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Bozzo G, Dimuccio MM, Casalino G, Ceci E, Corrente M. New Approaches for risk assessment and management of bovine protothecosis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103368. [PMID: 35846387 PMCID: PMC9283663 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protothecosis is a potential zoonosis related to bovine mastitis. In several countries, a higher incidence of protothecal bovine mastitis that is being recorded and the resistance of Prototheca species to various factors (chlorine, high temperatures, antimicrobial and antiseptic treatments, pH variations), make it difficult to control its spread among farms. The authors aim to describe the infection caused by microalgae, focusing on the problems within cattle farms and proposing new approaches to farm management, based on Regulation (EU) No 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases. This new flexible approach, based on risk analysis, is a further tool in protecting against Prototheca species. The list of transmissible animal diseases under Regulation (EU) No 2016/429 includes those caused by microorganisms resistant to antimicrobials, which can have important implications for human and animal health, feed and food safety. This approach would involve a series of changes to the rules used for Official Controls (Regulation (EU) No 2017/625) moving from the concept of the food chain to that of the agri-food chain.
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Morandi S, Cremonesi P, Povolo M, Capra E, Silvetti T, Castiglioni B, Ribeiro MG, Alves AC, da Costa GM, Luini M, Brasca M. Prototheca blaschkeae subsp. brasiliensis subsp. nov., isolated from cow milk. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:3865-3871. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Morandi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council (CNR ISPA), Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Italian National Research Council (CNR IBBA), Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Milena Povolo
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics – Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture (CREA-ZA), Via Lombardo 11, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Emanuele Capra
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Italian National Research Council (CNR IBBA), Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Tiziana Silvetti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council (CNR ISPA), Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Bianca Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Italian National Research Council (CNR IBBA), Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Márcio Garcia Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 18618-681 Botucatu, state of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Alves
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 18618-681 Botucatu, state of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Márcio da Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Larvas, 37200000, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mario Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Milena Brasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council (CNR ISPA), Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Gonçalves JL, Lee SHI, de Paula Arruda E, Pedroso Galles D, Camargo Caetano V, Fernandes de Oliveira CA, Fernandes AM, Veiga dos Santos M. Biofilm-producing ability and efficiency of sanitizing agents against Prototheca zopfii isolates from bovine subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3613-21. [PMID: 25841971 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate (1) the capacity of the microalga Prototheca zopfii isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis cases to form biofilms; and (2) the resistance of these isolates to sanitizing agents. Ten isolates of P. zopfii from cows with subclinical mastitis (somatic cell count>200×10(3) cells/mL), distributed in 5 dairy farms, were evaluated for their capacity to form biofilms in polystyrene microplate assays and stainless steel coupons, at 25°C and 37°C±1°C. Prototheca zopfii were isolated from milk samples via microbiological culture and analyzed by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Biofilm formation on the coupons was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The resistance to sanitizing agents was assessed using the biofilm-forming P. zopfii isolates in stainless steel coupon assays, which were subjected to 3 sanitizers: peracetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and iodine solution. To evaluate resistance to the sanitizers, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) technique was performed using decreasing concentrations of the sanitizing agents (20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.312, 0.156, 0.078, 0.039, and 0.019 g/L). After inoculating the isolates, all concentrations were evaluated at 3 distinct incubation periods (24, 48, and 72 h) to assess the effect of incubation time on the MIC. Using the polystyrene microplate assays, 1 isolate showed weak biofilm production, 5 moderate, and 4 strong, when incubated at 25°C±1. For isolates incubated at 37°C±1, 6 showed weak biofilm production and 4 moderate. All P. zopfii isolates (n=10) had the capacity to form biofilms on stainless steel coupons. The longer the incubation period of the P. zopfii isolates at different dilutions, the greater the concentrations of sanitizer needed to prevent growth of the microalgae under the tested conditions. We detected a significant effect of sanitizer and time of incubation (24, 48, and 72 h) on MIC values against P. zopfii isolates. The isolates were sensitive in vitro to peracetic acid (MIC90≥0.019 g/L), sodium hypochlorite (MIC90≥0.312 g/L), and iodine solution (MIC90≥0.625 g/L), after 24 h of incubation (where MIC90=concentration needed to inhibit 90% of isolates). Of the tested sanitizers, peracetic acid had the greatest efficiency against P. zopfii. We conclude that P. zopfii isolates are capable of biofilm production, which may contribute to their persistence in a milking and dairy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Leonel Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Sarah Hwa In Lee
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Eurico de Paula Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Débora Pedroso Galles
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Vinícius Camargo Caetano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Oliveira
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Andrezza Maria Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Marcos Veiga dos Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900.
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Bouari C, Bolfa P, Borza G, Nadăş G, Cătoi C, Fiţ N. Antimicrobial activity of Mentha piperita and Saturenja hortensis in a murine model of cutaneous protothecosis. J Mycol Med 2013; 24:34-43. [PMID: 24387811 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date there is no defined pharmacologic treatment protocol available against cutaneous protothecosis, which is difficult to combat using conventional drugs. OBJECTIVES Our experiment aimed to comparatively investigate the effect of two essential oils (Mentha piperita and Saturenja hortensis) against cutaneous protothecosis experimentally induced by Prototheca zopfii in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunosuppressed BALB/c female mice, were divided into six experimental groups, infected with P. zopfii, and then treated for 21 days against the infection. The effectiveness of the different treatments was assessed clinically and histologically by quantifying the degree of inflammation (immunohistochemical quantification of macrophages, T lymphocytes and neutrophils) and fibrosis. RESULTS Skin lesions in experimental protothecosis from non-treated mice were more severe as compared to the four groups of treated animals. Both M. piperita and S. hortensis have proved to be efficient in vivo in the treatment of cutaneous protothecosis by reducing the clinical signs and significantly reducing the degree of inflammation (P<0.05 for the number of macrophages, T lymphocytes and neutrophils) and fibrosis as compared to untreated animals. CONCLUSION Interestingly, our study shows that M. piperita and S. hortensis could represent a potential source of natural antimicrobial products in the treatment of cutaneous protothecosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bouari
- Pathology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3-5, Mănăştur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - P Bolfa
- Pathology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3-5, Mănăştur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - G Borza
- Pathology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3-5, Mănăştur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - G Nadăş
- Microbiology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3-5, Mănăştur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - C Cătoi
- Pathology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3-5, Mănăştur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - N Fiţ
- Microbiology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3-5, Mănăştur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Adhikari N, Bonaiuto HE, Lichtenwalner AB. Short communication: Dairy bedding type affects survival of Prototheca in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7739-42. [PMID: 24119794 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protothecae are algal pathogens, capable of causing bovine mastitis, that are unresponsive to treatment; they are believed to have an environmental reservoir. The role of bedding management in control of protothecal mastitis has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth of either environmental or mastitis-associated Prototheca genotypes in dairy bedding materials that are commonly used in Maine. Prototheca zopfii genotypes 1 and 2 (gt1 and gt2) were inoculated into sterile broth only (control ), kiln-dried spruce shavings, "green" hemlock sawdust, sand, or processed manure-pack beddings with broth, and incubated for 2 d. Fifty microliters of each isolate was then cultured onto plates and the resulting colonies counted at 24 and 48 h postinoculation. Shavings were associated with significantly less total Prototheca growth than other bedding types. Growth of P. zopfii gt1 was significantly higher than that of gt2 in the manure-pack bedding material. Spruce shavings, compared with manure, sand, or sawdust, may be a good bedding type to prevent growth of Prototheca. Based on these in vitro findings, bedding type may affect Prototheca infection of cattle in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Adhikari
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Maine, Orono 04469
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Marques S, Silva E, Carvalheira J, Thompson G. Short communication: Temperature sensibility of Prototheca blaschkeae strains isolated from bovine mastitic milk. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:5110-3. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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