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Fakhri Y, Ranaei V, Pilevar Z, Moradi M, Mahmoudizeh A, Hemmati F, Mousavi Khaneghah A. The prevalence and concentration of aflatoxins in beers: a global systematic review and meta-analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38842007 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2362816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins have been identified as considerable contaminants in beer. The current investigation's concentration and prevalence of aflatoxins (AFs) in beer were meta-analyzed. The health risk of consumers was estimated through MOEs in the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) model. The rank order of AFs in beer based on pooled prevalence was AFB1 (26.00%) > AFG1 (14.93%) > AFB2 (7.69%) > AFG2 (7.52%), In addition, the rank order of AFs in beer based on their pooled concentration was AFG1 (0.505 µg/l) > AFB1 (0.469 µg/l) > AFB2 (0.134 µg/l) > AFG2 (0.071 µg/l). The prevalence and concentration of AFs in beer in Malawi were higher than in other countries. The health risk assessment shows consumers in all countries, especially Malawi, Brazil, and Cameroon, are exposed to unacceptably health risks (MOEs <10,000). It is recommended to monitor levels of AFs in beer efficiently and implement control plans in order to decrease health risk of exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Vahid Ranaei
- School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Pilevar
- School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Moradi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Hemmati
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Kaela CR, Lilly M, Rheeder JP, Misihairabgwi JM, Alberts JF. Mycological and Multiple Mycotoxin Surveillance of Sorghum and Pearl Millet Produced by Smallholder Farmers in Namibia. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:164. [PMID: 37014446 PMCID: PMC10073170 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycological (mycotoxigenic Fusarium and aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp.) and multiple mycotoxins [aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B (FB), deoxynivalenol and zearalenone] surveillance was conducted on raw whole grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) produced on smallholder farms, and processed products sold at open markets in northern Namibia. Fungal contamination was determined with morphological methods as well as with quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR). The concentrations of multiple mycotoxins in samples were determined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The incidence of mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp., Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, as well as the concentrations of AFB1 and FB were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the malts as compared to the raw whole grains, with Aspergillus spp. and AFB1 exhibiting the highest contamination (P < 0.001). None of the analysed mycotoxins were detected in the raw whole grains. Aflatoxin B1 above the regulatory maximum level set by the European Commission was detected in sorghum (2 of 10 samples; 20%; 3-11 µg/kg) and pearl millet (6 of 11 samples; 55%; 4-14 µg/kg) malts. Low levels of FB1 (6 of 10 samples; 60%; 15-245 µg/kg) were detected in sorghum malts and no FB was detected in pearl millet malts. Contamination possibly occurred postharvest, during storage, and/or transportation and processing. By critically monitoring the complete production process, the sources of contamination and critical control points could be identified and managed. Mycotoxin awareness and sustainable education will contribute to reducing mycotoxin contamination. This could ultimately contribute to food safety and security in northern Namibia where communities are exposed to carcinogenic mycotoxins in their staple diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin R Kaela
- Department of Agriculture, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Private Bag X8, Wellington, South Africa
| | - Mariska Lilly
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute (AMHBI), Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, South Africa
| | - John P Rheeder
- Department of Biotechnology and Consumer Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jane M Misihairabgwi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, PO Box 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Johanna F Alberts
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, South Africa.
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Zearalenone and Its Masked Forms in Cereals and Cereal-Derived Products: A Review of the Characteristics, Incidence, and Fate in Food Processing. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090976. [PMID: 36135701 PMCID: PMC9501528 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is known as a Fusarium-produced mycotoxin, representing a risk to cereal food safety with repercussions for economies and worldwide trade. Recent studies have reported the co-occurrence of ZEA and masked ZEA in a variety of cereals and cereal-based products, which may exert adverse effects on public health due to additive/synergistic interactions. However, the co-contamination of ZEA and masked ZEA has received little attention. In order to minimize the threats of co-contamination by ZEA and masked ZEA, it is necessary to recognize the occurrence and formation of ZEA and masked ZEA. This review focuses on the characteristics, incidence, and detection of ZEA and its masked forms. Additionally, the fate of ZEA and masked ZEA during the processing of bread, cake, biscuits, pasta, and beer, as well as the ZEA limit, are discussed. The incidence of masked ZEA is lower than that of ZEA, and the mean level of masked ZEA varies greatly between cereal samples. Published data showed a considerable degree of heterogeneity in the destiny of ZEA during cereal-based food processing, mostly as a result of the varying contamination levels and complicated food processing methods. Knowledge of the fate of ZEA and masked ZEA throughout cereal-based food processing may reduce the likelihood of severe detrimental market and trade ramifications. The revision of legislative limits of masked ZEA may become a challenge in the future.
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Yli-Mattila T, Sundheim L. Fumonisins in African Countries. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060419. [PMID: 35737080 PMCID: PMC9228379 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize and other cereals are the commodities most contaminated with fumonisins. The maize acreage is increasing in Africa, and the maize harvest provides important foods for humans and feeds for domestic animals throughout the continent. In North Africa, high levels of fumonisins have been reported from Algeria and Morocco, while low levels have been detected in the rather few fumonisin analyses reported from Tunisia and Egypt. The West African countries Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, and Nigeria all report high levels of fumonisin contamination of maize, while the few maize samples analysed in Togo contain low levels. In Eastern Africa, high levels of fumonisin contamination have been reported from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. The samples analysed from Rwanda contained low levels of fumonisins. Analysis of maize from the Southern African countries Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe revealed high fumonisin levels, while low levels of fumonisins were detected in the few analyses of maize from Botswana and Mozambique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapani Yli-Mattila
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 358-440560700
| | - Leif Sundheim
- Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway;
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5
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Six Main Contributing Factors to High Levels of Mycotoxin Contamination in African Foods. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050318. [PMID: 35622564 PMCID: PMC9146326 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Africa is one of the regions with high mycotoxin contamination of foods and continues to record high incidences of liver cancers globally. The agricultural sector of most African countries depends largely on climate variables for crop production. Production of mycotoxins is climate-sensitive. Most stakeholders in the food production chain in Africa are not aware of the health and economic effects of consuming contaminated foods. The aim of this review is to evaluate the main factors and their degree of contribution to the high levels of mycotoxins in African foods. Thus, knowledge of the contributions of different factors responsible for high levels of these toxins will be a good starting point for the effective mitigation of mycotoxins in Africa. Google Scholar was used to conduct a systemic search. Six factors were found to be linked to high levels of mycotoxins in African foods, in varying degrees. Climate change remains the main driving factor in the production of mycotoxins. The other factors are partly man-made and can be manipulated to become a more profitable or less climate-sensitive response. Awareness of the existence of these mycotoxins and their economic as well as health consequences remains paramount. The degree of management of these factors regarding mycotoxins varies from one region of the world to another.
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Motlhanka K, Zhou N, Kamakama M, Masilo M, Lebani K. Mycotoxins in khadi, A Traditional Non-Cereal Based Alcoholic Beverage of Botswana. Microbiol Insights 2022; 15:11786361221139817. [DOI: 10.1177/11786361221139817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination is a major food safety drawback towards the commercialization of food products. The commercialization of khadi, a popular fermented alcoholic beverage of Botswana necessitates the investigation of the presence of mycotoxins. Khadi brewing involves the uncontrolled and unstandardized spontaneous fermentation of sun-dried Grewia flava fruits, which could be a source of mycotoxin-producing filamentous fungi (molds). This study sought to investigate the presence of mycotoxins producing fungi and mycotoxins in 18 samples of khadi collected in Central and Northern Botswana. Periconia thailandica, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Aspergillus ochraceus, Phoma eupyrena, Setosphaeria turcica, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Chaetomium longiciliata, and Flavodon ambrosius were identified in 10 out of 18 khadi samples. Mycotoxins were detected using the Myco-10 Randox Evidence Investigator biochip kit and confirmed using a UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Mycotoxins such as paxilline, ochratoxin A, ergot alkaloids, aflatoxin G1/G2, and zearalenone were detected using the Myco-10 Randox Evidence Investigator biochip kit. The Myco-10 results revealed that the mycotoxins in the khadi samples were lower than the regulatory limits set by FDA or European Commission. Confirmation of results using an UPLC-ESI-MS/MS system involved confirming selected mycotoxins (AFB1, DON. ZEA, FB1, FB2, FB3, NIV, and OTA) from selected khadi samples (Palapye 1, Palapye 2, Letlhakane 2, Maun 3, Mmashoro 3, and Tonota 3). The UPLC results demonstrated that the aforementioned mycotoxins in the selected khadi samples were below the detection thresholds. The study shows that while fungal isolates were present, there is no to minimal danger/risk of exposure to toxic mycotoxins after consumption of khadi. Towards commercialization endeavors, the production process would necessitate minimal mycotoxin monitoring and product preservation but no detoxifying steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koketso Motlhanka
- Department of Animal Science, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Nerve Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Malaki Kamakama
- Department of Chemistry, National Food Technology Research Center, Kanye, Botswana
| | - Monkgogi Masilo
- Department of Chemistry, National Food Technology Research Center, Kanye, Botswana
| | - Kebaneilwe Lebani
- Department of Animal Science, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
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Schabo DC, Freire L, Sant'Ana AS, Schaffner DW, Magnani M. Mycotoxins in artisanal beers: An overview of relevant aspects of the raw material, manufacturing steps and regulatory issues involved. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110114. [PMID: 33641981 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of artisanal beer has increased worldwide. Artisanal beers can include malted or unmalted wheat, maize, rice and sorghum, in addition to the basic ingredients. These grains can be infected by toxigenic fungi in the field or during storage and mycotoxins can be produced if they find favorable conditions. Mycotoxins may not be eliminated throughout the beer brewing and be detected in the final product. In addition, modified mycotoxins may also be formed during beer brewing. This review compiles relevant information about mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium in raw material of artisanal beer, as well as updates information about the production and fate of mycotoxins during the beer brewing process. Findings highlight that malting conditions favor the production of mycotoxins by the fungi contaminating cereals. Therefore, good agricultural and postharvest mitigation strategies are the most effective options for preventing the growth of toxigenic fungi and the production of mycotoxins in cereals. However, the final concentration of mycotoxin in artisanal beer is difficult to predict as it depends on the initial concentration contained in the raw material and the processing conditions. The current lack of limits of mycotoxins in artisanal beer underestimates possible risks to human health. In addition, modified mycotoxins, not detected by conventional methods, may be formed in artisanal beers. Maximum tolerated limits for these contaminants must be urgently established based on scientific data about transfer of mycotoxins throughout the artisanal beer brewery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danieli C Schabo
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia, Campus Colorado do Oeste, BR 435, Km 63, Colorado do Oeste, RO 76993-000, Brazil; Laboratory of Microbial Processes in Foods, Department of Food Engineering, Center of Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Luísa Freire
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 3083-862, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 3083-862, Brazil
| | - Donald W Schaffner
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Marciane Magnani
- Laboratory of Microbial Processes in Foods, Department of Food Engineering, Center of Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil.
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Mahato DK, Devi S, Pandhi S, Sharma B, Maurya KK, Mishra S, Dhawan K, Selvakumar R, Kamle M, Mishra AK, Kumar P. Occurrence, Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Management Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:92. [PMID: 33530606 PMCID: PMC7912641 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins represent an assorted range of secondary fungal metabolites that extensively occur in numerous food and feed ingredients at any stage during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin categorized as a xenoestrogen poses structural similarity with natural estrogens that enables its binding to the estrogen receptors leading to hormonal misbalance and numerous reproductive diseases. ZEN is mainly found in crops belonging to temperate regions, primarily in maize and other cereal crops that form an important part of various food and feed. Because of the significant adverse effects of ZEN on both human and animal, there is an alarming need for effective detection, mitigation, and management strategies to assure food and feed safety and security. The present review tends to provide an updated overview of the different sources, occurrence and biosynthetic mechanisms of ZEN in various food and feed. It also provides insight to its harmful effects on human health and agriculture along with its effective detection, management, and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
| | - Sheetal Devi
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India;
| | - Shikha Pandhi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (S.P.); (B.S.); (K.K.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Bharti Sharma
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (S.P.); (B.S.); (K.K.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Maurya
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (S.P.); (B.S.); (K.K.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Sadhna Mishra
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (S.P.); (B.S.); (K.K.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Kajal Dhawan
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India;
| | - Raman Selvakumar
- Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Lab., Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India;
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Lab., Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India;
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A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) based assay for the rapid and sensitive group-specific detection of fumonisin producing Fusarium spp. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 325:108627. [PMID: 32334331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins that contaminate maize and maize-based food products, and feed. They have been associated with nerve system disorders in horses, pulmonary edema in swine as well as neural tube defects and esophageal cancer in humans. The fum1 gene codes for a polyketide synthase involved in the biosynthesis of fumonisins. It is present in the genomes of all fumonisin producing Fusarium spp. Reliable detection of fum1 can provide an estimate of the toxicological potential of cultures and food sources. Therefore, a fum1 specific LAMP assay was developed and tested with purified DNA of 48 different species from the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). The fum1 gene was detected in 22 species among which F. fujikuroi, F. globosum, F. nygamai, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides were the most prominent fumonisin producers. None out of 92 tested non-Fusarium species showed cross reactions with the new assay. The lowest limit of detection (LOD) was 5 pg of genomic DNA per reaction for F. fujikuroi, F. nygamai and F. verticillioides. Higher LODs were found for other LAMP positive species. Apart from pure genomic DNA, the LAMP assay detected fumonisin-producers when 103 conidia/reaction were used as template after mechanical lysis. LAMP-results were well correlated with FB1 production. This is the first report on fumonisin production in strains of F. annanatum, F. coicis, F. mundagurra, F. newnesense, F. pininemorale, F. sororula, F. tjataeba, F. udum and F. werrikimbe. Usefulness of the LAMP assay was demonstrated by analyzing fumonisin contaminated maize grains. The new LAMP assay is rapid, sensitive and reliable for the diagnosis of typical fumonisin producers and can be a versatile tool in HACCP concepts that target the reduction of fumonisins in the food and feed chain.
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Ekwomadu TI, Dada TA, Nleya N, Gopane R, Sulyok M, Mwanza M. Variation of Fusarium Free, Masked, and Emerging Mycotoxin Metabolites in Maize from Agriculture Regions of South Africa. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E149. [PMID: 32121210 PMCID: PMC7150761 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in cereal grain is a very important food safety issue with the occurrence of masked mycotoxins extensively investigated in recent years. This study investigated the variation of different Fusarium metabolites (including the related regulated, masked, and emerging mycotoxin) in maize from various agriculture regions of South Africa. The relationship between the maize producing regions, the maize type, as well as the mycotoxins was established. A total of 123 maize samples was analyzed by a LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method. The results revealed that all maize types exhibited a mixture of free, masked, and emerging mycotoxins contamination across the regions with an average of 5 and up to 24 out of 42 investigated Fusarium mycotoxins, including 1 to 3 masked forms at the same time. Data obtained show that fumonisin B1, B2, B3, B4, and A1 were the most prevalent mycotoxins and had maximum contamination levels of 8908, 3383, 990, 1014, and 51.5 µg/kg, respectively. Deoxynivalenol occurred in 50% of the samples with a mean concentration of 152 µg/kg (max 1380 µg/kg). Thirty-three percent of the samples were contaminated with zearalenone at a mean concentration of 13.6 µg/kg (max 146 µg/kg). Of the masked mycotoxins, DON-3-glucoside occurred at a high incidence level of 53%. Among emerging toxins, moniliformin, fusarinolic acid, and beauvericin showed high occurrences at 98%, 98%, and 83%, and had maximum contamination levels of 1130, 3422, and 142 µg/kg, respectively. Significant differences in the contamination pattern were observed between the agricultural regions and maize types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Ijeoma Ekwomadu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;
| | - Toluwase Adeseye Dada
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (T.A.D.); (N.N.); (M.M.)
| | - Nancy Nleya
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (T.A.D.); (N.N.); (M.M.)
| | - Ramokone Gopane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agro Biotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), A-3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (T.A.D.); (N.N.); (M.M.)
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11
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Lulamba TE, Stafford RA, Njobeh PB. The relative effectiveness of two filter aids in removing ochratoxin A during beer filtration. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tshikala Eddie Lulamba
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, Cnr Siemert and Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg-New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Robert A. Stafford
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, Cnr Siemert and Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg-New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Patrick Berka Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, Cnr Siemert and Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg-New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
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12
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Lulamba TE, Stafford RA, Njobeh PB. A sub-Saharan African perspective on mycotoxins in beer - a review. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tshikala Eddie Lulamba
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, CnrSiemert & Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg - New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Robert A. Stafford
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, CnrSiemert & Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg - New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Patrick Berka Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, CnrSiemert & Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg - New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
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13
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Nafuka SN, Misihairabgwi JM, Bock R, Ishola A, Sulyok M, Krska R. Variation of Fungal Metabolites in Sorghum Malts Used to Prepare Namibian Traditional Fermented Beverages Omalodu and Otombo. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030165. [PMID: 30884826 PMCID: PMC6468557 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum malts, which are important ingredients in traditional fermented beverages, are commonly infected by mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins may transfer into the beverages, risking consumers’ health. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine variation of fungal metabolites in 81 sorghum malts processed for brewing of Namibian beverages, otombo (n = 45) and omalodu (n = 36). Co-occurrence of European Union (EU)-regulated mycotoxins, such as patulin, aflatoxins (B1, B2, and G2), and fumonisins (B1, B2, and B3) was detected in both malts with a prevalence range of 2–84%. Aflatoxin B1 was quantified in omalodu (44%) and otombo malts (14%), with 20% of omalodu malts and 40% of otombo malts having levels above the EU allowable limit. Fumonisin B1 was quantified in both omalodu (84%) and otombo (42%) malts. Emerging mycotoxins, aflatoxin precursors, and ergot alkaloids were quantified in both malts. Notably, 102 metabolites were quantified in both malts, with 96% in omalodu malts and 93% in otombo malts. An average of 48 metabolites were quantified in otombo malts while an average of 67 metabolites were quantified in omalodu malts. The study accentuates the need to monitor mycotoxins in sorghum malts intended for brewing and to determine their fate in the beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia N Nafuka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Windhoek 10005, Namibia.
| | - Jane M Misihairabgwi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek 10005, Namibia.
| | - Ronnie Bock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Windhoek 10005, Namibia.
| | - Anthony Ishola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Namibia, Windhoek 10005, Namibia.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agro Biotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agro Biotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Byakika S, Mukisa IM, Wacoo AP, Kort R, Byaruhanga YB, Muyanja C. Potential application of lactic acid starters in the reduction of aflatoxin contamination in fermented sorghum-millet beverages. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-019-0074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Removal of Zearalenone and Zearalenols from Aqueous Solutions Using Insoluble Beta-Cyclodextrin Bead Polymer. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10060216. [PMID: 29799507 PMCID: PMC6024756 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a Fusarium-derived mycotoxin, exerting xenoestrogenic effects in animals and humans. ZEN and its derivatives commonly occur in cereals and cereal-based products. During the biotransformation of ZEN, its reduced metabolites, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), are formed; α-ZEL is even more toxic than the parent compound ZEN. Since previous studies demonstrated that ZEN and ZELs form stable complexes with β-cyclodextrins, it is reasonable to hypothesize that cyclodextrin polymers may be suitable for mycotoxin removal from aqueous solutions. In this study, the extraction of ZEN and ZELs from water, buffers, and corn beer was investigated, employing insoluble β-cyclodextrin bead polymer (BBP) as a mycotoxin-binder. Our results demonstrate that even relatively small amounts of BBP can strongly decrease the mycotoxin content of aqueous solutions (including beer). After the first application of BBP for mycotoxin binding, BBP could be completely reactivated through the elimination of ZEN from the cyclodextrin cavities by washing with a 50 v/v% ethanol-water mixture. Therefore, our study suggests that insoluble cyclodextrin polymers may be suitable tools in the future to deplete mycotoxins from contaminated drinks.
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Lahouar A, Jedidi I, Sanchis V, Saïd S. Aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in sorghum grains marketed in Tunisia. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:103-110. [PMID: 29388477 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1433239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 64 samples of sorghum (37 Tunisian sorghum samples and 27 Egyptian sorghum samples) were collected during 2011-2012 from markets in Tunisia. Samples were analysed for contamination with aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Fluorescence Detection (HPLC-FLD). Aflatoxin B1 was found in 38 samples in the range 0.03-31.7 µg kg-1. Ochratoxin A was detected in 24 samples with concentrations ranging from 1.04 to 27.8 µg kg-1. Zearalenone was detected in 21 samples and the concentration varied between 3.7 and 64.5 µg kg-1. ANOVA analysis of the influence of the country of origin on the incidence and concentration of mycotoxins in the samples studied showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the two batches of samples for each of the three mycotoxins studied. The studied mycotoxins contaminate sorghum and may also co-exist because of the diversity of the mycobiota in this cereal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Lahouar
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry, Unity of Mycotoxicology , University of Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia.,b Food Technology Department , University of Lleida , Lleida , Spain
| | - Ines Jedidi
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry, Unity of Mycotoxicology , University of Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Vicente Sanchis
- b Food Technology Department , University of Lleida , Lleida , Spain
| | - Salem Saïd
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry, Unity of Mycotoxicology , University of Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia
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Ezekiel CN, Ayeni KI, Misihairabgwi JM, Somorin YM, Chibuzor-Onyema IE, Oyedele OA, Abia WA, Sulyok M, Shephard GS, Krska R. Traditionally Processed Beverages in Africa: A Review of the Mycotoxin Occurrence Patterns and Exposure Assessment. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:334-351. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Dept. of Microbiology; Babcock Univ.; Ilishan Remo Ogun State Nigeria
- Dept. of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry; Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU); Konrad Lorenzstr. 20 A-3430 Tulln Austria
| | - Kolawole I. Ayeni
- Dept. of Microbiology; Babcock Univ.; Ilishan Remo Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Jane M. Misihairabgwi
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine; Univ. of Namibia; P. Bag 13301 Windhoek Namibia
| | - Yinka M. Somorin
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences; Natl. Univ. of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | | | | | - Wilfred A. Abia
- School of Toxicology, Occupational Health/Safety and Risk Assessment, COSET; Inst. for Management and Professional Training (IMPT); Yaounde Cameroon
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Dept. of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry; Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU); Konrad Lorenzstr. 20 A-3430 Tulln Austria
| | - Gordon S. Shephard
- Mycotoxicology and Chemoprevention Research Group, Inst. of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology; Cape Peninsula Univ. of Technology; PO Box 1906 Bellville 7535 South Africa
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Dept. of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry; Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU); Konrad Lorenzstr. 20 A-3430 Tulln Austria
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18
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Peters J, van Dam R, van Doorn R, Katerere D, Berthiller F, Haasnoot W, Nielen MWF. Mycotoxin profiling of 1000 beer samples with a special focus on craft beer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185887. [PMID: 28982162 PMCID: PMC5628871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently beer is booming, mainly due to the steady rise of craft breweries worldwide. Previous surveys for occurrence of mycotoxins in beer, were mainly focussed on industrial produced beer. The present survey reports the presence of mycotoxins in craft beer and how this compares to industrial produced beer. More than 1000 beers were collected from 47 countries, of which 60% were craft beers. A selection of 1000 samples were screened for the presence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FBs), T-2 and HT-2 toxins (T-2 and HT-2) and deoxynivalenol (DON) using a mycotoxin 6-plex immunoassay. For confirmatory analysis, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and applied. The 6-plex screening showed discrepancies with the LC-MS/MS analysis, possibly due to matrix interference and/or the presence of unknown mycotoxin metabolites. The major mycotoxins detected were DON and its plant metabolite deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside (D3G). The 6-plex immunoassay reported the sum of DON and D3G (DON+D3G) contaminations ranging from 10 to 475 μg/L in 406 beers, of which 73% were craft beers. The popular craft beer style imperial stout, had the highest percentage of samples suspected positive (83%) with 29% of all imperial stout beers having DON+D3G contaminations above 100 μg/L. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that industrial pale lagers from Italy and Spain, predominantly contained FBs (3–69 μg/L). Besides FBs, African traditional beers also contained aflatoxins (0.1–1.2 μg/L). The presence of OTA, T-2, HT-2, ZEN, β-zearalenol, 3/15-acetyl-DON, nivalenol and the conjugated mycotoxin zearalenone 14-sulfate were confirmed in some beers. This study shows that in 27 craft beers, DON+D3G concentrations occurred above (or at) the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI). Exceeding the TDI, may have a health impact. A better control of brewing malts for craft beer, should be put in place to circumvent this potential problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Peters
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research (Institute of Food Safety), Wageningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruud van Dam
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research (Institute of Food Safety), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - David Katerere
- Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Willem Haasnoot
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research (Institute of Food Safety), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michel W. F. Nielen
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research (Institute of Food Safety), Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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19
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Misihairabgwi JM, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Shephard GS, Krska R. Mycotoxin contamination of foods in Southern Africa: A 10-year review (2007-2016). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:43-58. [PMID: 28799776 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1357003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Major staple foods in Southern Africa are prone to mycotoxin contamination, posing health risks to consumers and consequent economic losses. Regional climatic zones favor the growth of one or more main mycotoxin producing fungi, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Aflatoxin contamination is mainly reported in maize, peanuts and their products, fumonisin contamination in maize and maize products and patulin in apple juice. Lack of awareness of occurrence and risks of mycotoxins, poor agricultural practices and undiversified diets predispose populations to dietary mycotoxin exposure. Due to a scarcity of reports in Southern Africa, reviews on mycotoxin contamination of foods in Africa have mainly focused on Central, Eastern and Western Africa. However, over the last decade, a substantial number of reports of dietary mycotoxins in South Africa have been documented, with fewer reports documented in Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Despite the reported high dietary levels of mycotoxins, legislation for their control is absent in most countries in the region. This review presents an up-to-date documentation of the epidemiology of mycotoxins in agricultural food commodities and discusses the implications on public health, current and recommended mitigation strategies, legislation, and challenges of mycotoxin research in Southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Misihairabgwi
- a Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine , University of Namibia , Windhoek, Namibia. P. Bag 13301, Windhoek , Namibia
| | - C N Ezekiel
- b Department of Microbiology , Babcock University, Ilishan Remo , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - M Sulyok
- c Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln , Austria
| | - G S Shephard
- d Mycotoxicology and Chemoprevention Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology , Cape Peninsula University of Technology , PO Box 1906, Bellville , South Africa
| | - R Krska
- c Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln , Austria
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20
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Kang’ethe EK, Sirma AJ, Murithi G, Mburugu-Mosoti CK, Ouko EO, Korhonen HJ, Nduhiu GJ, Mungatu JK, Joutsjoki V, Lindfors E, Ramo S. Occurrence of mycotoxins in food, feed, and milk in two counties from different agro-ecological zones and with historical outbreak of aflatoxins and fumonisins poisonings in Kenya. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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Chilaka CA, De Boevre M, Atanda OO, De Saeger S. The Status of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Emerging Trends and Post-Harvest Mitigation Strategies towards Food Control. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E19. [PMID: 28067768 PMCID: PMC5308251 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fungi are common plant pathogens causing several plant diseases. The presence of these molds in plants exposes crops to toxic secondary metabolites called Fusarium mycotoxins. The most studied Fusarium mycotoxins include fumonisins, zearalenone, and trichothecenes. Studies have highlighted the economic impact of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium. These arrays of toxins have been implicated as the causal agents of wide varieties of toxic health effects in humans and animals ranging from acute to chronic. Global surveillance of Fusarium mycotoxins has recorded significant progress in its control; however, little attention has been paid to Fusarium mycotoxins in sub-Saharan Africa, thus translating to limited occurrence data. In addition, legislative regulation is virtually non-existent. The emergence of modified Fusarium mycotoxins, which may contribute to additional toxic effects, worsens an already precarious situation. This review highlights the status of Fusarium mycotoxins in sub-Saharan Africa, the possible food processing mitigation strategies, as well as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Adaku Chilaka
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Applied Food Science and Tourism, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia-Ikot Ekpene Road, Umudike, Umuahia PMB 7267, Abia State, Nigeria.
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Olusegun Oladimeji Atanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, McPherson University, KM 96 Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, 110117 Seriki Sotayo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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22
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Del Palacio A, Mionetto A, Bettucci L, Pan D. Evolution of fungal population and mycotoxins in sorghum silage. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1864-1872. [PMID: 27700537 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1244732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Silage, one of the most important feed sources for cattle, is vulnerable to contamination by spoilage moulds and mycotoxins because ensilage materials are excellent substrates for fungal growth. The aim of this study was to identify the mycobiota of sorghum silages, to determine the presence of aflatoxins and fumonisins, and to correlate these results with physical parameters of the silage. A total of 275 samples of sorghum were collected from dairy farms in the south-west region of Uruguay were silage practices are developed. The presence of fungi was observed in all of the sorghum samples with values varying from 0.2 × 104 to 4085 × 104 UFC g-1. Significant difference were detected in the total number of fungi during the storage period; at six months there is a high risk of fungal spoilage. The most frequent genera isolated from sorghum samples were Penicillium (70%), Aspergillus (65%), Absidia (40%), Fusarium (35%), Paecilomyces (35%) and Alternaria, Cladosporium, Gliocadium and Mucor (30%). The toxigenic species most frequently found were Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium nygamai. Only two samples were contaminated by AFB1 with levels of 1 and 14 µg kg-1. Fumonisin was detected in 40% of freshly harvest samples with levels ranged from 533 µg kg-1 to 933 µg kg-1. The use of silo bags seems to be an effective tool to store sorghum. However, the presence of toxigenic fungi show that regular screening for mycotoxins levels in silages must be performed to avoid the exposure of animals to contaminated feed and the introduction of these compounds into the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Del Palacio
- a Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Ingeniería , Universidad de la república , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Ana Mionetto
- a Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Ingeniería , Universidad de la república , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Lina Bettucci
- a Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Ingeniería , Universidad de la república , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Dinorah Pan
- a Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Ingeniería , Universidad de la república , Montevideo , Uruguay
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23
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Bauer JI, Gross M, Gottschalk C, Usleber E. Investigations on the occurrence of mycotoxins in beer. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Jean FB, Philippe AN, Karim K, Mariam O, Sylvain RB, Eloi S, Nicolas B. Assessment of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A levels in sorghum malts and beer in Ouagadougou. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajfs2015.1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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25
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Proietti I, Frazzoli C, Mantovani A. Exploiting Nutritional Value of Staple Foods in the World's Semi-Arid Areas: Risks, Benefits, Challenges and Opportunities of Sorghum. Healthcare (Basel) 2015; 3:172-93. [PMID: 27417755 PMCID: PMC4939534 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare3020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a drought-resistant crop and an important food resource in terms of nutritional as well as social-economic values, especially in semi-arid environments. Cultivar selection and processing methods have been observed to impact on composition and functional and nutritional value of sorghum. Amino acid imbalance, cyanogenic glycosides, endogenous anti-nutrients, mycotoxins and toxic elements are among factors impairing its nutritional value. This paper reviews possible approaches (varieties selection, production practices, cooking processes) to improve the benefits-to-risks balance of sorghum meal, to mitigate the risk of deficiencies and/or imbalances and to improve effects on human nutrition. Opportunity for avoiding dietary diversification in high sorghum consumers is also discussed, e.g., tryptophan and niacin deficits potentially related to pellagra, or unavailability of proteins and divalent cations (e.g., Fe, Zn) due to the antinutrient activity of phytic acid and tannins. As potential candidate for production investments, the role of sorghum in preserving biological diversity is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Proietti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), Agriculture and Life Sciences in the Economy (AGRILIFE), Edificio Expo. C/Inca Garcilaso 3, 41092 Seville, Spain.
- Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Frazzoli
- External Relations Office, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, via Giano della Bella 34, 00162 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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26
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Kussaga JB, Jacxsens L, Tiisekwa BP, Luning PA. Food safety management systems performance in African food processing companies: a review of deficiencies and possible improvement strategies. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:2154-2169. [PMID: 24425418 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study seeks to provide insight into current deficiencies in food safety management systems (FSMS) in African food-processing companies and to identify possible strategies for improvement so as to contribute to African countries' efforts to provide safe food to both local and international markets. This study found that most African food products had high microbiological and chemical contamination levels exceeding the set (legal) limits. Relative to industrialized countries, the study identified various deficiencies at government, sector/branch, retail and company levels which affect performance of FSMS in Africa. For instance, very few companies (except exporting and large companies) have implemented HACCP and ISO 22000:2005. Various measures were proposed to be taken at government (e.g. construction of risk-based legislative frameworks, strengthening of food safety authorities, recommend use of ISO 22000:2005, and consumers' food safety training), branch/sector (e.g. sector-specific guidelines and third-party certification), retail (develop stringent certification standards and impose product specifications) and company levels (improving hygiene, strict raw material control, production process efficacy, and enhancing monitoring systems, assurance activities and supportive administrative structures). By working on those four levels, FSMS of African food-processing companies could be better designed and tailored towards their production processes and specific needs to ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal B Kussaga
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Preservation and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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27
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Waśkiewicz A, Beszterda M, Goliński P. Occurrence of fumonisins in food – An interdisciplinary approach to the problem. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Shale K, Mukamugema J, Lues R, Venter P. Toxicity profile of commercially produced indigenous banana beer. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1300-6. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.688879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Maragou NC, Rosenberg E, Thomaidis NS, Koupparis MA. Direct determination of the estrogenic compounds 8-prenylnaringenin, zearalenone, alpha- and beta-zearalenol in beer by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1202:47-57. [PMID: 18621378 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Revised: 06/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel LC-ESI-MS method for the simultaneous determination of four of the most significant estrogenic compounds naturally occurring in beer, 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), zearalenone (ZON), alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZOL) and beta-zearalenol (beta-ZOL) which requires minimal sample preparation was developed using a chemometric approach. Experimental design was applied to assess the effects of the LC-ESI-MS parameters (mobile phase flow rate, drying gas flow, nebuliser pressure and capillary potential) on the obtained signal and to optimize the values in order to provide maximum sensitivity and detectability. The proposed method is simple, consisting only of degassing the beer and diluting with water (1:1, v/v) before injection. Comparison between the two internal standards used, zearalanone (ZAN) and 4,2'-dihydroxychalcone (4,2'-DHC), showed that ZAN performs better as internal standard not only for the mycotoxins but for 8-PN as well, giving lower % RSDs. Under inter-day conditions mean recoveries were 107% for ZON, 87.8% for alpha-ZOL, 72.8% for beta-ZOL, and 77.5% for 8-PN. The corresponding % RSDs ranged between 5.0 and 8.0. The method limits of detection were 1.3, 1.4, 1.0 and 0.8 ng mL(-1) for ZON, alpha-ZOL, beta-ZOL and 8-PN, respectively. The method was applied to 15 beer samples obtained from local supermarkets and the concentration of the phytoestrogen 8-PN in beer ranged between <0.8 and 38.6 ng mL(-1), while neither ZON nor its metabolites, alpha-ZOL and beta-ZOL, were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki C Maragou
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164 AC, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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