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Quist EM, Choudhary S, Lang R, Tokarz DA, Hoenerhoff M, Nagel J, Everitt JI. Proceedings of the 2022 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:836-857. [PMID: 36165586 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221124825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 2022 annual National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri," was held in Austin, Texas at the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 40th annual meeting during a half-day session on Sunday, June 19. The goal of this symposium was to present and discuss challenging diagnostic pathology and/or nomenclature issues. This article presents summaries of the speakers' talks along with select images that were used by the audience for voting and discussion. Various lesions and topics covered during the symposium included induced and spontaneous neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions in the mouse lung, spontaneous lesions in the reproductive tract of a female cynomolgus macaque, induced vascular lesions in a mouse asthma model and interesting case studies in a rhesus macaque, dog and genetically engineered mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Quist
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Richard Lang
- Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Debra A Tokarz
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Hoenerhoff
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan Nagel
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Toxicity studies of Aspergillus fumigatus administered by inhalation to B6C3F1/N mice. TOXICITY REPORT SERIES 2021:NTP-TOX-100. [PMID: 34283822 DOI: 10.22427/ntp-tox-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a thermotolerant, soil-borne fungal species that is ubiquitous in the environment. Mold was nominated to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) by a private individual due to suspected adverse health effects associated with personal exposure in indoor and occupational settings. A. fumigatus is of particular concern in the biowaste industry as the species can contaminate self-heating compost piles. Because of this potential for personal and occupational exposure and the lack of available toxicity data, toxicity studies were conducted in which male and female B6C3F1/N mice were exposed to A. fumigatus conidia (spores) two times a week for 3 months. All in-life procedures, including inhalation exposure, test article preparation, and hematology analysis, were completed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH, Morgantown, WV). Battelle (Columbus, OH) conducted terminal necropsies, measured terminal body and organ weights, and evaluated gross lesions on-site at NIOSH. Tissue processing and histopathology were completed at Battelle. Grocott's methenamine silver (GMS) staining was performed at NIOSH. Genetic toxicology studies on mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes were conducted by Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC (Research Triangle Park, NC). (Abstract Abridged).
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Croston TL, Lemons AR, Barnes MA, Goldsmith WT, Orandle MS, Nayak AP, Germolec DR, Green BJ, Beezhold DH. Inhalation of Stachybotrys chartarum Fragments Induces Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:563-576. [PMID: 31671270 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0221oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stachybotrys chartarum is a fungal contaminant within the built environment and a respiratory health concern in the United States. The objective of this study was to characterize the mechanisms influencing pulmonary immune responses to repeatedly inhaled S. chartarum. Groups of B6C3F1/N mice repeatedly inhaled viable trichothecene-producing S. chartarum conidia (strain A or strain B), heat-inactivated conidia, or high-efficiency particulate absolute-filtered air twice per week for 4 and 13 weeks. Strain A was found to produce higher amounts of respirable fragments than strain B. Lung tissue, serum, and BAL fluid were collected at 24 and 48 hours after final exposure and processed for histology, flow cytometry, and RNA and proteomic analyses. At 4 weeks after exposure, a T-helper cell type 2-mediated response was observed. After 13 weeks, a mixed T-cell response was observed after exposure to strain A compared with a T-helper cell type 2-mediated response after strain B exposure. After exposure, both strains induced pulmonary arterial remodeling at 13 weeks; however, strain A-exposed mice progressed more quickly than strain B-exposed mice. BAL fluid was composed primarily of eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages. Both the immune response and the observed pulmonary arterial remodeling were supported by specific cellular, molecular, and proteomic profiles. The immunopathological responses occurred earlier in mice exposed to high fragment-producing strain A. The rather striking induction of pulmonary remodeling by S. chartarum appears to be related to the presence of fungal fragments during exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ajay P Nayak
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch.,Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, and Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Dori R Germolec
- Toxicology Branch, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Donald H Beezhold
- Office of the Director, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
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4
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Wei J, Wang P, Li Y, Dou Q, Lin J, Tao W, Lin J, Fu X, Huang Z, Zhang W. Inhibition of RHO Kinase by Fasudil Attenuates Ischemic Lung Injury After Cardiac Arrest in Rats. Shock 2018; 50:706-713. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Florentin J, Coppin E, Vasamsetti SB, Zhao J, Tai YY, Tang Y, Zhang Y, Watson A, Sembrat J, Rojas M, Vargas SO, Chan SY, Dutta P. Inflammatory Macrophage Expansion in Pulmonary Hypertension Depends upon Mobilization of Blood-Borne Monocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3612-3625. [PMID: 29632145 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation, which is characterized by the presence of perivascular macrophages, has been proposed as a key pathogenic driver of pulmonary hypertension (PH), a vascular disease with increasing global significance. However, the mechanisms of expansion of lung macrophages and the role of blood-borne monocytes in PH are poorly understood. Using multicolor flow cytometric analysis of blood in mouse and rat models of PH and patients with PH, an increase in blood monocytes was observed. In parallel, lung tissue displayed increased chemokine transcript expression, including those responsible for monocyte recruitment, such as Ccl2 and Cx3cl1, accompanied by an expansion of interstitial lung macrophages. These data indicate that blood monocytes are recruited to lung perivascular spaces and differentiate into inflammatory macrophages. Correspondingly, parabiosis between congenically different hypoxic mice demonstrated that most interstitial macrophages originated from blood monocytes. To define the actions of these cells in PH in vivo, we reduced blood monocyte numbers via genetic deficiency of cx3cr1 or ccr2 in chronically hypoxic male mice and by pharmacologic inhibition of Cx3cl1 in monocrotaline-exposed rats. Both models exhibited decreased inflammatory blood monocytes, as well as interstitial macrophages, leading to a substantial decrease in arteriolar remodeling but with a less robust hemodynamic effect. This study defines a direct mechanism by which interstitial macrophages expand in PH. It also demonstrates a pathway for pulmonary vascular remodeling in PH that depends upon interstitial macrophage-dependent inflammation yet is dissociated, at least in part, from hemodynamic consequences, thus offering guidance on future anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Florentin
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Emilie Coppin
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Sathish Babu Vasamsetti
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jingsi Zhao
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Yi-Yin Tai
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Ying Tang
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Annie Watson
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - John Sembrat
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Sara O Vargas
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;
| | - Partha Dutta
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Li C, Liu P, Song R, Zhang Y, Lei S, Wu S. Immune cells and autoantibodies in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:1047-1057. [PMID: 29036539 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of immunity in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) support the notion that maladaptation of the immune response exists. Altered immunity is an increasingly recognized feature of PAH. Indeed, a delicate balance between immunity and tolerance exists and any disturbance may result in chronic inflammation or autoimmunity. This is suggested by infiltration of various immune cells (e.g. macrophages, T and B lymphocytes) in remodeled pulmonary vessels. In addition, several types of autoantibodies directed against antinuclear antigens, endothelial cells (ECs) and fibroblasts have been found in idiopathic and systemic sclerosis-associated PAH. These autoantibodies may play an important role in EC apoptosis and in the expression of cell adhesion molecules. This review article provides an overview of immunity pathways highlighting their potential roles in pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH and the possibility of future targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pingping Liu
- Department of Emergency, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiqing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Si Lei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shangjie Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Rosenblum Lichtenstein JH, Molina RM, Donaghey TC, Hsu YHH, Mathews JA, Kasahara DI, Park JA, Bordini A, Godleski JJ, Gillis BS, Brain JD. Repeated Mouse Lung Exposures to Stachybotrys chartarum Shift Immune Response from Type 1 to Type 2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 55:521-531. [PMID: 27148627 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0291oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After a single or multiple intratracheal instillations of Stachybotrys chartarum (S. chartarum or black mold) spores in BALB/c mice, we characterized cytokine production, metabolites, and inflammatory patterns by analyzing mouse bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung tissue, and plasma. We found marked differences in BAL cell counts, especially large increases in lymphocytes and eosinophils in multiple-dosed mice. Formation of eosinophil-rich granulomas and airway goblet cell metaplasia were prevalent in the lungs of multiple-dosed mice but not in single- or saline-dosed groups. We detected changes in the cytokine expression profiles in both the BAL and plasma. Multiple pulmonary exposures to S. chartarum induced significant metabolic changes in the lungs but not in the plasma. These changes suggest a shift from type 1 inflammation after an acute exposure to type 2 inflammation after multiple exposures to S. chartarum. Eotaxin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TNF-α, and the IL-8 analogs macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC), had more dramatic changes in multiple- than in single-dosed mice, and parallel the cytokines that characterize humans with histories of mold exposures versus unexposed control subjects. This repeated exposure model allows us to more realistically characterize responses to mold, such as cytokine, metabolic, and cellular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Rosenblum Lichtenstein
- 1 Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ramon M Molina
- 1 Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas C Donaghey
- 1 Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yi-Hsiang H Hsu
- 1 Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Joel A Mathews
- 1 Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David I Kasahara
- 1 Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jin-Ah Park
- 1 Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - André Bordini
- 1 Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John J Godleski
- 1 Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce S Gillis
- 3 Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joseph D Brain
- 1 Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kasahara DI, Ninin FMC, Wurmbrand AP, Liao JK, Shore SA. Abrogation of airway hyperresponsiveness but not inflammation by rho kinase insufficiency. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:457-70. [PMID: 25323425 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major features of allergic asthma include airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophilic inflammation, and goblet cell metaplasia. Rho kinase (ROCK) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates the actin cytoskeleton. By doing so, it can modulate airway smooth muscle cell contraction and leucocyte migration and proliferation. This study was designed to determine the contributions of the two ROCK isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2, to AHR, inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia in a mast cell-dependent model of allergic airways disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Repeated intranasal challenges with OVA caused AHR, eosinophilic inflammation, and goblet cell hyperplasia in wild-type (WT) mice. OVA-induced AHR was partially or completely abrogated in mice haploinsufficient for ROCK2 (ROCK2(+/-) ) or ROCK1 (ROCK1(+/-) ), respectively. In contrast, there was no effect of ROCK insufficiency on allergic airways inflammation, although both ROCK1 and ROCK2 insufficiency attenuated mast cell degranulation. Goblet cell hyperplasia, as indicated by PAS staining, was not different in ROCK1(+/-) vs. WT mice. However, in ROCK2(+/-) mice, goblet cell hyperplasia was reduced in medium but not large airways. Maximal acetylcholine-induced force generation was reduced in tracheal rings from ROCK1(+/-) and ROCK2(+/-) vs. WT mice. The ROCK inhibitor, fasudil, also reduced airway responsiveness in OVA-challenged mice, without affecting inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION In a mast cell model of allergic airways disease, ROCK1 and ROCK2 both contribute to AHR, likely through direct effects on smooth muscle cell and effects on mast cell degranulation. In addition, ROCK2 but not ROCK1 plays a role in allergen-induced goblet cell hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Kasahara
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Wang Y, Hyde KD, McKenzie EHC, Jiang YL, Li DW, Zhao DG. Overview of Stachybotrys (Memnoniella) and current species status. FUNGAL DIVERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-014-0319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Swain SD, Siemsen DW, Pullen RR, Han S. CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ are required for the development of Pneumocystis-associated pulmonary hypertension. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 184:483-93. [PMID: 24361497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease of diverse etiology. Although primary PH can develop in the absence of prior disease, PH more commonly develops in conjunction with other pulmonary pathologies. We previously reported a mouse model in which PH occurs as a sequela of Pneumocystis infection in the context of transient CD4 depletion. Here, we report that instead of the expected Th2 pathways, the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ is essential for the development of PH, as wild-type mice developed PH but IFN-γ knockout mice did not. Because gene expression analysis showed few strain differences that were not immune-function related, we focused on those responses as potential pathologic mechanisms. In addition to dependence on IFN-γ, we found that when CD4 cells were continuously depleted, but infection was limited by antibiotic treatment, PH did not occur, confirming that CD4 T cells are required for PH development. Also, although CD8 T-cells are implicated in the pathology of Pneumocystis pneumonia, they did not have a role in the onset of PH. Finally, we found differences in immune cell phenotypes that correlated with PH, including elevated CD204 expression in lung CD11c(+) cells, but their role remains unclear. Overall, we demonstrate that a transient, localized, immune response requiring IFN-γ and CD4-T cells can disrupt pulmonary vascular function and promote lingering PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve D Swain
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.
| | - Dan W Siemsen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Rebecca R Pullen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Soo Han
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
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Yike I, Dearborn D. Guest editorial--novel insights into the pathology of Stachybotrys chartarum. Mycopathologia 2011; 172:1-3. [PMID: 21505872 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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