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Ji R, Chang L, An C, Zhang J. Proton-sensing ion channels, GPCRs and calcium signaling regulated by them: implications for cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1326231. [PMID: 38505262 PMCID: PMC10949864 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1326231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular acidification of tumors is common. Through proton-sensing ion channels or proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), tumor cells sense extracellular acidification to stimulate a variety of intracellular signaling pathways including the calcium signaling, which consequently exerts global impacts on tumor cells. Proton-sensing ion channels, and proton-sensing GPCRs have natural advantages as drug targets of anticancer therapy. However, they and the calcium signaling regulated by them attracted limited attention as potential targets of anticancer drugs. In the present review, we discuss the progress in studies on proton-sensing ion channels, and proton-sensing GPCRs, especially emphasizing the effects of calcium signaling activated by them on the characteristics of tumors, including proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, drug resistance, angiogenesis. In addition, we review the drugs targeting proton-sensing channels or GPCRs that are currently in clinical trials, as well as the relevant potential drugs for cancer treatments, and discuss their future prospects. The present review aims to elucidate the important role of proton-sensing ion channels, GPCRs and calcium signaling regulated by them in cancer initiation and development. This review will promote the development of drugs targeting proton-sensing channels or GPCRs for cancer treatments, effectively taking their unique advantage as anti-cancer drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhui Ji
- Foundational and Translational Medical Research Center, Department of Allergy and General Surgery, Hohhot First Hospital, Hohhot, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medicine College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Li Chang
- Foundational and Translational Medical Research Center, Department of Allergy and General Surgery, Hohhot First Hospital, Hohhot, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medicine College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Caiyan An
- Foundational and Translational Medical Research Center, Department of Allergy and General Surgery, Hohhot First Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Junjing Zhang
- Foundational and Translational Medical Research Center, Department of Allergy and General Surgery, Hohhot First Hospital, Hohhot, China
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2
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Miszuk J, Sun H. Biomimetic Therapeutics for Bone Regeneration: A Perspective on Antiaging Strategies. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300248. [PMID: 37769439 PMCID: PMC10922069 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Advances in modern medicine and the significant reduction in infant mortality have steadily increased the population's lifespan. As more and more people in the world grow older, incidence of chronic, noncommunicable disease is anticipated to drastically increase. Recent studies have shown that improving the health of the aging population is anticipated to provide the most cost-effective and impactful improvement in quality of life during aging-driven disease. In bone, aging is tightly linked to increased risk of fracture, and markedly decreased regenerative potential, deeming it critical to develop therapeutics to improve aging-driven bone regeneration. Biomimetics offer a cost-effective method in regenerative therapeutics for bone, where there are numerous innovations improving outcomes in young models, but adapting biomimetics to aged models is still a challenge. Chronic inflammation, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and cellular senescence are among three of the more unique challenges facing aging-induced defect repair. This review dissects many of the innovative biomimetic approaches research groups have taken to tackle these challenges, and discusses the further uncertainties that need to be addressed to push the field further. Through these research innovations, it can be noted that biomimetic therapeutics hold great potential for the future of aging-complicated defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Miszuk
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, 801 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, 801 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States
| | - Hongli Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, 801 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, 801 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States
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3
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Fan Y, Li Y, Fu X, Peng J, Chen Y, Chen T, Zhang D. Identification of potential ferroptosis key genes and immune infiltration in rheumatoid arthritis by integrated bioinformatics analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21167. [PMID: 37920499 PMCID: PMC10618794 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Ferroptosis is of vital importance in the development of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The purpose of this project is to clarify the potential ferroptosis-related genes, pathways, and immune infiltration in RA by bioinformatics analysis. Methods We acquired ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) from Ferroptosis database (FerrDb). We obtained the Gene dataset of RA (GSE55235) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Database, screened the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RA and control samples, and then took the intersection of it and FRGs. Aiming to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of the FRGs-DEGs, STRING database and Cytoscape software 3.7.0 would be used. Furthermore, hub genes were identified by CytoNCA, a Cytoscape plug-in. The gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment of FRGs-DEGs were performed. Results We identified 34 FRGs-DEGs, including 7 upregulated and 27 downregulated genes by taking the intersection of the FRGs and DEGs. PPI analysis identified a total of 3 hub genes(VEGFA, PTGS2, and JUN). GO enrichment analyses and KEGG Pathway enrichment displayed that the FRGs-DEGs are involved in the response to oxidative stress and corticosteroid, heme binding, FoxO-signal pathway. Results of immune infiltration displayed that increased infiltration of T cells, while Macrophages M2 less may be related to the occurrence of RA. Conclusion The hub genes involved in ferroptosis in RA may be VEGFA, PTGS2, and JUN, which are mainly involved in FoxO-signal pathway. T cell, Mac, and plasma cells may be involved in the regulation of RA-joints-synovial-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Fan
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuchi Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, Shandong Province, China
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4
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Hung CH, Chin Y, Fong YO, Lee CH, Han DS, Lin JH, Sun WH, Chen CC. Acidosis-related pain and its receptors as targets for chronic pain. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 247:108444. [PMID: 37210007 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sensing acidosis is an important somatosensory function in responses to ischemia, inflammation, and metabolic alteration. Accumulating evidence has shown that acidosis is an effective factor for pain induction and that many intractable chronic pain diseases are associated with acidosis signaling. Various receptors have been known to detect extracellular acidosis and all express in the somatosensory neurons, such as acid sensing ion channels (ASIC), transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and proton-sensing G-protein coupled receptors. In addition to sense noxious acidic stimulation, these proton-sensing receptors also play a vital role in pain processing. For example, ASICs and TRPs are involved in not only nociceptive activation but also anti-nociceptive effects as well as some other non-nociceptive pathways. Herein, we review recent progress in probing the roles of proton-sensing receptors in preclinical pain research and their clinical relevance. We also propose a new concept of sngception to address the specific somatosensory function of acid sensation. This review aims to connect these acid-sensing receptors with basic pain research and clinical pain diseases, thus helping with better understanding the acid-related pain pathogenesis and their potential therapeutic roles via the mechanism of acid-mediated antinociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Hung
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yin Chin
- Department of Life Science & Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-On Fong
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Der-Shen Han
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Her Lin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsin Sun
- Department of Life Science & Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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5
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Inhibition of Chitinase-3-like-1 expression by K284 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury through down regulation of CXCL3. Int Immunopharmacol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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6
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Litta F, Papait A, Lucchetti D, Farigu S, Parello A, Tenore CR, Campennì P, Silini AR, Giustiniani MC, Parolini O, Sgambato A, Ratto C. The pathogenesis of cryptoglandular anal fistula: New insight into the immunological profile. Colorectal Dis 2022; 24:1567-1575. [PMID: 35916639 PMCID: PMC10087133 DOI: 10.1111/codi.16290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aetiology of cryptoglandular anal fistula (AF) is poorly understood. Evidence suggests that persistence and/or recurrence of the disease is more related to inflammatory than infectious factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the immune profile of cryptoglandular AF and to perform a histopathological characterization. METHOD Fistulectomy was performed in all patients; healthy ischioanal fat from the same patients was used as a control. Samples were evaluated by the Luminex xMAP system for the detection of 27 analytes. AF tissues were analysed using immunofluorescence. Staining was performed using primary antibodies to identify M1 inflammatory and M2 anti-inflammatory macrophages. Selective staining of total T lymphocytes and different T lymphocyte subsets was performed. RESULTS Twenty patients with AF underwent a fistulectomy. Specific cytokine pathways differentiated AF from healthy tissue: pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-8 and IL-17 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were overexpressed in AF compared with controls. Chemokines involved in macrophage recruitment (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4) were higher in AF than in healthy fatty tissue. Moreover, we showed that Tc17 cells characterize AF patients, thus confirming the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay data. Furthermore, elevated infiltration of CD68+ myeloid cells and a reduction of the M1/M2 ratio characterize AF patients. CONCLUSION A combination of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors reside in the wound microenvironment of AF patients. For the first time an important prevalence of Tc17 cells and a reduction in the M1/M2 ratio was observed, thus suggesting new insights into the immunological characterization of AF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Litta
- Proctology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Papait
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario 'Agostino Gemelli' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Lucchetti
- Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Serafina Farigu
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | - Angelo Parello
- Proctology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Ricciardi Tenore
- Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Campennì
- Proctology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Ornella Parolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario 'Agostino Gemelli' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sgambato
- Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Ratto
- Proctology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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7
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Gharavi AT, Hanjani NA, Movahed E, Doroudian M. The role of macrophage subtypes and exosomes in immunomodulation. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:83. [PMID: 36192691 PMCID: PMC9528143 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are influential members of the innate immune system that can be reversibly polarized by different microenvironment signals. Cell polarization leads to a wide range of features, involving the migration, development, and organization of the cells. There is mounting evidence that macrophage polarization plays a key role in the initiation and development of a wide range of diseases. This study aims to give an overview of macrophage polarization, their different subtypes, and the importance of alternatively activated M2 macrophage and classically activated M1 macrophage in immune responses and pathological conditions. This review provides insight on the role of exosomes in M1/M2-like macrophage polarization and their potential as a promising therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwahab Teflischi Gharavi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 14911-15719, Iran
| | - Niloofar Asadi Hanjani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 14911-15719, Iran
| | - Elaheh Movahed
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New Year, USA
| | - Mohammad Doroudian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 14911-15719, Iran.
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8
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Xanthones from Securidaca inappendiculata Hassk. attenuate collagen-induced arthritis in rats by inhibiting the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase/glycolysis pathway and macrophage polarization. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109137. [PMID: 36001918 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Securidaca inappendiculata (SI) Hassk. is a traditional medicine used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Recent studies have reported that macrophages are the primary regulators of joint homeostasis and their polarization is closely related to their metabolic mode. Here, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the joint protective effect of SI's xanthone-rich fraction (XRF) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats and the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)-glycolysis-polarization axis of macrophages. CIA model rats were treated with oral XRF and therapeutic efficacy was assessed based on arthritis score, degree of paw swelling, histological examination, and immunohistochemical analysis. Serum levels of cytokines, cellular metabolite concentrations, and protein and mRNA expression were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting (WB), and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), respectively. The effects of dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (XAN), a representative SI-derived compound, on RAW264.7 macrophages was analyzed in vitro using confocal laser scanning and flow cytometry. We found that XRF treatment significantly alleviated disease severity in CIA model rats. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum and M1 markers in synovium were reduced after XRF treatment, accompanied by an increase in the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and M2 markers. Further, XRF significantly suppressed synovial glycolysis by regulating NAMPT. In vitro studies further showed that XAN induced repolarization of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages with M1-M2 phenotype. Moreover, XAN negatively regulated glycolysis in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages in correlation with changes in NAMPT expression. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that the joint protective effects of XRF are achieved by inhibiting the NAMPT/glycolysis pathway and thereby regulating macrophage polarization.
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9
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Imenez Silva PH, Câmara NO, Wagner CA. Role of proton-activated G protein-coupled receptors in pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C400-C414. [PMID: 35759438 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00114.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Local acidification is a common feature of many disease processes such as inflammation, infarction, or solid tumor growth. Acidic pH is not merely a sequelae of disease but contributes to recruitment and regulation of immune cells, modifies metabolism of parenchymal, immune and tumor cells, modulates fibrosis, vascular permeability, oxygen availability and consumption, invasiveness of tumor cells, and impacts on cell survival. Thus, multiple pH-sensing mechanisms must exist in cells involved in these processes. These pH-sensors play important roles in normal physiology and pathophysiology, and hence might be attractive targets for pharmacological interventions. Among the pH-sensing mechanisms, OGR1 (GPR68), GPR4 (GPR4), and TDAG8 (GPR65) have emerged as important molecules. These G protein-coupled receptors are widely expressed, are upregulated in inflammation and tumors, sense changes in extracellular pH in the range between pH 8 and 6, and are involved in modulating key processes in inflammation, tumor biology, and fibrosis. This review discusses key features of these receptors and highlights important disease states and pathways affected by their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Imenez Silva
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Switzerland
| | - Niels Olsen Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Switzerland
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Ye Q, Luo F, Yan T. Transcription factor KLF4 regulated STAT1 to promote M1 polarization of macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:5669-5680. [PMID: 35748767 PMCID: PMC9365561 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to reveal the mechanism of transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) in regulating M1 polarization of macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in order to induce inflammatory response. The results suggested that KLF4 overexpression promoted the M1 polarization of RAW 264.7 cells, increased STAT1 expression and up-regulated the phosphorylation level. After KLF4 silencing, the M1 polarization level was down-regulated. Besides, the induced M1 macrophages were co-cultured with articular chondrocytes. KLF4 overexpression further aggravated chondrocyte injury, increased the cell apoptosis rate and activated the inflammatory injury. However, pretreatment with STAT1 inhibitor Cerulomycin resisted the effect of KLF4, and significantly suppressed STAT1 expression and M1 polarization of cells. KLF4 overexpression aggravated synovial tissue injury in mouse joints, up-regulated the expression of inflammatory factors, and increased the levels of CD86 and STAT1. It was discovered that transcription factor KLF4 promoted the transcription of STAT1 to regulate the M1 polarization of macrophages, thus aggravating the progression of RA and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Ye
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Chen WG, Zhang SS, Pan S, Wang ZF, Xu JY, Sheng XH, Yin Q, Wu YJ. α-Mangostin Treats Early-Stage Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis of Rat by Regulating the CAP-SIRT1 Pathway in Macrophages. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:509-520. [PMID: 35250263 PMCID: PMC8893152 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s348836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have found that α-mangostin (MG) can relieve experimental arthritis by activating cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP). It affects the polarization of macrophages and the balance of related immune cell subpopulations, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. It has been found that silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) is closely related to macrophage activity. The purpose of this study is to explore the mechanism of MG intervening in macrophage polarization during treatment of early adjuvant-induced (AIA) rats through the CAP-SIRT1 pathway. Methods We investigated the polarization of M1 macrophages and the differentiation of Th1 in AIA rats by flow cytometry. Activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the level of nicotinic adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in serum were also detected, and immunohistochemical was used to detect the levels of α7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor (α7nAChR) and SIRT1. Then in macrophages, the molecular mechanism of MG regulating the abnormal activation of macrophages in rats with early AIA through the CAP-SIRT1 pathway was studied. Results MG can significantly inhibit the polarization of M1 macrophages and the differentiation of Th1 in AIA rats in the acute phase of inflammation. MG can significantly inhibit the activity of AChE and increase the level of NAD+, thereby further up-regulated the expression levels of α7nAChR and SIRT1. Meanwhile, MG inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-mediated inflammation by activating the CAP-SIRT1 pathway in macrophages. Conclusion In summary, the stimulation of MG induced CAP activation, which up-regulated SIRT1 signal, and thereby inhibited M1 polarization through the NF-κB pathway, and improved the pathological immune environment of early-stage AIA rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Gang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Sa-Sa Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,Xin'An Medicine Research Center, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,Xin'An Medicine Research Center, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-He Sheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Jin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,Xin'An Medicine Research Center, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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12
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Nguyen NT, Sun WH, Chen TH, Tsai PC, Chen CC, Huang SL. Gut Mucosal Microbiome Is Perturbed in Rheumatoid Arthritis Mice and Partly Restored after TDAG8 Deficiency or Suppression by Salicylanilide Derivative. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073527. [PMID: 35408888 PMCID: PMC8998664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease, is characterized by chronic joint inflammation and pain. We previously found that the deletion of T-cell death-associated gene 8 (TDAG8) significantly reduces disease severity and pain in RA mice. Whether it is by modulating gut microbiota remains unclear. In this study, 64 intestinal samples of feces, cecal content, and cecal mucus from the complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis mouse models were compared. The α- and β-diversity indices of the microbiome were significantly lower in RA mice. Cecal mucus showed a higher ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in RA than healthy mice, suggesting the ratio could serve as an RA indicator. Four core genera, Eubacterium_Ventriosum, Alloprevotella, Rikenella, and Treponema, were reduced in content in both feces and mucus RA samples, and could serve microbial markers representing RA progression. TDAG8 deficiency decreased the abundance of proinflammation-related Eubacterium_Xylanophilum, Clostridia, Ruminococcus, Paraprevotella, and Rikenellaceae, which reduced local mucosal inflammation to relieve RA disease severity and pain. The pharmacological block of the TDAG8 function by a salicylanilide derivative partly restored the RA microbiome to a healthy composition. These findings provide a further understanding of specific bacteria interactions with host gut mucus in the RA model. The modulation by TDAG8 on particular bacteria can facilitate microbiota-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Tuan Nguyen
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Wei-Hsin Sun
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-H.S.); (T.-H.C.)
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-H.S.); (T.-H.C.)
| | - Po-Chun Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (P.-C.T.); (C.-C.C.)
| | - Chih-Chen Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (P.-C.T.); (C.-C.C.)
| | - Shir-Ly Huang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (P.-C.T.); (C.-C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2826-7108
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13
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Moxibustion regulates the polarization of macrophages through the IL-4/STAT6 pathway in rheumatoid arthritis. Cytokine 2022; 152:155835. [PMID: 35240467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of moxibustion on "Shenshu" and "Zusanli" on macrophage polarization and IL-4/STAT6 signaling pathway in rats with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To further explore the possible anti-inflammatory mechanism of moxibustion in the treatment of RA. METHODS The rats' right hind paws were injected with freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) to establish the model of RA. Seven days after the injection of FCA, moxibustion therapy was performed on the acupoints of Shenshu (BL23) and Zusanli (ST36) once a day for three weeks. The researchers measured the thickness of the foot pad. ELISA and Histological Analysis were performed to observe the anti-inflammatory effect of moxibustion. Then researchers detected the expression of macrophage phenotype and the expression of IL-4/STAT6 signaling pathway related molecules. RESULTS It was observed that after the injection of FCA, the rats' feet showed obvious symptoms of redness and swelling. But the symptoms were significantly improved when moxibustion was employed. The study found lower IL-23 and higher IL-4 level in the serum of FCA-injected rats after moxibustion treatment. HE staining showed that the synovium of the RA group was hyperemia and edema, with a large number of inflammatory cells infiltration and vascular dilatation. In the moxibustion group, the degree of synovial hyperemia and edema was improved, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells and vascular dilation were reduced. The study also found that there wer differences among the expressions of macrophage phenotypes in RA, and this was shown by the high expression of CD86 and low expression of CD206. However, the polarization of macrophages in the moxibustion group changed, and that was manifested by enhanced M2-polarized Mφs and inhibited M1-polarized Mφs. Meanwhile, moxibustion suppressed the activation of JAK1, JAK3 and STAT6 in the IL-4/STAT6 signaling pathway, which contributed to the polarization of M2 . CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that moxibustion not only suppresses the polarization of M1, but also promotes the polarization of M1. The anti-inflammatory effect of moxibustion may be related to the regulation of macrophage polarization through IL-4/STAT6 signaling pathway.
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14
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Ribeiro ARB, Silva ECO, Araújo PMC, Souza ST, Fonseca EJDS, Barreto E. Application of Raman spectroscopy for characterization of the functional polarization of macrophages into M1 and M2 cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 265:120328. [PMID: 34481146 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are key cells in the immune inflammatory response that can be differentiated into M1 and M2 phenotypes. Polarization has a critical therapeutic value, especially in diseases in which an M1/M2 imbalance plays a pathophysiological role. Raman spectroscopy has proven to be a promising bioanalytical technique for discriminating different cell types. However, to our knowledge, its application to identify the functional polarization of macrophages into M1 or M2 cells is yet to be investigated. In this work, Raman spectroscopy was applied to the analysis of macrophage polarization, and the spectral datasets were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). In vitro, resting J774.1 macrophages were treated with LPS/IFN-γ to induce the M1 phenotype or with IL-4 to induce the M2 phenotype. The resulting Raman spectra showed sufficient biochemical information to distinguish between M1 and M2 phenotypes when analyzed by PCA, reflecting the changes in cell markers caused by differentiation. The Raman spectra collected from LPS-stimulated M1 and M2 macrophages were more intense. The functional phenotype of M1 macrophages was confirmed by IL-6 secretion and TNF-α mRNA expression, while M2 macrophages produced IL-10 and Arg-1 mRNA, as well as by the morphological changes observed by scanning electron microscopy. Taken together, the results indicate that Raman spectroscopy combined with PCA analysis is a useful tool to identify the functional phenotypes of macrophages, providing an alternative way to distinguish between cells in distinct differentiation stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rúbia Batista Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-900 Maceió-AL, Brazil; Optics and Nanoscopy Group, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970 Maceió-AL, Brazil
| | | | - Polliane Maria Cavalcante Araújo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-900 Maceió-AL, Brazil
| | - Samuel Teixeira Souza
- Optics and Nanoscopy Group, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970 Maceió-AL, Brazil
| | | | - Emiliano Barreto
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-900 Maceió-AL, Brazil.
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15
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Estrázulas M, Freitas RDS, Käfer ET, Dagnino APA, Campos MM. Central and peripheral effects of environmental enrichment in a mouse model of arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 102:108386. [PMID: 34824037 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed whether environmental enrichment (EE) modulates the nociceptive and inflammatory responses in the mouse model of arthritis induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA). Ninety male mice (C57BL/6-JUnib, 4-weeks-old; 20-25 g) were distributed into EE and standard (SE) groups. For EE, mice were kept in bigger cages using an alternation of materials to chew (wood and paper), for nesting (cotton), to use as hiding places (plastic tunnels), and for voluntary exercise (wheel running). Arthritis was induced by an injection of CFA (50 μL) into the right hind paw or saline solution in the control group. Separate groups received the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg; every 48 h). Inflammatory and pain measurements were performed from 1 to 35 days after CFA administration. EE per se reduced the acute paw edema formation and arthritis scores. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were undetectable in any experimental groups. EE diminished the immunopositivity for the microglia marker IBA1 in the pre-frontal cortex, with slight changes for hippocampal GFAP-positive activated astrocytes. Finally, EE induced a marked increment of brain-derived nerve factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus, an effect that was fully prevented by dexamethasone. These data bring novel evidence on the peripheral and central effects of EE in a mouse arthritis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Estrázulas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Raquel D S Freitas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduarda T Käfer
- Curso de Graduação em Medicina, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana P A Dagnino
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria M Campos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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16
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Abstract
The last decade has seen an enormous increase in long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) research within rheumatology. LncRNAs are arbitrarily classed as non-protein encoding RNA transcripts that exceed 200 nucleotides in length. These transcripts have tissue and cell specific patterns of expression and are implicated in a variety of biological processes. Unsurprisingly, numerous lncRNAs are dysregulated in rheumatoid conditions, correlating with disease activity and cited as potential biomarkers and targets for therapeutic intervention. In this chapter, following an introduction into each condition, we discuss the lncRNAs involved in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. These inflammatory joint conditions share several inflammatory signalling pathways and therefore not surprisingly many commonly dysregulated lncRNAs are shared across these conditions. In the interest of translational research only those lncRNAs which are strongly conserved have been addressed. The lncRNAs discussed here have diverse roles in regulating inflammation, proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis. Understanding the molecular basis of lncRNA function in rheumatology will be crucial in fully determining the inflammatory mechanisms that drive these conditions.
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17
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Fang L, Chen L, Song M, He J, Zhang L, Li C, Wang Q, Yang W, Sun W, Leng Y, Shi H, Wang S, Gao X, Wang H. Naoxintong accelerates diabetic wound healing by attenuating inflammatory response. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:252-261. [PMID: 33684026 PMCID: PMC7946048 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1877735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Naoxintong (NXT), a prescribed traditional Chinese medicine, widely used in cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, could be effective in diabetic wounds. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the wound healing activity of NXT by employing an excisional wound splinting model. MATERIALS AND METHODS NXT was dissolved in saline and given daily by gavage. Wounds were induced at the dorsum of non-diabetic (db/+) and diabetic (db/db) mice and treated with saline or 700 mg/kg/d NXT for 16 days. Wound closure was measured every four days. Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, collagen deposition, leukocyte infiltration and expression of Col-3, CK14, CXCL1, CXCL2, MPO, Ly6G, CD68, CCR7, CD206, p-JAK1, p-STAT3 and p-STAT6 was analysed. RESULTS NXT significantly accelerated rate of wound closure increased from 70% to 84%, accompanied by up-regulation of collagen deposition and ECM at days 16 post-injury. Moreover, NXT alleviated neutrophil infiltration, accompanied by down-regulation of CXCL1 and CXCL2 mRNA expression. In addition, NXT markedly augmented neutrophil efferocytosis. In diabetic wounds, the levels of M1 marker gene (CCR7) increased, while M2 marker gene (CD206) decreased, demonstrating a pro-inflammatory shift. Application of NXT increased M2 macrophage phenotype in db/db mice. Mechanistically, NXT treatment increased expression level of p-STAT3 and p-STAT6 at days 3 post-injury, indicating NXT mediated macrophages towards M2 phenotype and alleviated inflammation in diabetic wounds by activation of STAT3 and STAT6. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence that NXT accelerates diabetic wound healing by attenuating inflammatory response, which provides an important basis for use of NXT in the treatment of chronic diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan He
- Buchang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xi'an, China
| | - Lusha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuze Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaoxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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18
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Ollewagen T, Powrie YSL, Myburgh KH, Smith C. Unresolved intramuscular inflammation, not diminished skeletal muscle regenerative capacity, is at the root of rheumatoid cachexia: insights from a rat CIA model. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15119. [PMID: 34806343 PMCID: PMC8606867 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis targets numerous organs in patients, including the skeletal muscle, resulting in rheumatoid cachexia. In the muscle niche, satellite cells, macrophages, and myofibroblasts may be affected and the factors they release altered. This study aimed to assess these cell types, cytokines, and growth factors and their relationships to muscle fiber size and number in a rodent collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model, in order to identify new therapeutic targets. Fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) was 57% lower in CIA than controls (p < 0.0001), thus smaller but more fibers visible per field of view. Immunostaining indicated the increased presence of satellite cells, macrophages, myofibroblasts, and myonuclei per field of view in CIA (p < 0.01), but this finding was not maintained when taking fiber number into consideration. Western blots of gastrocnemius samples indicated that tumor necrosis factor-α was significantly elevated (p < 0.01) while interleukin-10 (IL-10) was decreased (p < 0.05) in CIA. This effect was maintained (and heightened for IL-10) when expressed per fiber number. Myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD and myogenin), transforming growth factor-β and inhibitor of differentiation were significantly elevated in CIA muscle and levels correlated significantly with CSA. Several of these factors remained elevated, but bone morphogenetic protein-7 decreased when considering fiber number per area. In conclusion, CIA-muscle demonstrated a good regenerative response. Myoblast numbers per fiber were not elevated, suggesting their activity results from the persistent inflammatory signaling which also significantly hampered maintenance of muscle fiber size. A clearer picture of signaling events at cellular level in arthritis muscle may be derived from expressing data per fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Ollewagen
- Department Physiological SciencesScience FacultyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Yigael S. L. Powrie
- Division of Clinical PharmacologyDepartment of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Kathryn H. Myburgh
- Department Physiological SciencesScience FacultyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Carine Smith
- Division of Clinical PharmacologyDepartment of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
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19
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Wu S, Li XF, Wu YY, Yin SQ, Huang C, Li J. N6 -Methyladenosine and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comprehensive Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731842. [PMID: 34630412 PMCID: PMC8498590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), one of the most common autoimmune diseases, is characterized by immune cell infiltration, fibroblast-like synovial cell hyperproliferation, and cartilage and bone destruction. To date, numerous studies have demonstrated that immune cells are one of the key targets for the treatment of RA. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common internal modification to eukaryotic mRNA, which is involved in the splicing, stability, export, and degradation of RNA metabolism. m6A methylated-related genes are divided into writers, erasers, and readers, and they are critical for the regulation of cell life. They play a significant role in various biological processes, such as virus replication and cell differentiation by controlling gene expression. Furthermore, a growing number of studies have indicated that m6A is associated with the occurrence of numerous diseases, such as lung cancer, bladder cancer, gastric cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we summarize the history of m6A research and recent progress on RA research concerning m6A enzymes. The relationship between m6A enzymes, immune cells, and RA suggests that m6A modification offers evidence for the pathogenesis of RA, which will help in the development of new therapies for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wu
- Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Postdoctoral Station of Clinical Medicine of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wu
- Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Su-Qin Yin
- Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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20
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Cao L, Huang T, Chen X, Li W, Yang X, Zhang W, Li M, Gao R. Uncovering the interplay between pH receptors and immune cells: Potential drug targets (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 46:228. [PMID: 34476504 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular acidosis is associated with various immunopathological states. The microenvironment of numerous solid tumours and inflammatory responses during acute or chronic infection are all related to a pH range of 5.5‑7.0. The relationship between inflammation and immune escape, cancer metabolism, and immunologic suppression drives researchers to focus on the effects of low pH on diverse components of disease immune monitoring. The potential effect of low extracellular pH on the immune function reveals the importance of pH in inflammatory and immunoreactive processes. In this review, the mechanism of how pH receptors, including monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), Na+/H+ exchanger 1, carbonic anhydrases (CAs), vacuolar‑ATPase, and proton‑sensing G‑protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), modulate the immune system in disease, especially in cancer, were studied. Their role in immunocyte growth and signal transduction as part of the immune response, as well as cytokine production, have been documented in great detail. Currently, immunotherapy strategies have positive therapeutic effects for patients. However, the acidic microenvironment may block the effect of immunotherapy through compensatory feedback mechanisms, leading to drug resistance. Therefore, we highlight promising therapeutic developments regarding pH manipulation and provide a framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cao
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Tianqiao Huang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Weisha Li
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Xingjiu Yang
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Ran Gao
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
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21
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Ross EA, Devitt A, Johnson JR. Macrophages: The Good, the Bad, and the Gluttony. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708186. [PMID: 34456917 PMCID: PMC8397413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are dynamic cells that play critical roles in the induction and resolution of sterile inflammation. In this review, we will compile and interpret recent findings on the plasticity of macrophages and how these cells contribute to the development of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, with a particular focus on allergic and autoimmune disorders. The critical roles of macrophages in the resolution of inflammation will then be examined, emphasizing the ability of macrophages to clear apoptotic immune cells. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune-driven spectrum of diseases where persistent inflammation results in synovial hyperplasia and excessive immune cell accumulation, leading to remodeling and reduced function in affected joints. Macrophages are central to the pathophysiology of RA, driving episodic cycles of chronic inflammation and tissue destruction. RA patients have increased numbers of active M1 polarized pro-inflammatory macrophages and few or inactive M2 type cells. This imbalance in macrophage homeostasis is a main contributor to pro-inflammatory mediators in RA, resulting in continual activation of immune and stromal populations and accelerated tissue remodeling. Modulation of macrophage phenotype and function remains a key therapeutic goal for the treatment of this disease. Intriguingly, therapeutic intervention with glucocorticoids or other DMARDs promotes the re-polarization of M1 macrophages to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype; this reprogramming is dependent on metabolic changes to promote phenotypic switching. Allergic asthma is associated with Th2-polarised airway inflammation, structural remodeling of the large airways, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Macrophage polarization has a profound impact on asthma pathogenesis, as the response to allergen exposure is regulated by an intricate interplay between local immune factors including cytokines, chemokines and danger signals from neighboring cells. In the Th2-polarized environment characteristic of allergic asthma, high levels of IL-4 produced by locally infiltrating innate lymphoid cells and helper T cells promote the acquisition of an alternatively activated M2a phenotype in macrophages, with myriad effects on the local immune response and airway structure. Targeting regulators of macrophage plasticity is currently being pursued in the treatment of allergic asthma and other allergic diseases. Macrophages promote the re-balancing of pro-inflammatory responses towards pro-resolution responses and are thus central to the success of an inflammatory response. It has long been established that apoptosis supports monocyte and macrophage recruitment to sites of inflammation, facilitating subsequent corpse clearance. This drives resolution responses and mediates a phenotypic switch in the polarity of macrophages. However, the role of apoptotic cell-derived extracellular vesicles (ACdEV) in the recruitment and control of macrophage phenotype has received remarkably little attention. ACdEV are powerful mediators of intercellular communication, carrying a wealth of lipid and protein mediators that may modulate macrophage phenotype, including a cargo of active immune-modulating enzymes. The impact of such interactions may result in repair or disease in different contexts. In this review, we will discuss the origin, characterization, and activity of macrophages in sterile inflammatory diseases and the underlying mechanisms of macrophage polarization via ACdEV and apoptotic cell clearance, in order to provide new insights into therapeutic strategies that could exploit the capabilities of these agile and responsive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan A Ross
- School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Devitt
- School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jill R Johnson
- School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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22
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Sisignano M, Fischer MJM, Geisslinger G. Proton-Sensing GPCRs in Health and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082050. [PMID: 34440817 PMCID: PMC8392051 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The group of proton-sensing G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) consists of the four receptors GPR4, TDAG8 (GPR65), OGR1 (GPR68), and G2A (GPR132). These receptors are cellular sensors of acidification, a property that has been attributed to the presence of crucial histidine residues. However, the pH detection varies considerably among the group of proton-sensing GPCRs and ranges from pH of 5.5 to 7.8. While the proton-sensing GPCRs were initially considered to detect acidic cellular environments in the context of inflammation, recent observations have expanded our knowledge about their physiological and pathophysiological functions and many additional individual and unique features have been discovered that suggest a more differentiated role of these receptors in health and disease. It is known that all four receptors contribute to different aspects of tumor biology, cardiovascular physiology, and asthma. However, apart from their overlapping functions, they seem to have individual properties, and recent publications identify potential roles of individual GPCRs in mechanosensation, intestinal inflammation, oncoimmunological interactions, hematopoiesis, as well as inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Here, we put together the knowledge about the biological functions and structural features of the four proton-sensing GPCRs and discuss the biological role of each of the four receptors individually. We explore all currently known pharmacological modulators of the four receptors and highlight potential use. Finally, we point out knowledge gaps in the biological and pharmacological context of proton-sensing GPCRs that should be addressed by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sisignano
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael J. M. Fischer
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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23
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Oligonucleotide Therapies in the Treatment of Arthritis: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080902. [PMID: 34440106 PMCID: PMC8389545 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are two of the most common chronic inflammatory joint diseases, for which there remains a great clinical need to develop safer and more efficacious pharmacological treatments. The pathology of both OA and RA involves multiple tissues within the joint, including the synovial joint lining and the bone, as well as the articular cartilage in OA. In this review, we discuss the potential for the development of oligonucleotide therapies for these disorders by examining the evidence that oligonucleotides can modulate the key cellular pathways that drive the pathology of the inflammatory diseased joint pathology, as well as evidence in preclinical in vivo models that oligonucleotides can modify disease progression.
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24
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Guo M, Wang S, Guo Q, Hou B, Yue T, Ming D, Zheng B. NIR-Responsive Spatiotemporally Controlled Cyanobacteria Micro-Nanodevice for Intensity-Modulated Chemotherapeutics in Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:18423-18431. [PMID: 33847489 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is upregulated in hypoxic environments at the lesions of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which promoted the polarization of proinflammatory M1 macrophages and inhibited the differentiation of anti-inflammatory M2 to deteriorate synovial inflammation. Since oxygen scarcity at the joints causes an imbalance of macrophages M1 and M2, herein, we designed a cyanobacteria micro-nanodevice that can be spatiotemporally controlled in vivo to continuously producing oxygen in the RA joints for the downregulation of the expression of HIF-1α, thereby reducing the amounts of M1 macrophages and inducing the polarization of M2 macrophages for chemically sensitized RA treatment. The forthputting of temperature-sensitive hydrogel guaranteed the safety of cyanobacteria micro-nanodevice in vivo. Furthermore, the oxygen produced by cyanobacteria micro-nanodevice in a sustained manner enhanced the therapeutic effect of the antirheumatic drug methotrexate (MTX) and discouraged inflammation and bone erosion at RA. This study provided a new approach for the RA treatment of spatiotemporal-controlled release of oxygen in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Guo
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Shuchao Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Qinglu Guo
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Bei Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yue
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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25
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Sehnert B, Burkhardt H, Dübel S, Voll RE. Cell-Type Targeted NF-kappaB Inhibition for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:E1627. [PMID: 32640727 PMCID: PMC7407293 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated NF-k activation is not only involved in cancer but also contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Ideally, therapeutic NF-KappaB inhibition should only take place in those cell types that are involved in disease pathogenesis to maintain physiological cell functions in all other cells. In contrast, unselective NF-kappaB inhibition in all cells results in multiple adverse effects, a major hindrance in drug development. Hitherto, various substances exist to inhibit different steps of NF-kappaB signaling. However, powerful tools for cell-type specific NF-kappaB inhibition are not yet established. Here, we review the role of NF-kappaB in inflammatory diseases, current strategies for drug delivery and NF-kappaB inhibition and point out the "sneaking ligand" approach. Sneaking ligand fusion proteins (SLFPs) are recombinant proteins with modular architecture consisting of three domains. The prototype SLC1 binds specifically to the activated endothelium and blocks canonical NF-kappaB activation. In vivo, SLC1 attenuated clinical and histological signs of experimental arthritides. The SLFP architecture allows an easy exchange of binding and effector domains and represents an attractive approach to study disease-relevant biological targets in a broad range of diseases. In vivo, SLFP treatment might increase therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Sehnert
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harald Burkhardt
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, and Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Reinhard E. Voll
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
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