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Ye E, Lee JE, Lim YS, Yang SH, Park SM. Effect of duty cycles of tumor‑treating fields on glioblastoma cells and normal brain organoids. Int J Oncol 2022; 60:8. [PMID: 34970698 PMCID: PMC8727135 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor‑treating fields (TTFields) are emerging cancer therapies based on alternating low‑intensity electric fields that interfere with dividing cells and induce cancer cell apoptosis. However, to date, there is limited knowledge of their effects on normal cells, as well as the effects of different duty cycles on outcomes. The present study evaluated the effects of TTFields with different duty cycles on glioma spheroid cells and normal brain organoids. A customized TTFields system was developed to perform in vitro experiments with varying duty cycles. Three duty cycles were applied to three types of glioma spheroid cells and brain organoids. The efficacy and safety of the TTFields were evaluated by analyzing the cell cycle of glioma cells, and markers of neural stem cells (NSCs) and astrocytes in brain organoids. The application of the TTFields at the 75 and 100% duty cycle markedly inhibited the proliferation of the U87 and U373 compared with the control. FACS analysis revealed that the higher the duty cycle of the applied fields, the greater the increase in apoptosis detected. Exposure to a higher duty cycle resulted in a greater decrease in NSC markers and a greater increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in normal brain organoids. These results suggest that TTFields at the 75 and 100% duty cycle induced cancer cell death, and that the neurotoxicity of the TTFields at 75% was less prominent than that at 100%. Although clinical studies with endpoints related to safety and efficacy need to be performed before this strategy may be adopted clinically, the findings of the present study provide meaningful evidence for the further advancement of TTFields in the treatment of various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunbi Ye
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16247, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Lim
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16247, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Park
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
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Vázquez Cervantes GI, González Esquivel DF, Gómez-Manzo S, Pineda B, Pérez de la Cruz V. New Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Glioblastoma. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:3412906. [PMID: 34557553 PMCID: PMC8455182 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3412906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor with a high mortality rate. The current treatment consists of surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy; however, the median survival rate is only 12-18 months despite these alternatives, highlighting the urgent need to find new strategies. The heterogeneity of GBM makes this tumor difficult to treat, and the immunotherapies result in an attractive approach to modulate the antitumoral immune responses favoring the tumor eradication. The immunotherapies for GMB including monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, and oncolytic viruses, among others, have shown favorable results alone or as a multimodal treatment. In this review, we summarize and discuss promising immunotherapies for GBM currently under preclinical investigation as well as in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ignacio Vázquez Cervantes
- Neurochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio A, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510 Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Dinora F. González Esquivel
- Neurochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, México City 04530, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Pineda
- Neuroimmunology Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
- Neurochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
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Inhibition of histone deacetylases sensitizes glioblastoma cells to lomustine. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2016; 40:21-32. [PMID: 27766591 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-016-0301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) ranks among the deadliest solid cancers worldwide and its prognosis has remained dismal, despite the use of aggressive chemo-irradiation treatment regimens. Limited drug delivery into the brain parenchyma and frequent resistance to currently available therapies are problems that call for a prompt development of novel therapeutic strategies. While only displaying modest efficacies as mono-therapy in pre-clinical settings, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have shown promising sensitizing effects to a number of cytotoxic agents. Here, we sought to investigate the sensitizing effect of the HDACi trichostatin A (TSA) to the alkylating agent lomustine (CCNU), which is used in the clinic for the treatment of GBM. METHODS Twelve primary GBM cell cultures grown as neurospheres were used in this study, as well as one established GBM-derived cell line (U87 MG). Histone deacetylase (HDAC) expression levels were determined using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. The efficacy of either CCNU alone or its combination with TSA was assessed using various assays, i.e., cell viability assays (MTT), cell cycle assays (flow cytometry, FACS), double-strand DNA break (DSB) quantification assays (microscopy/immunofluorescence) and expression profiling assays of proteins involved in apoptosis and cell stress (Western blotting and protein array). RESULTS We found that the HDAC1, 3 and 6 expression levels were significantly increased in GBM samples compared to non-neoplastic brain control samples. Additionally, we found that pre-treatment of GBM cells with TSA resulted in an enhancement of their sensitivity to CCNU, possibly via the accumulation of DSBs, decreased cell proliferation and viability rates, and an increased apoptotic rate. CONCLUSION From our data we conclude that the combined administration of TSA and CCNU eradicates GBM cells with a higher efficacy than either drug alone, thereby opening a novel avenue for the treatment of GBM.
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Luwor RB, Stylli SS, Kaye AH. Using bioluminescence imaging in glioma research. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:779-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Jarzabek MA, Huszthy PC, Skaftnesmo KO, McCormack E, Dicker P, Prehn JH, Bjerkvig R, Byrne AT. In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging Validation of a Human Biopsy–Derived Orthotopic Mouse Model of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Mol Imaging 2013. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2012.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monika A. Jarzabek
- From the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, and PHS Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; NorLux Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter C. Huszthy
- From the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, and PHS Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; NorLux Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kai O. Skaftnesmo
- From the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, and PHS Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; NorLux Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emmet McCormack
- From the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, and PHS Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; NorLux Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick Dicker
- From the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, and PHS Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; NorLux Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jochen H.M. Prehn
- From the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, and PHS Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; NorLux Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- From the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, and PHS Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; NorLux Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Annette T. Byrne
- From the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, and PHS Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; NorLux Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Farias-Eisner G, Bank AM, Hwang BY, Appelboom G, Piazza MA, Bruce SS, Sander Connolly E. Glioblastoma biomarkers from bench to bedside: advances and challenges. Br J Neurosurg 2011; 26:189-94. [PMID: 22176646 DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2011.629698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumour, with few available therapies providing significant improvements in mortality. Biomarkers, which are defined by the National Institutes of Health as 'characteristics that are objectively measured and evaluated as indicators of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention', have the potential to play valuable roles in the diagnosis and treatment of GBM. Although GBM biomarker research is still in its early stages because of the tumour's complex pathophysiology, a number of potential markers have been identified which can be measured in either brain tissue or blood serum. In conjunction with other clinical data, particularly neuroimaging modalities such as MRI, these proteins could contribute to the clinical management of GBM by helping to classify tumours, predict prognosis and assess treatment response. In this article, we review the current understanding of GBM pathophysiology and recent advances in GBM biomarker research, and discuss the potential clinical implications of promising biomarkers. A better understanding of GBM pathophysiology will allow researchers and clinicians to identify optimal biomarkers and methods of interpretation, leading to advances in tumour classification, prognosis prediction and treatment assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Farias-Eisner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Cerebrovascular Lab, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Cho J, Pastorino S, Zeng Q, Xu X, Johnson W, Vandenberg S, Verhaak R, Cherniack A, Watanabe H, Dutt A, Kwon J, Chao YS, Onofrio RC, Chiang D, Yuza Y, Kesari S, Meyerson M. Glioblastoma-derived epidermal growth factor receptor carboxyl-terminal deletion mutants are transforming and are sensitive to EGFR-directed therapies. Cancer Res 2011; 71:7587-96. [PMID: 22001862 PMCID: PMC3242822 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Genomic alterations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene play a crucial role in pathogenesis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). By systematic analysis of GBM genomic data, we have identified and characterized a novel exon 27 deletion mutation occurring within the EGFR carboxyl-terminus domain (CTD), in addition to identifying additional examples of previously reported deletion mutations in this region. We show that the GBM-derived EGFR CTD deletion mutants are able to induce cellular transformation in vitro and in vivo in the absence of ligand and receptor autophosphorylation. Treatment with the EGFR-targeted monoclonal antibody, cetuximab, or the small molecule EGFR inhibitor, erlotinib, effectively impaired tumorigenicity of oncogenic EGFR CTD deletion mutants. Cetuximab in particular prolonged the survival of intracranially xenografted mice with oncogenic EGFR CTD deletion mutants, compared with untreated control mice. Therefore, we propose that erlotinib and, especially, cetuximab treatment may be a promising therapeutic strategy in GBM patients harboring EGFR CTD deletion mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghee Cho
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Genomic Analysis Center, Samsung Cancer Reseacrh Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Sandra Pastorino
- Department of Neurosciences, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Qing Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xiaoyin Xu
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - William Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Roel Verhaak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Andrew Cherniack
- Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Hideo Watanabe
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Amit Dutt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jihyun Kwon
- Genomic Analysis Center, Samsung Cancer Reseacrh Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying S. Chao
- Department of Neurosciences, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Derek Chiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yuki Yuza
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Department of Neurosciences, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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