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Braga CQ, Zambrano CG, Dos Santos Bermann C, Milech A, Ianiski LB, Soares MP, Pötter L, de Avila Botton S, Pereira DIB. In vitro and ex vivo anti-Pythium insidiosum potential of ozonated sunflower oil. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:867-873. [PMID: 37999913 PMCID: PMC10920596 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to evaluate the in vitro and ex vivo susceptibility of Pythium insidiosum to ozonized sunflower oil (OSO) and verify the morphological alterations of OSO-exposed hyphae. Susceptibility assays were performed according to the broth microdilution protocol M38-A2/CLSI, and the minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal oomicidal (MOC) concentrations were also determined. Non-ozonated sunflower oil (SO) was used as the oil control. Additionally, kunkers from equine pythiosis were exposed to OSO. Damages caused by OSO and SO on P. insidiosum hyphae ultrastructure were verified using scanning electron microscopy. The MIC range for OSO was 7000 to 437.5 mg/mL, and the values for SO were higher, ranging from 56000 to 14000 mg/mL. The MOC was equal to MIC for both oil formulations. The OSO fully inhibited the oomycete growth from kunkers, although there was P. insidiosum growth in the kunker control in 24 h of incubation. The SEM analyses showed that both OSO and SO caused morphological alterations in P. insidiosum hyphae, highlighting the presence of cavitation along the hyphae with loss of continuity of the cell wall, which was more evident in the OSO-treated hyphae. The OSO had the best oomicidal activity, leading us to believe that our findings may support future research containing this formulation to be applied in integrative medicine protocols to control pythiosis in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Quintana Braga
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Micologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Campus Universitário Capão Do Leão, Prédio 18, Sala 14, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Gomes Zambrano
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Micologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Campus Universitário Capão Do Leão, Prédio 18, Sala 14, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Dos Santos Bermann
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Micologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Campus Universitário Capão Do Leão, Prédio 18, Sala 14, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Angelita Milech
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Micologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Campus Universitário Capão Do Leão, Prédio 18, Sala 14, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Lara Baccarin Ianiski
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária e Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauro Pereira Soares
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Faculdade de Veterinária, Laboratório Regional de Diagnostico, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pötter
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária e Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária (PPGMV), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Micologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Campus Universitário Capão Do Leão, Prédio 18, Sala 14, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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History and Perspective of Immunotherapy for Pythiosis. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101080. [PMID: 34696188 PMCID: PMC8539095 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus-like microorganism Pythium insidiosum causes pythiosis, a life-threatening infectious disease increasingly reported worldwide. Antimicrobial drugs are ineffective. Radical surgery is an essential treatment. Pythiosis can resume post-surgically. Immunotherapy using P. insidiosum antigens (PIA) has emerged as an alternative treatment. This review aims at providing up-to-date information of the immunotherapeutic PIA, with the focus on its history, preparation, clinical application, outcome, mechanism, and recent advances, in order to promote the proper use and future development of this treatment modality. P. insidiosum crude extract is the primary source of immunotherapeutic antigens. Based on 967 documented human and animal (mainly horses) pythiosis cases, PIA immunotherapy reduced disease morbidity and mortality. Concerning clinical outcomes, 19.4% of PIA-immunized human patients succumbed to vascular pythiosis instead of 41.0% in unimmunized cases. PIA immunotherapy may not provide an advantage in a local P. insidiosum infection of the eye. Both PIA-immunized and unimmunized horses with pythiosis showed a similar survival rate of ~70%; however, demands for surgical intervention were much lesser in the immunized cases (22.8% vs. 75.2%). The proposed PIA action involves switching the non-protective T-helper-2 to protective T-helper-1 mediated immunity. By exploring the available P. insidiosum genome data, synthetic peptides, recombinant proteins, and nucleic acids are potential sources of the immunotherapeutic antigens worth investigating. The PIA therapeutic property needs improvement for a better prognosis of pythiosis patients.
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Zambrano CG, Gomes AR, Brasil CL, Valente JDSS, Braga CQ, de Azevedo MI, Botton SDA, Pereira DIB. Influence of temperature on in vitro zoosporogenesis of Pythium insidiosum. Med Mycol 2018; 56:877-883. [PMID: 29228375 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study verified the influence of different temperatures on P. insidiosum in vitro zoosporogenesis. P. insidiosum isolates (n = 26) were submitted to zoosporogenesis and incubated at 5°C, 15°C, 20°C and 37°C (1st stage). Grass fragments were evaluated under optical microscopy at 4, 8, and 24 hours of incubation. Afterward, all isolates were incubated at 37°C and assessed at the same periods of time (2nd stage). The development of hyphae, presence of vesicles, zoosporangia and zoospores were checked. Only the presence of short hyphae was observed at 5°C. At 15°C, the hyphae were either under development or elongated and two isolates produced zoospores. When the isolates were submitted to 20°C for 4 hours, the presence of long and mycelial hyphae, vesicles, zoosporangia and zoospores was observed, which also happened at the other periods evaluated. In the second stage, the isolates which were initially at 5°C and 15°C evidenced long developing hyphae with the presence of vesicles, zoosporangia, and zoospores within 4 hours of incubation, and these characteristics were kept at the other evaluated periods. The isolates kept at 37°C showed evident zoosporogenesis in the first 4 hours of evaluation. It was concluded that temperatures of 20°C and 37°C support P. insidiosum zoosporogenesis process. On the other hand, 5°C and 15°C temperatures do not kill the microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gomes Zambrano
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS/ Brazil
| | - Angelita Reis Gomes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS/ Brazil
| | - Carolina Litchina Brasil
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS/ Brazil
| | - Júlia de Souza Silveira Valente
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS/ Brazil
| | - Carolina Quintana Braga
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS/ Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel de Azevedo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS/ Brazil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS/Brazil
| | - Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS/ Brazil
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Zambrano CG, Fonseca AO, Valente JS, Braga CQ, Sallis ES, Azevedo MI, Weiblen C, Santurio JM, Botton SA, Pereira DIB. Isolamento e caracterização de espécies de Pythium de ambientes aquáticos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e avaliação da patogenicidade em modelo experimental. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: Foram coletadas 186 amostras de água de ambientes pantanosos em 13 municípios das regiões Sul, Central e Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com o objetivo de isolar e caracterizar espécies de Pythium e avaliar a sua patogenicidade empregando coelhos como modelo experimental. Em 11,8% (n=22) das águas coletadas foram isoladas diferentes espécies de Pythium incluindo: P. insidiosum (n=1), P. catenulatum (n=3), P. pachycaule voucher (n=1), P. rhizo-oryzae (n=3), P. torulosum (n=4) e Pythium spp. (n=10). Zoósporos desses micro-organismos foram produzidos in vitro e inoculados por via subcutânea em coelhos, os quais foram avaliados durante 45 dias. Dentre os oomicetos testados, apenas P. insidiosum evidenciou patogenicidade, causando pitiose no modelo experimental, evidenciando que, em nossas condições, apenas esta espécie de Pythium é patógena para mamíferos.
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Loreto &ES, Tondolo JSM, Zanette RA, Alves SH, Santurio JM. Update on pythiosis immunobiology and immunotherapy. World J Immunol 2014; 4:88-97. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v4.i2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pythiosis is an invasive, ulcerative, pyogranulomatous disease caused by Pythium insidiosum, a fungus-like oomycete that has been reported to affect humans, horses, dogs, and other mammals mainly in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The disease is characterized by an eosinophilic granulomatous and a Th2 immune response which in turn helps to protect the fungus from the host cells. Pythiosis can present clinically in subcutaneous, gastrointestinal, and vascular tissues or in a systemically disseminated form depending on the species and site of infection. Changes in iron metabolism and anemia are commonly observed. The diagnosis is accomplished through clinical and pathological features, laboratory characteristics of cultures, serological and molecular tests. Treatment includes radical surgery, antimicrobial drugs, immunotherapy or a combination of these treatments. Immunotherapy is a practical and non-invasive alternative for treating pythiosis which is believed to promote a switch from a Th2 to Th1 immune response, resulting in a favorable clinical response. This therapy has demonstrated cure rates above 70% and 55% in horses and humans but low cure rates in dogs and cats. Despite the curative properties of this type of immunotherapy, the antibodies that are produced do not prevent host reinfection. Thus, development of effective adjuvants and new diagnostic techniques for early disease diagnosis are of utmost importance. The aim of this review was to promote pythiosis awareness and to provide an update about the immunotherapy and immunobiology of this disease.
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