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Sulyanto RM, Beall CJ, Ha K, Montesano J, Juang J, Dickson JR, Hashmi SB, Bradbury S, Leys EJ, Edgerton M, Ho SP, Griffen AL. Fungi and bacteria occupy distinct spatial niches within carious dentin. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011865. [PMID: 38805482 PMCID: PMC11161102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of bacteria in the etiology of dental caries is long established, while the role of fungi has only recently gained more attention. The microbial invasion of dentin in advanced caries especially merits additional research. We evaluated the fungal and bacterial community composition and spatial distribution within carious dentin. Amplicon 16S rRNA gene sequencing together with quantitative PCR was used to profile bacterial and fungal species in caries-free children (n = 43) and 4 stages of caries progression from children with severe early childhood caries (n = 32). Additionally, healthy (n = 10) and carious (n = 10) primary teeth were decalcified, sectioned, and stained with Grocott's methenamine silver, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and calcofluor white (CW) for fungi. Immunolocalization was also performed using antibodies against fungal β-D-glucan, gram-positive bacterial lipoteichoic acid, gram-negative endotoxin, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. We also performed field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to visualize fungi and bacteria within carious dentinal tubules. Bacterial communities observed included a high abundance of S. mutans and the Veillonella parvula group, as expected. There was a higher ratio of fungi to bacteria in dentin-involved lesions compared to less severe lesions with frequent preponderance of C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, and in one case C. tropicalis. Grocott's silver, PAS, CW and immunohistochemistry (IHC) demonstrated the presence of fungi within carious dentinal tubules. Multiplex IHC revealed that fungi, gram-negative, and gram-positive bacteria primarily occupied separate dentinal tubules, with rare instances of colocalization. Similar findings were observed with multiplex immunofluorescence using anti-S. mutans and anti-C. albicans antibodies. Electron microscopy showed monomorphic bacterial and fungal biofilms within distinct dentin tubules. We demonstrate a previously unrecognized phenomenon in which fungi and bacteria occupy distinct spatial niches within carious dentin and seldom co-colonize. The potential significance of this phenomenon in caries progression warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn M. Sulyanto
- Department of Dentistry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Clifford J. Beall
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kasey Ha
- Department of Dentistry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph Montesano
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jason Juang
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John R. Dickson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shahr B. Hashmi
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Seth Bradbury
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eugene J. Leys
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mira Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Sunita P. Ho
- Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ann L. Griffen
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Costa EMMDB, Maia CMDA, Vasconcelos PGS, Portela MB, Barboza CM, Cardoso AS, de Araújo Soares RM, dos Santos ALS. Influence of oral biofilm index, caries experience, and laboratory markers of disease progression on the oral carriage of Candida in HIV-infected and non-infected children: a cross-sectional study. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1969-1977. [PMID: 36224461 PMCID: PMC9679062 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00843-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the oral Candida rate between infected and uninfected children with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as well as analyze the association between Candida spp. and predisposing factors of colonization, like oral biofilm index, caries experience, and laboratory markers of AIDS progression. A cross-sectional study was employed. Candida species were identified and quantified from saliva samples of 50 HIV-infected and 50 uninfected children. Biofilm index and decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft/DMFT) indices were assessed by oral clinical examinations. Additionally, CD4+ T lymphocyte count and viral load were obtained from medical records of the HIV-infected children. Candida species were cultured from 74% of the HIV-infected children and 46% of uninfected ones (p = 0.0076). Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis were the most frequently isolated species in both studied groups. The isolation of Candida species was significantly higher in HIV-infected children with CD4 ≤ 15% (p = 0.0146); it had influence of mature oral biofilm and the caries index (dmft + DMFT ≥ 8) (p < 0.05) and was associated with the plasma viral load. The present data show that the HIV infection, oral biofilm index, caries experience, and laboratory markers of AIDS progression exert an influence on the prevalence of oral Candida in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maristela Barbosa Portela
- Departamento de Odontoclínica e Odontopediatria, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ Brazil
| | - Caroliny Mello Barboza
- Departamento de Odontoclínica e Odontopediatria, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ Brazil
| | - Abel Silveira Cardoso
- Departamento de Patologia e Diagnóstico Oral, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Rosangela Maria de Araújo Soares
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - André Luis Souza dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ – Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
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Sodré CS, Rodrigues PMG, Vieira MS, Marques Paes da Silva A, Gonçalves LS, Ribeiro MG, de Carvalho Ferreira D. Oral mycobiome identification in atopic dermatitis, leukemia, and HIV patients - a systematic review. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1807179. [PMID: 32944157 PMCID: PMC7482892 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1807179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral mycobiome profiling is important to understand host-pathogen interactions that occur in various diseases. Invasive fungal infections are particularly relevant for patients who have received chemotherapy and for those who have HIV infection. In addition, changes in fungal microbiota are associated with the worsening of chronic conditions like atopic dermatitis (AD). This work aims, through a systematic review, to analyze the methods used in previous studies to identify oral fungi and their most frequent species in patients with the following conditions: HIV infection, leukemia, and atopic dermatitis. METHODS A literature search was performed on several different databases. Inclusion criteria were: written in English or Portuguese; published between September 2009 and September 2019; analyzed oral fungi of HIV-infected, leukemia, or AD patients. RESULTS 21 studies were included and the most identified species was Candida. The predominant methods of identification were morphological (13/21) and sugar fermentation and assimilation tests (11/21). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was the most used molecular method (8/21) followed by sequencing techniques (3/21). CONCLUSIONS Although morphological and biochemical tests are still used, they are associated with high-throughput sequencing techniques, due to their accuracy and time saving for profiling the predominant species in oral mycobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Stofella Sodré
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Matheus Guerra Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Oral and Systemic Infections, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University- UNESA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucio Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oral and Systemic Infections, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University- UNESA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Gonçalves Ribeiro
- Medical Genetics Service, Martagão Gesteira Pediatric Institute (IPPMG- UFRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis de Carvalho Ferreira
- Laboratory of Oral and Systemic Infections, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University- UNESA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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De-la-Torre J, Ortiz-Samperio ME, Marcos-Arias C, Marichalar-Mendia X, Eraso E, Echebarria-Goicouria MÁ, Aguirre-Urizar JM, Quindós G. In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of Oral Candida Isolates from Patients Suffering from Caries and Chronic Periodontitis. Mycopathologia 2017; 182:471-485. [PMID: 28124220 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Caries and chronic periodontitis are common oral diseases where a higher Candida colonization is reported. Antifungal agents could be adjuvant drugs for the therapy of both clinical conditions. The aim of the current study has been to evaluate the in vitro activities of conventional and new antifungal drugs against oral Candida isolates from patients suffering from caries and/or chronic periodontitis. In vitro activities of amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole, nystatin, posaconazole and voriconazole against 126 oral Candida isolates (75 Candida albicans, 18 Candida parapsilosis, 11 Candida dubliniensis, six Candida guilliermondii, five Candida lipolytica, five Candida glabrata, four Candida tropicalis and two Candida krusei) from 61 patients were tested by the CLSI M27-A3 method. Most antifungal drugs were highly active, and resistance was observed in less than 5% of tested isolates. Miconazole was the most active antifungal drug, being more than 98% of isolates susceptible. Fluconazole, itraconazole, and the new triazoles, posaconazole and voriconazole, were also very active. Miconazole, fluconazole and voriconazole have excellent in vitro activities against all Candida isolates and could represent suitable treatment for a hypothetically adjunctive therapy of caries and chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janire De-la-Torre
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, UFI 11/25, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Apartado 699, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
- Unidad de Medicina Bucal, Servicio Clínica Odontológica, Departamento de Estomatología II, UFI 11/25, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Bilbao, Spain
| | - María Esther Ortiz-Samperio
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, UFI 11/25, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Apartado 699, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Cristina Marcos-Arias
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, UFI 11/25, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Apartado 699, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Xabier Marichalar-Mendia
- Unidad de Medicina Bucal, Servicio Clínica Odontológica, Departamento de Estomatología II, UFI 11/25, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Elena Eraso
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, UFI 11/25, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Apartado 699, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Echebarria-Goicouria
- Unidad de Medicina Bucal, Servicio Clínica Odontológica, Departamento de Estomatología II, UFI 11/25, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Bilbao, Spain
| | - José Manuel Aguirre-Urizar
- Unidad de Medicina Bucal, Servicio Clínica Odontológica, Departamento de Estomatología II, UFI 11/25, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Guillermo Quindós
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, UFI 11/25, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Apartado 699, 48080, Bilbao, Spain.
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