinomas (ADC) for MSI using a sensitive mononucleotide marker panel (BAT25, BAT26, and CAT25). Positive cases were further analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for DNA mismatch repair proteins. Results were correlated with clinicopathological variables. MSI-H was detected in 4/480 (0.8 %) cases. In none of these, a background of Lynch syndrome was found. Three of the patients developed a metachronous carcinoma (esophagus, pancreas, and kidney). All MSI-H cases were stage I and occurred in smokers/ex-smokers. Mutations were found in EGFR (n = 2), KRAS (n = 1), or BRAF (n = 1). MSI-H neoplasms had a higher proliferative activity (38.7 %) than MSS neoplasms (28.3 %). Mean overall survival for MSS and MSI-H cases was 64.8 (CI 60.4-69.1) and 47.1 (CI 21-73.2) months, respectively. When specific mononucleotide marker panels are applied, the MSI-H phenotype is rare and predominantly found in early stage ADC of smokers. However, the frequency of MSI-H is in the range of other relevant molecular alterations. In the era of precision therapy, associations with distinct clinicopathological variables merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Warth
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sandrina Körner
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Penzel
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Muley
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Dienemann
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Li T, Cheng Y, Wang P, Wang W, Hu F, Mo X, Lv H, Xu T, Han W. CMTM4 is frequently downregulated and functions as a tumour suppressor in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:122. [PMID: 26474560 PMCID: PMC4609138 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine-like factor (CKLF)-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family (CMTM) is a gene family involved in multiple malignancies. CMTM4 is a member of this family and is located at chromosome 16q22.1, a locus that harbours a number of tumour suppressor genes. It has been defined as a regulator of cell cycle and division in HeLa cells; however, its roles in tumourigenesis remain poorly studied. METHODS An integrated bioinformatics analysis based on the array data from the GEO database was conducted to view the differential expression of CMTM4 across multiple cancers and their corresponding control tissues. Primary clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and the paired adjacent non-tumour tissues were then collected to examine the expression of CMTM4 by western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative RT-PCR. The ccRCC cell lines A498 and 786-O and the normal renal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2 were also tested for CMTM4 expression by western blotting. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and viable cell counting assays were used to delineate the growth curves of 786-O cells after CMTM4 overexpression or knockdown. Wound healing and transwell assays were performed to assess the cells' ability to migrate. The effects of CMTM4 on cellular apoptosis and cell cycle progression were analysed by flow cytometry, and cell cycle hallmarks were detected by western blotting and RT-PCR. The xenograft model in nude mice was used to elucidate the function of CMTM4 in tumourigenesis ex vivo. RESULTS By omic data analysis, we found a substantial downregulation of CMTM4 in ccRCC. Western blotting then confirmed that CMTM4 was dramatically reduced in 86.9 % (53/61) of ccRCC tissues compared with the paired adjacent non-tumour tissues, as well as in the 786-O and A498 ccRCC cell lines. Restoration of CMTM4 significantly suppressed 786-O cell growth by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and p21 upregulation, and cell migration was also inhibited. However, knockdown of CMTM4 led to a completely opposite effect on these cell behaviours. Overexpression of CMTM4 also markedly inhibited the tumour xenograft growth in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS CMTM4 is downregulated and exhibits tumour-suppressor activities in ccRCC, and could be exploited as a target for ccRCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yingying Cheng
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Pingzhang Wang
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Wenyan Wang
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Fengzhan Hu
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xi-Zhi-Men South Street, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Xiaoning Mo
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Hongxia Lv
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xi-Zhi-Men South Street, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Wenling Han
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
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10
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Tian J, Han S. [Role of RRM1 in the Treatment and Prognosis of Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2015; 18:381-6. [PMID: 26104896 PMCID: PMC5999903 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2015.06.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common and highest mortality rates malignant tumors, further, 75%-80% is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For the majority of patients, lost the chance of radical operation or radiotherapy, chemotherapy is the main treatment. However, because of the diversities of tumor behavior and drug-resistant, the chemotherapy of advanced NSCLC is not optimistic. In recent years, with the application of molecular markers for individual chemotherapy, these patients have achieved prolong life and improved life quality. Individualized chemotherapy based on molecular markers to select the appropriate drug is the problem that needs to be solved. The paper gives a brief review on the role of ribonucleotide reductase subunit 1 (RRM1) in the treatment and prognosis of advanced NSCLC. Individualized chemotherapy by RRM1 can't become commonplace for advanced NSCLC and needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Tian
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shuhua Han
- Department of Respiration,
Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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11
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Bonberg N, Pesch B, Behrens T, Johnen G, Taeger D, Gawrych K, Schwentner C, Wellhäußer H, Kluckert M, Leng G, Nasterlack M, Oberlinner C, Stenzl A, Brüning T. Chromosomal alterations in exfoliated urothelial cells from bladder cancer cases and healthy men: a prospective screening study. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:854. [PMID: 25412927 PMCID: PMC4247705 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chromosomal instability in exfoliated urothelial cells has been associated with the development of bladder cancer. Here, we analyzed the accumulation of copy number variations (CNVs) using fluorescence in situ hybridization in cancer cases and explored factors associated with the detection of CNVs in tumor-free men. Methods The prospective UroScreen study was designed to investigate the performance of UroVysion™ and other tumor tests for the early detection of bladder cancer in chemical workers from 2003–2010. We analyzed a database compiling CNVs of chromosomes 3, 7, and 17 and at 9p21 that were detected in 191,434 exfoliated urothelial cells from 1,595 men. We assessed the accumulation of CNVs in 1,400 cells isolated from serial samples that were collected from 18 cancer cases up to the time of diagnosis. A generalized estimating equation model was applied to evaluate the influence of age, smoking, and urine status on CNVs in cells from tumor-free men. Results Tetrasomy of chromosomes 3, 7 and 17, and DNA loss at 9p21 were the most frequently observed forms of CNV. In bladder cancer cases, we observed an accumulation of CNVs that started approximately three years before diagnosis. During the year prior to diagnosis, cells from men with high-grade bladder cancer accumulated more CNVs than those obtained from cases with low-grade cancer (CNV < 2: 7.5% vs. 1.1%, CNV > 2: 16-17% vs. 9-11%). About 1% of cells from tumor-free men showed polysomy of chromosomes 3, 7, or 17 or DNA loss at 9p21. Men aged ≥50 years had 1.3-fold more cells with CNVs than younger men; however, we observed no further age-related accumulation of CNVs in tumor-free men. Significantly more cells with CNVs were detected in samples with low creatinine concentrations. Conclusions We found an accumulation of CNVs during the development of bladder cancer starting three years before diagnosis, with more altered cells identified in high-grade tumors. Also, a small fraction of cells with CNVs were exfoliated into urine of tumor-free men, mainly exhibiting tetraploidy or DNA loss at 9p21. Whether these cells are preferentially cleared from the urothelium or are artifacts needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beate Pesch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Buerkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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12
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Honda H, Nagamachi A, Inaba T. -7/7q- syndrome in myeloid-lineage hematopoietic malignancies: attempts to understand this complex disease entity. Oncogene 2014; 34:2413-25. [PMID: 24998854 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The recurrence of chromosomal abnormalities in a specific subtype of cancer strongly suggests that dysregulated gene expression in the corresponding region has a critical role in disease pathogenesis. -7/7q-, defined as the entire loss of chromosome 7 and partial deletion of its long arm, is among the most frequently observed chromosomal aberrations in myeloid-lineage hematopoietic malignancies such as myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia, particularly in patients treated with cytotoxic agents and/or irradiation. Tremendous efforts have been made to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease development, and several possible candidate genes have been cloned. However, the study is still underway, and the entire nature of this syndrome is not completely understood. In this review, we focus on the attempts to identify commonly deleted regions in patients with -7/7q-; isolate the candidate genes responsible for disease development, cooperative genes and the factors affecting disease prognosis; and determine effective and potent therapeutic approaches. We also refer to the possibility that the accumulation of multiple gene haploinsufficiency, rather than the loss of a single tumor suppressor gene, may contribute to the development of diseases with large chromosomal deletions such as -7/7q-.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Honda
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - A Nagamachi
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Inaba
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Opitz I, D'Amico TA, Rocco G. The biomolecular era for thoracic surgeons: the example of the ESTS Biology Club. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6 Suppl 2:S265-71. [PMID: 24868444 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.05.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding basic mechanisms of lung disease may help to move forward the management of our patients. Molecular biology has affected our diagnostic and therapeutic pathways in the direction of personalized medicine not only for thoracic malignancies. Accordingly, thoracic surgeons are becoming increasingly aware that specific knowledge of genetic and epigenetic alterations may influence their clinical behavior-from the ward to the operating room (OR). In this continuously evolving scenario, surgical societies have perceived the increasing relevance of biomolecular medicine in the practice of modern thoracic surgery. More recently, in the spirit of mutual collaboration between sister societies, the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) has adopted the concept of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) incorporating one session dedicated to the Biology Club within the Annual Meeting Program. The aim of the ESTS Biology Club is to outline and sponsor the new profile of the surgeon scientist during the only world meeting exclusively focused on general thoracic surgery. The following article will summarize the significance of this and give an update on molecular biology tools for thoracic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Opitz
- 1 Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland ; 2 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA ; 3 Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione Pascale, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Thomas A D'Amico
- 1 Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland ; 2 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA ; 3 Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione Pascale, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Rocco
- 1 Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland ; 2 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA ; 3 Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione Pascale, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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