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Wang Z, Meng Q, Zhu X, Sun S, Gao S, Gou Y, Liu A. Evaluation and Validation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR in Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Hemiptera: Miridae). Sci Rep 2019; 9:13291. [PMID: 31527603 PMCID: PMC6746731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse is a predominant sucking pest in many tropic economic crops, such as tea, cocoa and coffee. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is one of the most powerful tools to analyze the gene expression level and investigate the mechanism of insect physiology at transcriptional level. Gene expression studies utilizing qRT-PCR have been applied to numerous insects so far. However, no universal reference genes could be used for H. theivora. To obtain accurate and reliable normalized data in H. theivora, twelve candidate reference genes were examined under different tissues, developmental stages and sexes by using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delta Ct and RefFinder algorithms, respectively. The results revealed that the ideal reference genes differed across the treatments, and the consensus rankings generated from stability values provided by these programs suggested a combination of two genes for normalization. To be specific, RPS3A and Actin were the best suitable reference genes for tissues, RPL13A and GAPDH were suitable for developmental stages, EF1α and RPL13A were suitable for sexes, and RPL13A and RPS3A were suitable for all samples. This study represents the first systematic analysis of reference genes for qRT-PCR experiments in H. theivora, and the results can provide a credible normalization for qRT-PCR data, facilitating transcript profiling studies of functional genes in this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, 571533, China
| | - Qianqian Meng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, 571533, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, 571533, China.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Shiwei Sun
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, 571533, China
| | - Shengfeng Gao
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, 571533, China
| | - Yafeng Gou
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, 571533, China
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, 571533, China. .,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Analysis of genetic diversity and phylogeny of Philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) by using RAPD and internal transcribed spacer DNA1. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:3035-3048. [PMID: 30868343 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Indian Eri silkworm, Philosamia ricini Hutt, a commercial silk producing insect, is believed to have originated in the Brahmaputra valley of Assam. In this study, the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of six morphs of Eri silkworm viz. white plain, white zebra, white spotted, blue plain, blue zebra and blue spotted collected from different geographical locations of North-East India were investigated by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and the first internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1). This study revealed a low genetic diversity among the morphs of Eri silkworm. Twenty-eight random primers generated 199 bands. Out of these, 112 were polymorphic (56.28%) with an average of 7.1 bands per primer. The genetic similarity matrix ranged from 0.56 to 0.99. The morphs collected from same geographical area shared the same cluster in the dendrogram. The genetic diversity in case of ITS1 sequences (2.19%) was found to be less as compared to RAPD. The ITS1 sequences of the morphs collected from same geographical area were found to be identical. The information generated in this study will help in conservation and effective breeding program to improve its productivity.
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