1
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Díaz L, Castellá G, Bragulat MR, Cabañes FJ. ERG11 Gene Variability and Azole Susceptibility in Malassezia pachydermatis. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:21-34. [PMID: 36495417 PMCID: PMC10169892 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia pachydermatis is part of the normal skin microbiota of various animal species but under certain circumstances becomes an opportunistic pathogen producing otitis and dermatitis. Commonly these Malassezia diseases are effectively treated using azoles. However, some cases of treatment failure have been reported. Alterations in the ERG11 gene have been associated with in vitro azole resistance in M. pachydermatis. In the present study, in vitro antifungal susceptibility of 89 different strains of M. pachydermatis isolated from different animal species and health status was studied. The susceptibility to fluconazole (FLZ), itraconazole (ITZ), ketoconazole and amphotericin B was tested by a disk diffusion method and 17 strains were also subjected to an ITZ E-test. Mueller-Hinton supplemented with 2% glucose and methylene blue was used as culture medium in both susceptibility assays. Multilocus sequence typing was performed in 30 selected strains using D1D2, ITS, CHS2 and β-tubulin genes. Also, ERG11 gene was sequenced. The four antifungals tested were highly effective against most of the strains. Only two strains showed no inhibition zone to antifungals and a strain showed an increased MIC to ITZ. The study of the ERG11 sequences revealed a high diversity of DNA sequences and a total of 23 amino acid substitutions, from which only two have been previously described. Also, three deleterious substitutions (A302T, G459D and G461D) previously associated with azole resistance in this yeast were recovered. A correlation between certain genotypes and ERG11 mutations was observed. Some of the ERG11 mutations recovered were correlated with a reduced susceptibility to azoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyna Díaz
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gemma Castellá
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
- Grup de Micologia Veterinària, Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Rosa Bragulat
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F Javier Cabañes
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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2
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Hobi S, Cafarchia C, Romano V, Barrs VR. Malassezia: Zoonotic Implications, Parallels and Differences in Colonization and Disease in Humans and Animals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070708. [PMID: 35887463 PMCID: PMC9324274 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are commensals of the skin, oral/sinonasal cavity, lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Eighteen species have been recovered from humans, other mammals and birds. They can also be isolated from diverse environments, suggesting an evolutionary trajectory of adaption from an ecological niche in plants and soil to the mucocutaneous ecosystem of warm-blooded vertebrates. In humans, dogs and cats, Malassezia-associated dermatological conditions share some commonalities. Otomycosis is common in companion animals but is rare in humans. Systemic infections, which are increasingly reported in humans, have yet to be recognized in animals. Malassezia species have also been identified as pathogenetic contributors to some chronic human diseases. While Malassezia species are host-adapted, some species are zoophilic and can cause fungemia, with outbreaks in neonatal intensive care wards associated with temporary colonization of healthcare worker’s hands from contact with their pets. Although standardization is lacking, susceptibility testing is usually performed using a modified broth microdilution method. Antifungal susceptibility can vary depending on Malassezia species, body location, infection type, disease duration, presence of co-morbidities and immunosuppression. Antifungal resistance mechanisms include biofilm formation, mutations or overexpression of ERG11, overexpression of efflux pumps and gene rearrangements or overexpression in chromosome 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Valentina Romano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
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3
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Rhimi W, Theelen B, Boekhout T, Aneke CI, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Conventional therapy and new antifungal drugs against Malassezia infections. Med Mycol 2021; 59:215-234. [PMID: 33099634 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia yeasts are commensal microorganisms occurring on the skin of humans and animals causing dermatological disorders or systemic infections in severely immunocompromised hosts. Despite attempts to control such yeast infections with topical and systemic antifungals, recurrence of clinical signs of skin infections as well as treatment failure in preventing or treating Malassezia furfur fungemia have been reported most likely due to wrong management of these infections (e.g., due to early termination of treatment) or due to the occurrence of resistant phenomena. Standardized methods for in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests of these yeasts are still lacking, thus resulting in variable susceptibility profiles to azoles among Malassezia spp. and a lack of clinical breakpoints. The inherent limitations to the current pharmacological treatments for Malassezia infections both in humans and animals, stimulated the interest of the scientific community to discover new, effective antifungal drugs or substances to treat these infections. In this review, data about the in vivo and in vitro antifungal activity of the most commonly employed drugs (i.e., azoles, polyenes, allylamines, and echinocandins) against Malassezia yeasts, with a focus on human bloodstream infections, are summarized and their clinical implications are discussed. In addition, the usefulness of alternative compounds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Rhimi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Bart Theelen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chioma Inyang Aneke
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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O Sousa MA, de Faria MAC, Ribeiro RP, Valverde JVP, Rocha HD, Dos Santos KF, Sousa MS, Souto PCS, Silva JR, de Souza NC. Latex membranes with methylene blue dye for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1027-1032. [PMID: 34292539 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The search for new materials that can be applied in the treatment of injured human tissues has led to the development of new dressings. Membranes have potential as dressing materials because they can be fitted to and interact with the tissue surface. In this study, we analyze the morphological properties and wettability of latex membranes, along with the incorporation of the photosensitizer methylene blue, in the context of the utility of the membranes in curative applications involving photodynamic therapy (PDT). It was observed that deposition of the photosensitizer into latex membranes increased both the surface roughness and wettability. Antifungal testing indicated that antimicrobial PDT assisted by the latex membranes incorporating methylene blue effectively inactivated Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andrelina O Sousa
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Marco A C de Faria
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Rita P Ribeiro
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - João V P Valverde
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Herica D Rocha
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Kevin F Dos Santos
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Marcos S Sousa
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Paula C S Souto
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Josmary R Silva
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Nara C de Souza
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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5
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Bond R, Morris DO, Guillot J, Bensignor EJ, Robson D, Mason KV, Kano R, Hill PB. Biology, diagnosis and treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:28-74. [PMID: 31957204 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Malassezia is comprised of a group of lipophilic yeasts that have evolved as skin commensals and opportunistic cutaneous pathogens of a variety of mammals and birds. OBJECTIVES The objective of this document is to provide the veterinary community and other interested parties with current information on the ecology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of skin diseases associated with Malassezia yeasts in dogs and cats. METHODS AND MATERIAL The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available prior to October 2018. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. The World Association of Veterinary Dermatology (WAVD) Clinical Consensus Guideline committee provided guidance and oversight for this process. The document was presented at two international meetings of veterinary dermatology societies and one international mycology workshop; it was made available for comment on the WAVD website for a period of six months. Comments were shared with the GP electronically and responses incorporated into the final document. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE There has been a remarkable expansion of knowledge on Malassezia yeasts and their role in animal disease, particularly since the early 1990's. Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats has evolved from a disease of obscurity and controversy on its existence, to now being a routine diagnosis in general veterinary practice. Clinical signs are well recognised and diagnostic approaches are well developed. A range of topical and systemic therapies is known to be effective, especially when predisposing factors are identified and corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Bond
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Daniel O Morris
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancy Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jacques Guillot
- École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, BioPôle Alfort, EA 7380 Dynamyc, UPEC, EnvA, Maisons Alfort, Ile-de-France, France
| | | | - David Robson
- Animal Skin and Ear Specialists, Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre, 70 Blackburn Road, Glen Waverley, Victoria, 3150, Australia
| | - Kenneth V Mason
- Dermcare-vet PTY LTD, 7 Centenary Road, Slacks Creek, Queensland, 4127, Australia
| | - Rui Kano
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Peter B Hill
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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Rhimi W, Inyang Aneke C, Mosca A, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. In Vitro Azole and Amphotericin B Susceptibilities of Malassezia furfur from Bloodstream Infections Using E-Test and CLSI Broth Microdilution Methods. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E361. [PMID: 32604712 PMCID: PMC7345317 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of reports of Malassezia furfur bloodstream infections is constantly increasing and there is a need for more simple antifungal susceptibility methods for their management. In this study, a total of 39 M. furfur isolates collected from hospitalized patients with fungemia were screened for antifungal susceptibility to azole and amphotericin B (AmB) using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution (CLSI BMD) and E-test in Sabouraud dextrose agar + 1% Tween80 (SDAt) and mDixon agar (DIX). Essential agreement (EA) and discrepancies between the two methods were evaluated after 48 h and 72 h reading times. Itraconazole (ITZ) and posaconazole (POS) displayed the lowest MIC values whereas fluconazole (FLZ) and AmB the highest, regardless of the methods and the reading time. The EA between BMD was >95% for FLZ and voriconazole (VOR) regardless of the media in the E-tests and reading time. The EA between BMD with E-test for AmB was >97% only when E-test in SDAt was used. The EA between BMD and E-test for ITZ and POS varied according to the media in E-test procedures and the reading time and was higher than 66.6% (POS) or 72% (ITZ) only when SABt was used. Substantial discrepancies for ITZ and POS were >5.1% regardless of the media and the reading time. This study suggests that the E-test in SABt represents an alternative method to CLSI BMD to evaluate the susceptibility of M. furfur to FLZ, VOR and AmB and not for ITZ and POS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Rhimi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Chioma Inyang Aneke
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010 Bari, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Adriana Mosca
- Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010 Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65174, Iran
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010 Bari, Italy
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7
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Epidemiology of antifungal susceptibility: Review of literature. J Mycol Med 2019; 28:574-584. [PMID: 29773435 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality despite the latest developments of diagnostic tools and therapeutic options. Early initiation of the appropriate antifungal therapy has been demonstrated to have a direct impact on the patient's outcome. Antifungal susceptibility testing methods are available to detect antifungal resistance and to determine the best treatment for a specific fungus. American and European standards have been developed, as well as equivalent commercial systems, which are more appropriate for clinical laboratories. These studies have allowed the development of interpretative breakpoints against the most frequent agents of fungal infections in the world. Surveillance of antifungal susceptibility patterns can provide the local drug resistance data to the clinicians, which can further aid better management of patients. Antifungal susceptibility tests have become essential tools to identify resistance to antifungals, to know the local and global disease epidemiology and to guide the treatment of fungal diseases. The distribution of species and the prevalence of antifungal resistance in fungi isolates varied among different areas. Here we summarize the epidemiology of antifungal susceptibility pattern of different fungal species.
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Angileri M, Pasquetti M, De Lucia M, Peano A. Azole resistance of Malassezia pachydermatis causing treatment failure in a dog. Med Mycol Case Rep 2018; 23:58-61. [PMID: 30662826 PMCID: PMC6325069 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A 5-year-old neutered female toy Poodle chronically treated with systemic and topical azoles to control recurrent Malassezia dermatitis/otitis was presented because of the loss of treatment efficacy. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) obtained in vitro for various azoles (especially itraconazole and ketoconazole) against Malassezia strains isolated from the dog were increased by several-fold compared with MICs obtained for control isolates. These results reinforced the assumption based on clinical observation, i.e. the development of azole resistance
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Angileri
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Via dell’Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano, Italy
| | - Mario Pasquetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Michela De Lucia
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Via dell’Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano, Italy
| | - Andrea Peano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- Corresponding author.
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A Ketoconazole Susceptibility Test for Malassezia pachydermatis Using Modified Leeming⁻Notman Agar. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040126. [PMID: 30453525 PMCID: PMC6308931 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish a ketoconazole susceptibility test for Malassezia pachydermatis using modified Leeming–Notman agar (mLNA). The susceptibilities of 33 M. pachydermatis isolates obtained by modified CLSI M27-A3 method were compared with the results by disk diffusion method, which used different concentrations of ketoconazole on 6 mm diameter paper disks. Results showed that 93.9% (31/33) of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values obtained from both methods were similar (consistent with two methods within 2 dilutions). M. pachydermatis BCRC 21676 and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 were used to verify the results obtained from the disk diffusion and modified CLSI M27-A3 tests, and they were found to be consistent. Therefore, the current study concludes that this new novel test—using different concentrations of reagents on cartridge disks to detect MIC values against ketoconazole—can be a cost-effective, time-efficient, and less technically demanding alternative to existing methods.
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Silva FA, Conde-Felipe M, Rosario I, Ferrer O, Real F, Déniz S, Acosta F, Padilla D, Acosta-Hernández B. Susceptibility ofMalassezia pachydermatisto aminoglycosides. Mycoses 2017; 60:796-799. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Alejandro Silva
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA); Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Magnolia Conde-Felipe
- Departamento de Patología Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rosario
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA); Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Otilia Ferrer
- Departamento de Patología Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Fernando Real
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA); Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Soraya Déniz
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA); Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Félix Acosta
- Parque Científico Tecnológico Marino; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria - Ctra.; Las Palmas Spain
| | - Daniel Padilla
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA); Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Las Palmas Spain
| | - Begoña Acosta-Hernández
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA); Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Las Palmas Spain
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11
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Methodological Issues in Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Malassezia pachydermatis. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3030037. [PMID: 29371554 PMCID: PMC5715951 DOI: 10.3390/jof3030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reference methods for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts have been developed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). These methods are intended to test the main pathogenic yeasts that cause invasive infections, namely Candida spp. and Cryptococcusneoformans, while testing other yeast species introduces several additional problems in standardization not addressed by these reference procedures. As a consequence, a number of procedures have been employed in the literature to test the antifungal susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis. This has resulted in conflicting results. The aim of the present study is to review the procedures and the technical parameters (growth media, inoculum preparation, temperature and length of incubation, method of reading) employed for susceptibility testing of M. pachydermatis, and when possible, to propose recommendations for or against their use. Such information may be useful for the future development of a reference assay.
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