Cytotoxic effect of co-expression of human hepatitis A virus 3C protease and bifunctional suicide protein FCU1 genes in a bicistronic vector

The SARS-CoV-2 main protease doesn't induce cell death in human cells in vitro

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which has extremely rapidly spread worldwide. In order to develop the effective antiviral therapies, it is required to understand the molecular mechanisms of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. The main protease, or 3C-like protease (3CLpro), plays the essential role in the coronavirus replication that makes the enzyme a promising therapeutic target. Viral enzymes are known to be multifunctional. Particularly, 3CLpro of SARS-CoV was shown to induce apoptosis in addition to its main function. In the present study we analyzed the cytotoxicity of active SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and its inactivated form upon their individual expression in four human cell lines. For this purpose, we constructed a protein biosensor which allows to detect the proteolytic activity of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and confirmed the expression of the active protease in all cell lines used. We studied viability and morphology of the cells and found that both active and inactivated enzyme variants induce no cell death in contrast to the homologous 3CL protease of SARS-CoV. These results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro is unlikely contribute to the cytopathic effect observed during viral infection directly.

Embryotoxic activity of 3C protease of human hepatitis A virus in developing Danio rerio embryos

The 3C protease is a key factor in picornavirus-induced pathologies with a comprehensive action on cell targets. However, the effects induced by the enzyme have not been described at the organismic level. Here, the model of developing Danio rerio embryos was used to analyze possible toxic effects of the 3C protease of human hepatitis A virus (3Cpro) at the whole-body level. The transient 3Cpro expression had a notable lethal effect and induced a number of specific abnormalities in Danio rerio embryos within 24 h. These effects are due to the proteolytic activity of the enzyme. At the same time, the 3Cpro variant with reduced catalytic activity (3Cmut) increased the incidence of embryonic abnormalities; however, this effect was smaller compared to the native enzyme form. While the expression of 3Cmut increased the overall rate of abnormalities, no predominance of specific ones was observed. The data obtained point to a presence significant impact of picornavirus 3Cprotease at the whole-organism level and make contribution to the study of the infectious process caused by human hepatitis A virus.

Individual Expression of Hepatitis A Virus 3C Protease Induces Ferroptosis in Human Cells In Vitro

Regulated cell death (RCD) is a fundamental process common to nearly all living beings and essential for the development and tissue homeostasis in animals and humans. A wide range of molecules can induce RCD, including a number of viral proteolytic enzymes. To date, numerous data indicate that picornaviral 3C proteases can induce RCD. In most reported cases, these proteases induce classical caspase-dependent apoptosis. In contrast, the human hepatitis A virus 3C protease (3Cpro) has recently been shown to cause caspase-independent cell death accompanied by previously undescribed features. Here, we expressed 3Cpro in HEK293, HeLa, and A549 human cell lines to characterize 3Cpro-induced cell death morphologically and biochemically using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. We found that dead cells demonstrated necrosis-like morphological changes including permeabilization of the plasma membrane, loss of mitochondrial potential, as well as mitochondria and nuclei swelling. Additionally, we showed that 3Cpro-induced cell death was efficiently blocked by ferroptosis inhibitors and was accompanied by intense lipid peroxidation. Taken together, these results indicate that 3Cpro induces ferroptosis upon its individual expression in human cells. This is the first demonstration that a proteolytic enzyme can induce ferroptosis, the recently discovered and actively studied type of RCD.

In Vitro Assay for the Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effects Provided by a Combination of Suicide and Killer Genes in a Bicistronic Vector

When using bicistronic expression constructs the issue arises concerning proper evaluation of the cytotoxic efficiency of a combination of therapeutic genes. For this purpose, an approach can be applied based on the transient transfection of cultured human cells with a specifically designed set of mono- and bicistronic expression constructs and on the comparison of their cytotoxic effects. Here the application of this approach is described using an example of the evaluation of the combined cytotoxic action of bifunctional yeast cytosine deaminase/uracil phosphoribosyltransferase fusion protein (FCU1) and hepatitis A virus 3C protease in a bicistronic plasmid construct.