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Özdemir M, Karat E, Savci Ü, Isler H. Microorganism diversity and contamination risk in mosque rosaries and carpets. Ann Saudi Med 2024; 44:67-72. [PMID: 38615188 PMCID: PMC11016149 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2024.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inevitably, the floors of mosques are contaminated with microorganisms, and the risk of pathogen transmission is probably high between the many visitors, but the issue has been infrequently studied. OBJECTIVES Investigate microorganism variety and risk of contamination on commonly used carpets and rosaries (prayer beads). DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTINGS Mosques. METHODS This study was carried out in three different cities of Turkey in 2023, focusing on mosques located around hospitals. Forty mosques were included in the study and from each mosque 10 samples were collected from various parts of carpets and rosaries. The number of positive culture isolates were identified. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Diversity and distribution of microorganisms isolated from mosque carpets and rosaries; methicillin-resistance rates in Staphylococci. SAMPLE SIZE 400 samples. RESULTS Growth was observed in 368 (92%) of 400 samples examined. The microorganisms isolated in the highest number were methicillin-susceptible coagulase negative Staphylococci (MSCoNS) (59.8%), Microcooccus (41%) and diphtheroids (31.3%). The rates of total growth (P=.001), including diphtheroids (P=.018), methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococci (P=.001), Bacillus spp. (P=.036) and Aspergillus spp. (P=.002) rates were significantly higher in the rosary samples than carpet samples. At mosques in Tokat, a province center, 4 samples were positive for Acinetobacter baumannii, two samples were positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one sample for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and these were isolated from rosaries. 0.3% of Staphylococcus isolates were MRSA. CONCLUSION As there is a high risk of contamination of carpets and prayer beads on the mosque floor with human flora, the use of appropriate hygiene practices is necessary. We also found some emerging bacteria in addition to the normal human flora. LIMITATIONS Our study was conducted in three provinces. Further studies might cover a wider geography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Özdemir
- From the Department of Microbiology, Samsun Gazi Devlet Hastanesi, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Erhan Karat
- From the Department of Microbiology, Nevşehir Devlet Hastanesi. Nevsehir, Turkey
| | - Ünsal Savci
- From the Department of Microbiology, Hitit Universitesi, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Hacer Isler
- From the Department of Microbiology, Health Sciences University, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
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Kabtani J, Ranque S. A Comparative Description of Dermatophyte Genomes: A State-of-the-Art Review. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:1007-1025. [PMID: 37812320 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The nomenclature and phylogeny of dermatophytes is currently based on the nucleotide sequence polymorphisms of a few genomic regions. However, the limitations of this multilocus sequence-based approach makes dermatophyte species identification difficult. Variation and adaptation are key to the persistence of species. Nevertheless, this heterogeneity poses a genuine problem for the classification and nomenclature of dermatophytes. The relatively high intra-species and low inter-species polymorphisms of this keratinophilic group of fungi hampers both species delineation and identification. Establishing the taxonomic boundaries of dermatophyte species complexes remains controversial. Furthermore, until recently, knowledge of molecular biology, genetics and genomics remained limited. This systematic review highlights the added value of whole genome sequencing and analysis data in dermatophyte classification that might enhance identification and, consequently, the diagnosis and management of dermatophytoses. Our approach consisted in describing and comparing the dermatophyte mitochondrial genomes, secretomes (Adhesins, LysM domains, proteases) and metabolic pathways, with the aim to provide new insights and a better understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kabtani
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - S Ranque
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France.
- AP-HM, IRD, SSA, VITROME, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005, Marseille, France.
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Transmission of Onychomycosis and Dermatophytosis between Household Members: A Scoping Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010060. [PMID: 35050000 PMCID: PMC8779452 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a common fungal infection of the nail, caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophytes, and yeasts. Predisposing factors include older age, trauma, diabetes, immunosuppression, and previous history of nail psoriasis or tinea pedis. Though many biological risk factors have been well characterized, the role of the environment has been less clear. Studies have found evidence of transmission in 44% to 47% of households with at least one affected individual, but the underlying mechanisms and risk factors for transmission of onychomycosis between household members are incompletely understood. A scoping literature review was performed to characterize and summarize environmental risk factors involved in the transmission of onychomycosis within households. A total of 90 papers met the inclusion criteria, and extracted data was analyzed in an iterative manner. Shared household surfaces may harbor dermatophytes and provide sources for infection. Shared household equipment, including footwear, bedding, and nail tools, may transmit dermatophytes. The persistence of dermatophytes on household cleaning supplies, linen, and pets may serve as lasting sources of infection. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations that aim to interrupt household transmission of onychomycosis. Further investigation of the specific mechanisms behind household spread is needed to break the cycle of transmission, reducing the physical and social impacts of onychomycosis.
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Alsaif F, Somily A, Balbeesi A, Alhammad G, Almutawa A, Altawil L. Are mosque carpets' reservoirs for fungi causing superficial foot mycosis? A cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:38695-38700. [PMID: 32632676 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of superficial foot mycoses to spread through contaminated mosque carpets between worshipers imposes a great health burden and is never addressed in Riyadh, SA. We aimed to assess the prevalence of fungal infections, especially human dermatophytosis acquired from mosque carpets, in five different regions of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and establish a means of contamination control. A cross-sectional study of 100 mosques in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, was conducted, using a multistage random cluster sampling technique. The study included mosques that had an ablution area and regularly hosted five prayers a day. Sterile swabs were used for sampling, and the samples were transported to the laboratory for culture and analysis using a micro-scan system. A total of 199 (65%) samples contained several fungal species. Rhodotorula (74%), Cladosporium (47%), Bipolaris (46.6%), other yeasts (43.7%), Alternaria (40%), dematiaceous molds (34%), Curvularia (32.4%), and Candida (31%) were the most frequently isolated species. Species belonging to several other genera were also detected. This study revealed a relatively high prevalence of fungal organisms in mosque carpets in Riyadh, suggesting the need for implementing new strategies and laws to increase the level of hygiene awareness among worshipers and mosque caretakers to limit the spread of foot fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alsaif
- Department of Dermatology, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali Somily
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Balbeesi
- Department of Dermatology, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadah Alhammad
- Department of Dermatology, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan Almutawa
- Department of Dermatology, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lama Altawil
- Department of Dermatology, Prince Sultan Medical Military City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Investigation of fungal flora in hammams, Turkish baths: A field study. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.611224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Moriello KA, Coyner K, Paterson S, Mignon B. Diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats.: Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28:266-e68. [PMID: 28516493 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal skin disease of cats and dogs. The most common pathogens of small animals belong to the genera Microsporum and Trichophyton. It is an important skin disease because it is contagious, infectious and can be transmitted to people. OBJECTIVES The objective of this document is to review the existing literature and provide consensus recommendations for veterinary clinicians and lay people on the diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis in cats and dogs. METHODS The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available prior to September 2016. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. The World Association of Veterinary Dermatology (WAVD) provided guidance and oversight for this process. A draft of the document was presented at the 8th World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology (May 2016) and was then made available via the World Wide Web to the member organizations of the WAVD for a period of three months. Comments were solicited and posted to the GP electronically. Responses were incorporated by the GP into the final document. CONCLUSIONS No one diagnostic test was identified as the gold standard. Successful treatment requires concurrent use of systemic oral antifungals and topical disinfection of the hair coat. Wood's lamp and direct examinations have good positive and negative predictability, systemic antifungal drugs have a wide margin of safety and physical cleaning is most important for decontamination of the exposed environments. Finally, serious complications of animal-human transmission are exceedingly rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Moriello
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kimberly Coyner
- Dermatology Clinic for Animals, 8300 Quinault Drive NE Suite A, Lacey, WA, 98516, USA
| | - Susan Paterson
- Department of Veterinary Dermatology, Rutland House Referral Hospital, Abbotsfield Road, St Helens, WA9 4HU, UK
| | - Bernard Mignon
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Mycology, FARAH (Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B43A, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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Coulibaly O, L’Ollivier C, Piarroux R, Ranque S. Epidemiology of human dermatophytoses in Africa. Med Mycol 2017; 56:145-161. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Didehdar M, Khansarinejad B, Amirrajab N, Shokohi T. Development of a high-resolution melting analysis assay for rapid and high-throughput identification of clinically important dermatophyte species. Mycoses 2016; 59:442-9. [PMID: 26991756 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Accurate identification of dermatophyte species is important both for epidemiological studies and for implementing antifungal treatment strategies. Although nucleic acid amplification-based assays have several advantages over conventional mycological methods, a major disadvantage is their high cost. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and accurate real-time PCR-based high-resolution melting (HRM) assay for differentiation of the most common dermatophyte species. The oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify highly conserved regions of the dermatophyte ribosomal DNA. Analysis of a panel containing potentially interfering fungi demonstrated no cross reactivity with the assay. To evaluate the performance characteristics of the method, a total of 250 clinical isolates were tested in comparison with the long-established PCR-RFLP method and the results were reassessed using DNA sequencing, as the reference standard method. The assay is able to type dermatophytes using normalised melting peak, difference plot analysis or electrophoresis on agarose gel methods. The results showed that, in comparison to PCR-RFLP, the developed HRM assay was able to differentiate at least 10 common dermatophytes species with a higher speed, throughput and accuracy. These results indicate that the HRM assay will be a useful sensitive, high throughput and cost-effective method for differentiating the most common dermatophyte species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Didehdar
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology/Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - B Khansarinejad
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - N Amirrajab
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - T Shokohi
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology/Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Humphreys PN, Davies CS, Rout S. An evaluation of the infection control potential of a UV clinical podiatry unit. J Foot Ankle Res 2014; 7:17. [PMID: 24576315 PMCID: PMC3942763 DOI: 10.1186/1757-1146-7-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection control is a key issue in podiatry as it is in all forms of clinical practice. Airborne contamination may be particularly important in podiatry due to the generation of particulates during treatment. Consequently, technologies that prevent contamination in podiatry settings may have a useful role. The aims of this investigation were twofold, firstly to determine the ability of a UV cabinet to protect instruments from airborne contamination and secondly to determine its ability to remove microbes from contaminated surfaces and instruments. METHOD A UV instrument cabinet was installed in a University podiatry suite. Impact samplers and standard microbiological techniques were used to determine the nature and extent of microbial airborne contamination. Sterile filters were used to determine the ability of the UV cabinet to protect exposed surfaces. Artificially contaminated instruments were used to determine the ability of the cabinet to remove microbial contamination. RESULTS Airborne bacterial contamination was dominated by Gram positive cocci including Staphylococcus aureus. Airborne fungal levels were much lower than those observed for bacteria. The UV cabinet significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the observed levels of airborne contamination. When challenged with contaminated instruments the cabinet was able to reduce microbial levels by between 60% to 100% with more complex instruments e.g. clippers, remaining contaminated. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial airborne contamination is a potential infection risk in podiatry settings due to the presence of S. aureus. The use of a UV instrument cabinet can reduce the risk of contamination by airborne microbes. The UV cabinet tested was unable to decontaminate instruments and as such could pose an infection risk if misused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Humphreys
- Hygiene and Disinfection Centre, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Chris S Davies
- Division of Podiatry and Clinical Sciences, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Simon Rout
- Hygiene and Disinfection Centre, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
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