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Chang C, Chavarro VS, Gerstl JVE, Blitz SE, Spanehl L, Dubinski D, Valdes PA, Tran LN, Gupta S, Esposito L, Mazzetti D, Gessler FA, Arnaout O, Smith TR, Friedman GK, Peruzzi P, Bernstock JD. Recurrent Glioblastoma-Molecular Underpinnings and Evolving Treatment Paradigms. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6733. [PMID: 38928445 PMCID: PMC11203521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal central nervous system malignancy with a median survival after progression of only 6-9 months. Major biochemical mechanisms implicated in glioblastoma recurrence include aberrant molecular pathways, a recurrence-inducing tumor microenvironment, and epigenetic modifications. Contemporary standard-of-care (surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and tumor treating fields) helps to control the primary tumor but rarely prevents relapse. Cytoreductive treatment such as surgery has shown benefits in recurrent glioblastoma; however, its use remains controversial. Several innovative treatments are emerging for recurrent glioblastoma, including checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, oncolytic virotherapy, nanoparticle delivery, laser interstitial thermal therapy, and photodynamic therapy. This review seeks to provide readers with an overview of (1) recent discoveries in the molecular basis of recurrence; (2) the role of surgery in treating recurrence; and (3) novel treatment paradigms emerging for recurrent glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chang
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
| | - Velina S. Chavarro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (V.S.C.); (J.V.E.G.); (S.E.B.); (L.S.); (S.G.); (D.M.); (O.A.); (T.R.S.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Jakob V. E. Gerstl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (V.S.C.); (J.V.E.G.); (S.E.B.); (L.S.); (S.G.); (D.M.); (O.A.); (T.R.S.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Sarah E. Blitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (V.S.C.); (J.V.E.G.); (S.E.B.); (L.S.); (S.G.); (D.M.); (O.A.); (T.R.S.); (J.D.B.)
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lennard Spanehl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (V.S.C.); (J.V.E.G.); (S.E.B.); (L.S.); (S.G.); (D.M.); (O.A.); (T.R.S.); (J.D.B.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany; (D.D.); (F.A.G.)
| | - Daniel Dubinski
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany; (D.D.); (F.A.G.)
| | - Pablo A. Valdes
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Lily N. Tran
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
| | - Saksham Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (V.S.C.); (J.V.E.G.); (S.E.B.); (L.S.); (S.G.); (D.M.); (O.A.); (T.R.S.); (J.D.B.)
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luisa Esposito
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unicamillus University, 00131 Rome, Italy;
| | - Debora Mazzetti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (V.S.C.); (J.V.E.G.); (S.E.B.); (L.S.); (S.G.); (D.M.); (O.A.); (T.R.S.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Florian A. Gessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany; (D.D.); (F.A.G.)
| | - Omar Arnaout
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (V.S.C.); (J.V.E.G.); (S.E.B.); (L.S.); (S.G.); (D.M.); (O.A.); (T.R.S.); (J.D.B.)
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Timothy R. Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (V.S.C.); (J.V.E.G.); (S.E.B.); (L.S.); (S.G.); (D.M.); (O.A.); (T.R.S.); (J.D.B.)
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gregory K. Friedman
- Division of Pediatrics, Neuro-Oncology Section, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Pierpaolo Peruzzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (V.S.C.); (J.V.E.G.); (S.E.B.); (L.S.); (S.G.); (D.M.); (O.A.); (T.R.S.); (J.D.B.)
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua D. Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (V.S.C.); (J.V.E.G.); (S.E.B.); (L.S.); (S.G.); (D.M.); (O.A.); (T.R.S.); (J.D.B.)
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Wu Q, Berglund AE, Macaulay RJ, Etame AB. The Role of Mesenchymal Reprogramming in Malignant Clonal Evolution and Intra-Tumoral Heterogeneity in Glioblastoma. Cells 2024; 13:942. [PMID: 38891074 PMCID: PMC11171993 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common yet uniformly fatal adult brain cancer. Intra-tumoral molecular and cellular heterogeneities are major contributory factors to therapeutic refractoriness and futility in GBM. Molecular heterogeneity is represented through molecular subtype clusters whereby the proneural (PN) subtype is associated with significantly increased long-term survival compared to the highly resistant mesenchymal (MES) subtype. Furthermore, it is universally recognized that a small subset of GBM cells known as GBM stem cells (GSCs) serve as reservoirs for tumor recurrence and progression. The clonal evolution of GSC molecular subtypes in response to therapy drives intra-tumoral heterogeneity and remains a critical determinant of GBM outcomes. In particular, the intra-tumoral MES reprogramming of GSCs using current GBM therapies has emerged as a leading hypothesis for therapeutic refractoriness. Preventing the intra-tumoral divergent evolution of GBM toward the MES subtype via new treatments would dramatically improve long-term survival for GBM patients and have a significant impact on GBM outcomes. In this review, we examine the challenges of the role of MES reprogramming in the malignant clonal evolution of glioblastoma and provide future perspectives for addressing the unmet therapeutic need to overcome resistance in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Anders E. Berglund
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Robert J. Macaulay
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Arnold B. Etame
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Kim D, Lee JH, Kim N, Lim DH, Song JH, Suh CO, Wee CW, Kim IA. Optimizing Recurrent Glioblastoma Salvage Treatment: A Multicenter Study Integrating Genetic Biomarkers From the Korean Radiation Oncology Group (21-02). Neurosurgery 2024:00006123-990000000-01094. [PMID: 38511935 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Few studies have used real-world patient data to compare overall treatment patterns and survival outcomes for recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM). This study aimed to evaluate postprogression survival (PPS) according to the treatment strategy for rGBM by incorporating biomarker analysis. METHODS We assessed 468 adult patients with rGBM who underwent standard temozolomide-based chemoradiation. The impact of predictors on PPS was evaluated in patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type rGBM (n = 439) using survival probability analysis. We identified patients who would benefit from reirradiation (re-RT) during the first progression. RESULTS Median PPS was 3.4, 13.8, 6.6, and 10.0 months in the best supportive care (n = 82), surgery (with/without adjuvant therapy, n = 112), chemotherapy alone (n = 170), and re-RT (with/without chemotherapy, n = 75) groups, respectively. After propensity score matching analysis of the cohort, both the surgery and re-RT groups had a significantly better PPS than the chemotherapy-only group; however, no significant difference was observed in PPS between the surgery and re-RT groups. In the surgery subgroup, surgery with chemotherapy (P = .024) and surgery with radio(chemo)therapy (P = .039) showed significantly improved PPS compared with surgery alone. In the no-surgery subgroup, radio(chemo)therapy showed significantly improved PPS compared with chemotherapy alone (P = .047). Homozygous deletion of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/B, along with other clinical factors (performance score and progression-free interval), was significantly associated with the re-RT survival benefit. CONCLUSION Surgery combined with radio(chemo)therapy resulted in the best survival outcomes for rGBM. re-RT should also be considered for patients with rGBM at first recurrence. Furthermore, this study identified a specific genetic biomarker and clinical factors that may enhance the survival benefit of re-RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dowook Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Joo Ho Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nalee Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Hoon Lim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ok Suh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Chan Woo Wee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Heavy Ion Therapy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Ah Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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EGFR Pathway Expression Persists in Recurrent Glioblastoma Independent of Amplification Status. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030670. [PMID: 36765632 PMCID: PMC9913094 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma mortality is driven by tumour progression or recurrence despite administering a therapeutic arsenal consisting of surgical resection, radiation, and alkylating chemotherapy. The genetic changes underlying tumour progression and chemotherapy resistance are poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we sought to define the relationship between EGFR amplification status, EGFR mRNA expression, and EGFR pathway activity. We compared RNA-sequencing data from matched primary and recurrent tumour samples (n = 40 patients, 20 with EGFR amplification). RESULTS In the setting of glioblastoma recurrence, the EGFR pathway was overexpressed regardless of EGFR-amplification status, suggesting a common genomic endpoint in recurrent glioblastoma, although EGFR amplification did associate with higher EGFR mRNA expression. Three of forty patients in the study cohort had EGFR-amplified tumours and received targeted EGFR therapy. Their molecular subtypes and clinical outcomes did not significantly differ from patients who received conventional chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that while the EGFR amplification may confer a unique molecular profile in primary glioblastoma, pathway analysis reveals upregulation of the EGFR pathway in recurrence, regardless of amplification status. As such, the EGFR pathway may be a key mediator of glioblastoma progression.
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Polat B, Wohlleben G, Kosmala R, Lisowski D, Mantel F, Lewitzki V, Löhr M, Blum R, Herud P, Flentje M, Monoranu CM. Differences in stem cell marker and osteopontin expression in primary and recurrent glioblastoma. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:87. [PMID: 35183162 PMCID: PMC8858483 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite of a multimodal approach, recurrences can hardly be prevented in glioblastoma. This may be in part due to so called glioma stem cells. However, there is no established marker to identify these stem cells. Methods Paired samples from glioma patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for expression of the following stem cell markers: CD133, Musashi, Nanog, Nestin, octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), and sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2). In addition, the expression of osteopontin (OPN) was investigated. The relative number of positively stained cells was determined. By means of Kaplan–Meier analysis, a possible association with overall survival by marker expression was investigated. Results Sixty tissue samples from 30 patients (17 male, 13 female) were available for analysis. For Nestin, Musashi and OPN a significant increase was seen. There was also an increase (not significant) for CD133 and Oct4. Patients with mutated Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-1/2 (IDH-1/2) status had a reduced expression for CD133 and Nestin in their recurrent tumors. Significant correlations were seen for CD133 and Nanog between OPN in the primary and recurrent tumor and between CD133 and Nestin in recurrent tumors. By confocal imaging we could demonstrate a co-expression of CD133 and Nestin within recurrent glioma cells. Patients with high CD133 expression had a worse prognosis (22.6 vs 41.1 months, p = 0.013). A similar trend was seen for elevated Nestin levels (24.9 vs 41.1 months, p = 0.08). Conclusions Most of the evaluated markers showed an increased expression in their recurrent tumor. CD133 and Nestin were associated with survival and are candidate markers for further clinical investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02510-4.
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Kraboth Z, Kalman B. Longitudinal Characteristics of Glioblastoma in Genome-Wide Studies. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:2035-2047. [PMID: 31376079 PMCID: PMC7471193 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the deadliest tumors with barely over one-year median survival despite intensive efforts in defining its molecular characteristics and searching for innovative treatment strategies. While major progress has been made in cataloging cross-sectional genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic features of the tumor, and inferring its main molecular pathways and niches for potential targeted intervention, we still do not have sufficient knowledge concerning evolutionary patterns and dynamics of molecular changes or the treatment-induced effects affecting glioblastoma biology. In this review, we summarize the results of recent longitudinal genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic studies that brought us closer to a better understanding of this lethal disease. Evidence suggests that neuronal / glioma stem cells with accumulating mutations initiate glioblastoma development and recurrence, but the hypothetical models describing the courses that lead to established tumors have not been fully proven. Moving from the histopathological phenotype to the results of high resolution OMICS studies, we try to synthesize the currently available information from sequential glioblastoma analyses in order to highlight its multifaceted features and heterogenetity, as well as the expected complexity of potential treatment strategies that might once succeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Kraboth
- Graduate School in Neurosciences, University of Pecs, 12. Szigeti street, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pecs, 13. Ifjusag street, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, 20. Ifjusag street, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Bernadette Kalman
- Graduate School in Neurosciences, University of Pecs, 12. Szigeti street, Pecs, 7624, Hungary.
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pecs, 13. Ifjusag street, Pecs, 7624, Hungary.
- Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, 20. Ifjusag street, Pecs, 7624, Hungary.
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DeCordova S, Shastri A, Tsolaki AG, Yasmin H, Klein L, Singh SK, Kishore U. Molecular Heterogeneity and Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1402. [PMID: 32765498 PMCID: PMC7379131 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, with a poor prognosis, despite surgical resection combined with radio- and chemotherapy. The major clinical obstacles contributing to poor GBM prognosis are late diagnosis, diffuse infiltration, pseudo-palisading necrosis, microvascular proliferation, and resistance to conventional therapy. These challenges are further compounded by extensive inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity and the dynamic plasticity of GBM cells. The complex heterogeneous nature of GBM cells is facilitated by the local inflammatory tumor microenvironment, which mostly induces tumor aggressiveness and drug resistance. An immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of GBM provides multiple pathways for tumor immune evasion. Infiltrating immune cells, mostly tumor-associated macrophages, comprise much of the non-neoplastic population in GBM. Further understanding of the immune microenvironment of GBM is essential to make advances in the development of immunotherapeutics. Recently, whole-genome sequencing, epigenomics and transcriptional profiling have significantly helped improve the prognostic and therapeutic outcomes of GBM patients. Here, we discuss recent genomic advances, the role of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, and the presence of an established immunosuppressive GBM microenvironment that suppresses and/or prevents the anti-tumor host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syreeta DeCordova
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abhishek Shastri
- Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony G Tsolaki
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hadida Yasmin
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, India
| | - Lukas Klein
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastroenterology Oncology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shiv K Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastroenterology Oncology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
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Identification of potential crucial genes and molecular mechanisms in glioblastoma multiforme by bioinformatics analysis. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:859-869. [PMID: 32467990 PMCID: PMC7339479 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and malignant brain tumor of the adult central nervous system and is associated with poor prognosis. The present study aimed to identify the hub genes in GBM in order to improve the current understanding of the underlying mechanism of GBM. The RNA-seq data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The edgeR package in R software was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between two groups: Glioblastoma samples and normal brain samples. Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis were performed using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery software. Additionally, Cytoscape and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins tools were used for the protein-protein interaction network, while the highly connected modules were extracted from this network using the Minimal Common Oncology Data Elements plugin. Next, the prognostic significance of the candidate hub genes was analyzed using UALCAN. In addition, the identified hub genes were verified by reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q) PCR. In total, 1,483 DEGs were identified between GBM and control samples, including 954 upregulated genes and 529 downregulated genes (P<0.01; fold-change >16) and these genes were involved in different GO terms and signaling pathways. Furthermore, CDK1, BUB1, BUB1B, CENPA and GNG3 were identified as key genes in the GBM samples. The UALCAN tool verified that higher expression level of CENPA was relevant to poorer overall survival rates. In conclusion, CDK1, BUB1, BUB1B, CENPA and GNG3 were found to be potential biomarkers for GBM. Additionally, ‘cell cycle’ and ‘γ-aminobutyric acid signaling’ pathways may serve a significant role in the pathogenesis of GBM.
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Liu Y, Zou Y, Feng C, Lee A, Yin J, Chung R, Park JB, Rizos H, Tao W, Zheng M, Farokhzad OC, Shi B. Charge Conversional Biomimetic Nanocomplexes as a Multifunctional Platform for Boosting Orthotopic Glioblastoma RNAi Therapy. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1637-1646. [PMID: 32013452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based RNA interference (RNAi) has shown great promise in overcoming the limitations of traditional clinical treatments for glioblastoma (GBM). However, because of the complexity of brain physiology, simple blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration or tumor-targeting strategies cannot entirely meet the demanding requirements of different therapeutic delivery stages. Herein, we developed a charge conversional biomimetic nanoplatform with a three-layer core-shell structure to programmatically overcome persistent obstacles in siRNA delivery to GBM. The resulting nanocomplex presents good biocompatibility, prolonged blood circulation, high BBB transcytosis, effective tumor accumulation, and specific uptake by tumor cells in the brain. Moreover, red blood cell membrane (RBCm) disruption and effective siRNA release can be further triggered elegantly by charge conversion from negative to positive in the endo/lysosome (pH 5.0-6.5) of tumor cells, leading to highly potent target-gene silencing with a strong anti-GBM effect. Our study provides an intelligent biomimetic nanoplatform tailored for systemically siRNA delivery to GBM, leveraging Angiopep-2 peptide-modified, immune-free RBCm and charge conversional components. Improved therapeutic efficacy, higher survival rates, and minimized systemic side effects were achieved in orthotopic U87MG-luc human glioblastoma tumor-bearing nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Liu
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Chan Feng
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Albert Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Jinlong Yin
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, South Korea
| | - Roger Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Jong Bea Park
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, South Korea
| | - Helen Rizos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Meng Zheng
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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Abstract
Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Recent advances in sequencing techniques, and collaborative efforts to encode the mutational landscape of various tumor subtypes, have resulted in the identification of recurrent mutations that may present as actionable targets in these tumors. A number of molecularly targeted agents are approved or in development for the treatment of various tumor types in adult patients. Similarly, these agents are increasingly being incorporated into pediatric clinical trials, allowing for a targeted approach to treatment. However, due to the genetic heterogeneity of these tumors, focused clinical trials in pediatric patients are challenging and regulatory hurdles may delay access to therapeutic compounds that are in regular use in adult patients. The tumor site-agnostic clinical development of TRK inhibitors for pediatric solid tumors is a current example of how the combination of genetic testing and innovative clinical trial design can accelerate the clinical development of targeted agents for pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bornhorst
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave, NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.,Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Neuroscience Research, The Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Neuroscience Research, Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eugene I Hwang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave, NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA. .,Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Neuroscience Research, The Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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Nandeesh BN, Naskar S, Shashtri AH, Arivazhagan A, Santosh V. Recurrent Glioblastomas Exhibit Higher Expression of Biomarkers with Stem-like Properties. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2019; 9:86-91. [PMID: 29456350 PMCID: PMC5812166 DOI: 10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_417_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite advances in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), the prognosis of patients continues to remain dismal. This unfavorable prognosis is mainly attributed to the tumor's propensity for progression and recurrence, which in turn is due to the highly aggressive nature of the persisting GBM cells that actively egress from the main tumor mass into the surrounding normal brain tissue. Such a recurrent tumor described to have a more malignant potential is highly invasive and resistant to current therapies, probably due to increased stemness and preferential selection of therapy-resistant clones of tumor cells. However, there is a paucity of literature on the expression of biomarkers in the recurrent GBM tumors that could have a role in conferring this aggressiveness. Aim To identify the differences in the expression pattern of selected biomarkers in paired tissue samples of GBM. Material and Methods A retrospective study on 30 paired samples of GBM (newly diagnosed/primary and recurrent) archived in the Department of Neuropathology, NIMHANS (2006-2009), was carried out. After obtaining clinical and demographic details, tumors were characterized histomorphologically and immunohistochemically on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues with reference to expression of biomarkers such as p53, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), and topoisomerase 2 A (Top2A). The results were statistically analyzed. Results It was observed that while p53 and IGFBP-3 expression remained unaltered in paired samples, a significant increase in the expression of EGFR (P < 0.01) was noted in the recurrent tumors. Among the other biomarkers, SOX2 expression was higher in the recurrent tumors when compared to the primary tumors (P < 0.01). Conversely, the expression of Top2A was reduced in recurrent tumors (P = 0.05). Mild elevation in the expression of IGFBP-3 was observed in recurrent tumors but was not statistically significant. Conclusion A significant increase in the expression of SOX2 in recurrent tumors probably indicates the presence of undifferentiated cells with stem-like properties in these tumors. EGFR is known to mediate SOX2 expression thereby resulting in stemness of the glioma cancer cells, which could further explain its overexpression in recurrent GBMs. Furthermore, a decreased expression of TOP2A observed in the recurrent tumors could probably be due to reduction in chemosensitivity to temozolomide, which has been shown in earlier studies. We also noted that p53 expression remained unaltered in the recurrent tumors when compared to the primary, suggesting the absence of preferential clonal expansion of p53 mutant cells following exposure to radiochemotherapy. Our study reiterates the fact that GBM recurrences are associated with molecular alterations that probably contribute to radiochemoresistance, increased invasiveness, therapeutic efficacy, and stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Nandeesh
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharmistha Naskar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Arun H Shashtri
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - A Arivazhagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vani Santosh
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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12
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Serafim RB, Cardoso C, Di Cristofaro LFM, Pienna Soares C, Araújo Silva W, Espreafico EM, Paçó-Larson ML, Price BD, Valente V. HJURP knockdown disrupts clonogenic capacity and increases radiation-induced cell death of glioblastoma cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 27:319-329. [DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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He X, Zhang S, Chen J, Li D. Increased LGALS3 expression independently predicts shorter overall survival in patients with the proneural subtype of glioblastoma. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2031-2040. [PMID: 30848102 PMCID: PMC6536958 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we tried to study the expression of LGALS3 and LGALS3BP, their potential as prognostic markers and the possible genetic/epigenetic mechanisms underlying their dysregulation in different subtypes of glioblastoma (GBM). An in silico retrospective study was performed using large online databases. Results showed that LGALS3 and LGALS3BP were upregulated at both RNA and protein levels in GBM tissue and were generally associated with shorter overall survival (OS) in GBM patients. However, in subgroup analysis, we only found the association in proneural subtype. The copy number alterations did not necessarily lead to LGALS3/LGALS3BP dysregulation. In the proneural subtype of GBM patients, hypermethylation of the two CpG sites (cg19099850 and cg17403875) was associated with significantly lower expression of LGALS3. In univariate and multivariate analysis, LGALS3 expression independently predicted shorter OS in the proneural subtype of GBM (HR: 1.487, 95% CI: 1.229‐1.798, P < 0.001), after adjustment of age, gender, IDH1 mutations, temozolomide chemotherapy, radiotherapy and LGALS3BP expression. In comparison, LGALS3BP lost the prognostic value in multivariate analysis. Based on these findings, we infer that LGALS3 expression serves as an independent biomarker of shorter OS in the proneural subtype of GBM, the expression of which might be regulated in an epigenetic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia He
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Bayi Rehabilitation Center/Sichuan Provincial Rehabilitation Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Sunfu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Junchen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Bayi Rehabilitation Center/Sichuan Provincial Rehabilitation Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
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14
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Ren F, Zhao Q, Huang L, Zheng Y, Li L, He Q, Zhang C, Li F, Maimela NR, Sun Z, Jia Q, Ping Y, Zhang Z, Chen X, Yue Y, Liu S, Cao L, Zhang Y. The R132H mutation in
IDH
1 promotes the recruitment of
NK
cells through
CX
3
CL
1/
CX
3
CR
1 chemotaxis and is correlated with a better prognosis in gliomas. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:457-469. [PMID: 30575118 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Ren
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Qitai Zhao
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Lan Huang
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Lifeng Li
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Qianyi He
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
- Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Chaoqi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Feng Li
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Nomathamsanqa R Maimela
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Zhi Sun
- Department of Pharmacy The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Qingquan Jia
- Department of Pharmacy The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Yu Ping
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Xinfeng Chen
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Ying Yue
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
- The No. 7 People's Hospital of Zhengzhou Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Ling Cao
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
- Cancer Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy Zhengzhou Henan 450052 China
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15
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The effects of 2-hydroxyglutarate on the tumorigenesis of gliomas. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2018; 22:215-222. [PMID: 30783384 PMCID: PMC6377424 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2018.82642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the isocitrate-dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes is one of the central research topics regarding gliomagenesis. Indeed, 70% of gliomas are associated with a gain-of-function IDH mutation and consequently synthesize the oncometabolite, 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). This review aims to elucidate the effects of 2-HG on gliomagenesis. 2-HG promotes tumorigenesis by impacting metabolism, vascularization and altering the epigenome of glioma cells. Glioma metabolism and vascularization is altered by 2-HG's effect on the stability of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and inhibition of endostatin. However, 2-HG's impacts on epigenetic mechanisms are more profound to gliomagenesis. Through competitive inhibition of JHDMs and TET proteins, 2-HG orchestrates histone and DNA hypermethylation, which is associated with gene silencing and dedifferentiation of cells. The hypermethylator phenotype induced by 2-HG also results in alterations of the interaction of the immune system with the tumour. Additionally, this study reviews 2-HG promotion of tumorigenesis by inhibiting repair of DNA alkylation damage through competitive inhibition of AlkB proteins.
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16
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Bernal Rubio YL, González-Reymúndez A, Wu KHH, Griguer CE, Steibel JP, de Los Campos G, Doseff A, Gallo K, Vazquez AI. Whole-Genome Multi-omic Study of Survival in Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:3627-3636. [PMID: 30228192 PMCID: PMC6222579 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has been recognized as the most lethal type of malignant brain tumor. Despite efforts of the medical and research community, patients' survival remains extremely low. Multi-omic profiles (including DNA sequence, methylation and gene expression) provide rich information about the tumor. These profiles are likely to reveal processes that may be predictive of patient survival. However, the integration of multi-omic profiles, which are high dimensional and heterogeneous in nature, poses great challenges. The goal of this work was to develop models for prediction of survival of GBM patients that can integrate clinical information and multi-omic profiles, using multi-layered Bayesian regressions. We apply the methodology to data from GBM patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA, n = 501) to evaluate whether integrating multi-omic profiles (SNP-genotypes, methylation, copy number variants and gene expression) with clinical information (demographics as well as treatments) leads to an improved ability to predict patient survival. The proposed Bayesian models were used to estimate the proportion of variance explained by clinical covariates and omics and to evaluate prediction accuracy in cross validation (using the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve, AUC). Among clinical and demographic covariates, age (AUC = 0.664) and the use of temozolomide (AUC = 0.606) were the most predictive of survival. Among omics, methylation (AUC = 0.623) and gene expression (AUC = 0.593) were more predictive than either SNP (AUC = 0.539) or CNV (AUC = 0.547). While there was a clear association between age and methylation, the integration of age, the use of temozolomide, and either gene expression or methylation led to a substantial increase in AUC in cross-validaton (AUC = 0.718). Finally, among the genes whose methylation was higher in aging brains, we observed a higher enrichment of these genes being also differentially methylated in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kuan-Han H Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, 48202
| | - Corinne E Griguer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Juan P Steibel
- Department of Animal Science and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
| | - Gustavo de Los Campos
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering
- Department of Statistics and Probability
| | - Andrea Doseff
- Department of Physiology
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823
| | | | - Ana I Vazquez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering
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17
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Mogensen MB, Rossing M, Østrup O, Larsen PN, Heiberg Engel PJ, Jørgensen LN, Hogdall EV, Eriksen J, Ibsen P, Jess P, Grauslund M, Nielsen HJ, Nielsen FC, Vainer B, Osterlind K. Genomic alterations accompanying tumour evolution in colorectal cancer: tracking the differences between primary tumours and synchronous liver metastases by whole-exome sequencing. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:752. [PMID: 30029640 PMCID: PMC6053835 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with metastatic disease can become cured if neoadjuvant treatment can enable a resection. The search for predictive biomarkers is often performed on primary tumours tissue. In order to assess the effectiveness of tailored treatment in regard to the primary tumour the differences in the genomic profile needs to be clarified. METHODS Fresh-frozen tissue from primary tumours, synchronous liver metastases and adjacent normal liver was collected from 21 patients and analysed by whole-exome sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Gene variants designated as 'damaging' or 'potentially damaging' by Ingenuity software were used for the subsequent comparative analysis. BAM files were used as the input for the analysis of CNAs using NEXUS software. RESULTS Shared mutations between the primary tumours and the synchronous liver metastases varied from 50 to 96%. Mutations in APC, KRAS, NRAS, TP53 or BRAF were concordant between the primary tumours and the metastases. Among the private mutations were well-known driver genes such as PIK3CA and SMAD4. The number of mutations was significantly higher in patients with right- compared to left-sided tumours (102 vs. 66, p = 0.004). Furthermore, right- compared to left-sided tumours had a significantly higher frequency of private mutations (p = 0.023). Similarly, CNAs differed between the primary tumours and the metastases. The difference was mostly comprised of numerical and segmental aberrations. However, novel CNAs were rarely observed in specific CRC-relevant genes. CONCLUSION The examined primary colorectal tumours and synchronous liver metastases had multiple private mutations, indicating a high degree of inter-tumour heterogeneity in the individual patient. Moreover, the acquirement of novel CNAs from primary tumours to metastases substantiates the need for genomic profiling of metastases in order to tailor metastatic CRC therapies. As for the mutational status of the KRAS, NRAS and BRAF genes, no discordance was observed between the primary tumours and the metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Mogensen
- Department of Oncology, Section 5073, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Rossing
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet,Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O. Østrup
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet,Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P. N. Larsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet,Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P. J. Heiberg Engel
- Department of Pathology, Roskilde Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - L. N. Jørgensen
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E. V. Hogdall
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - J. Eriksen
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Slagelse Hospital, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - P. Ibsen
- Department of Pathology, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - P. Jess
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Roskilde Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - M. Grauslund
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet,Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H. J. Nielsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - F. C. Nielsen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet,Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B. Vainer
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet,Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K. Osterlind
- Department of Oncology, Section 5073, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Yang J, Hou Z, Wang C, Wang H, Zhang H. Gene expression microarray analysis reveals prognostic markers of survival in high grade astrocytomas. Neurol Res 2018; 40:744-751. [PMID: 29781781 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1475126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High grade astrocytoma (HGA) as an aggressive brain tumor, is always correlated with poor prognosis. In this paper, we aimed to explore the genetic prognostic biomarkers for HGA. METHODS The genome-wide expression profile of 26 brain tumor samples obtained from 26 patients with HGA was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. The risk genes for prognosis of HGA were identified and verified by the data in TCGA database. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of risk factor genes was constructed and significant module was screened. Function and pathway annotations were performed for risk genes and drug target genes were further analyzed. RESULTS A total of 598 genes were identified as significant risk genes for prognosis, such as checkpoint kinase 1, potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 6, leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase and uncharacterized LOC283887. All risk genes for prognosis of HGA were significantly enriched in cell cycle, mitotic as well as mitotic anaphase. While the genes in the network module mainly participated in functions such as cell cycle, mitotic cell cycle and cell cycle process. Moreover, the genes in the network module mainly participated in the pathways such as cell cycle and cell cycle, mitotic. Drug target analysis showed that seven genes were recorded in Drugbank database, and there were as many as 32 drug records of CHEK1. CONCLUSION The prognostic effect of CHEK1 was validated based on the expression profile data of 615 low-grade glioma and glioblastoma samples. We proposed CHEK1 as prognostic biomarker for HGA. Our work might provide the candidate target for HGA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Ziming Hou
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Changjiang Wang
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Hao Wang
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
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19
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Pridham KJ, Varghese RT, Sheng Z. The Role of Class IA Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunits in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2017; 7:312. [PMID: 29326882 PMCID: PMC5736525 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cancer including glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive form of brain cancer. Targeting the PI3K pathway to treat glioblastoma has been tested in the clinic with modest effect. In light of the recent finding that PI3K catalytic subunits (PIK3CA/p110α, PIK3CB/p110β, PIK3CD/p110δ, and PIK3CG/p110γ) are not functionally redundant, it is imperative to determine whether these subunits play divergent roles in glioblastoma and whether selectively targeting PI3K catalytic subunits represents a novel and effective strategy to tackle PI3K signaling. This article summarizes recent advances in understanding the role of PI3K catalytic subunits in glioblastoma and discusses the possibility of selective blockade of one PI3K catalytic subunit as a treatment option for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Pridham
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Robin T Varghese
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Zhi Sheng
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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20
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Elastic and inelastic light scattering spectroscopy and its possible use for label-free brain tumor typing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6613-6623. [PMID: 28918486 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an approach for label-free brain tumor tissue typing. For this application, our dual modality microspectroscopy system combines inelastic Raman scattering spectroscopy and Mie elastic light scattering spectroscopy. The system enables marker-free biomedical diagnostics and records both the chemical and morphologic changes of tissues on a cellular and subcellular level. The system setup is described and the suitability for measuring morphologic features is investigated. Graphical Abstract Bimodal approach for label-free brain tumor typing. Elastic and inelastic light scattering spectra are collected laterally resolved in one measurement setup. The spectra are investigated by multivariate data analysis for assigning the tissues to specific WHO grades according to their malignancy.
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21
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Bornhorst M, Hwang EI. Experimental Therapeutic Trial Design for Pediatric Brain Tumors. J Child Neurol 2016; 31:1421-32. [PMID: 26353880 DOI: 10.1177/0883073815604221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death during childhood. Since the first pediatric brain tumor clinical trials, the field has seen improved outcomes in some, but not all tumor types. In the past few decades, a number of promising new therapeutic agents have emerged, yet only a few of these agents have been incorporated into clinical trials for pediatric brain tumors. In this review, the authors discuss the process of and challenges in pediatric clinical trial design; this will allow for highly efficient and effective clinical trials with appropriate endpoints to ensure rapid and safe investigation of novel therapeutics for children with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bornhorst
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA Brain Tumor Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eugene I Hwang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute, Centers for Cancer and Immunology Research & Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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22
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Wood MD, Reis GF, Reuss DE, Phillips JJ. Protein Analysis of Glioblastoma Primary and Posttreatment Pairs Suggests a Mesenchymal Shift at Recurrence. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:925-935. [PMID: 27539476 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are aggressive brain tumors that inevitably recur despite surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation. The degree to which recurrent GBM retains its initial immunophenotype is incompletely understood. We generated tissue microarrays of paired initial and posttreatment GBM (3 pairs positive and 17 negative for IDH1R132H) from the same patients and made comparisons in the IDH1R132H-negative group for immunohistochemical and gene expression differences between primary and recurrent tumors. In initial tumors, immunopositivity for Ki-67 in > 20% of tumor cells was associated with shorter progression-free and overall survival. Recurrent tumors showed decreased staining for CD34 suggesting lower vessel density. A subset of tumors showed increased staining for markers associated with the mesenchymal gene expression pattern, including CD44, phosphorylated STAT3, and YKL40. Recurrent tumors with the greatest increase in mesenchymal marker expression had rapid clinical progression, but no difference in overall survival after second surgery. Comparison of protein and gene expression data from the same samples revealed a poor correlation. A subset of tumors (15%) showed loss of neurofibromin protein in both initial and recurrent tumors. These data support the notion that GBM progression is associated with a shift toward a mesenchymal phenotype in a subset of tumors and this may portend a more aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Wood
- From the Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology (MDW, GFR, JJP) and Department of Neurological Surgery (JJP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany (DER)
| | - Gerald F Reis
- From the Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology (MDW, GFR, JJP) and Department of Neurological Surgery (JJP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany (DER)
| | - David E Reuss
- From the Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology (MDW, GFR, JJP) and Department of Neurological Surgery (JJP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany (DER)
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- From the Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology (MDW, GFR, JJP) and Department of Neurological Surgery (JJP), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany (DER).
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Targeted next generation sequencing of parotid gland cancer uncovers genetic heterogeneity. Oncotarget 2016; 6:18224-37. [PMID: 26053092 PMCID: PMC4627247 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland cancer represents a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors. Due to their low incidence and the existence of multiple morphologically defined subtypes, these tumors are still poorly understood with regard to their molecular pathogenesis and therapeutically relevant genetic alterations. Performing a systematic and comprehensive study covering 13 subtypes of salivary gland cancer, next generation sequencing was done on 84 tissue samples of parotid gland cancer using multiplex PCR for enrichment of cancer related gene loci covering hotspots of 46 cancer genes. Mutations were identified in 22 different genes. The most frequent alterations affected TP53, followed by RAS genes, PIK3CA, SMAD4 and members of the ERB family. HRAS mutations accounted for more than 90% of RAS mutations, occurring especially in epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas and salivary duct carcinomas. Additional mutations in PIK3CA also affected particularly epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas and salivary duct carcinomas, occurring simultaneously with HRAS mutations in almost all cases, pointing to an unknown and therapeutically relevant molecular constellation. Interestingly, 14% of tumors revealed mutations in surface growth factor receptor genes including ALK, HER2, ERBB4, FGFR, cMET and RET, which might prove to be targetable by new therapeutic agents. 6% of tumors revealed mutations in SMAD4. In summary, our data provide novel insight into the fundamental molecular heterogeneity of salivary gland cancer, relevant in terms of tumor classification and the establishment of targeted therapeutic concepts.
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Campos B, Olsen LR, Urup T, Poulsen HS. A comprehensive profile of recurrent glioblastoma. Oncogene 2016; 35:5819-5825. [PMID: 27041580 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In spite of relentless efforts to devise new treatment strategies, primary glioblastomas invariably recur as aggressive, therapy-resistant relapses and patients rapidly succumb to these tumors. Many therapeutic agents are first tested in clinical trials involving recurrent glioblastomas. Remarkably, however, fundamental knowledge on the biology of recurrent glioblastoma is just slowly emerging. Here, we review current knowledge on recurrent glioblastoma and ask whether and how therapies change intra-tumor heterogeneity, molecular traits and growth pattern of glioblastoma, and to which extent this information can be exploited for therapeutic decision-making. We conclude that the ability to characterize and predict therapy-induced changes in recurrent glioblastoma will determine, whether, one day, glioblastoma can be contained in a state of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Campos
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L R Olsen
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - T Urup
- Department of Radiation Biology, Finsen Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H S Poulsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Finsen Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bianchi E, Roncarati P, Hougrand O, Guérin-El Khourouj V, Boreux R, Kroonen J, Martin D, Robe P, Rogister B, Delvenne P, Deprez M. Human cytomegalovirus and primary intracranial tumours: frequency of tumour infection and lack of correlation with systemic immune anti-viral responses. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:e29-40. [PMID: 25041908 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous beta human herpesvirus able to influence infected cell survival and proliferation and to modulate the host immune response. As there is accumulating evidence that HCMV is detected in primary intracranial astrocytic tumours, in this study we looked for the presence of HCMV in intracranial tumours and tried to correlate this eventual presence with the anti-HCMV systemic immunoreactivity and with the detection of HCMV in peripheral blood. METHODS In this study, we analysed 43 glioblastomas (GBM), 14 oligodendrogliomas (OL) and 20 meningiomas (MG) by immunofluorescence (IF) targeting HCMV immediate early antigen (IE1) and by nested PCR (nPCR) amplifying HCMV glycoprotein B (gB). RESULTS Detection of IE1 by IF showed the presence of HCMV in 70% of GBM, 57% of OL and 85% of MG, in contrast to gB nPCR, which detected HCMV in only 50% of GBM, 38% of OL and 46% of MG. Unexpectedly, HCMV DNA and antigens were detected within GBM, OL and MG of patients that exhibit negative viral serology. More surprisingly, PCR on the peripheral blood did not detect HCMV in patients with a HCMV-positive tumour. CONCLUSIONS Our results are in agreement with previous observations demonstrating HCMV in glial tumours and highlight the presence of HCMV in meningiomas. We also showed that anti-HCMV specific systemic immunoreactivity and detection of HCMV in peripheral blood are not predictive of HCMV presence in primary intracranial tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bianchi
- Department of Anatomopathology, Laboratory of Neuropathology, University Hospital, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; GIGA-Neurosciences Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Molecular subtypes, stem cells and heterogeneity: Implications for personalised therapy in glioma. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:1219-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Qiu XX, Wang CH, Lin ZX, You N, Wang XF, Chen YP, Chen L, Liu SY, Kang DZ. Correlation of high delta-like ligand 4 expression with peritumoral brain edema and its prediction of poor prognosis in patients with primary high-grade gliomas. J Neurosurg 2015; 123:1578-85. [PMID: 26047413 DOI: 10.3171/2014.12.jns14768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Peritumoral brain edema (PTBE) is a common phenomenon associated with high-grade gliomas (HGGs). In this study, the authors investigated the expression of Notch delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4) and its correlation with PTBE and prognosis in patients with an HGG. METHODS Tumors from 99 patients with HGG were analyzed for DLL4 expression using immunohistochemistry. PTBE on preoperative MR images and the relationship between PTBE and DLL4 expression were evaluated. The effect of DLL4 on patient prognosis was assessed by using Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry results revealed that the expression of DLL4 was distributed primarily within the cytoplasm of tumor vascular endothelial cells and seldom detected in tumor cells. DLL4 expression was correlated positively with the degree of edema (r = 0.845 and p < 0.001, Spearman's test). In addition, DLL4 was an independent predictor of prognosis in patients with HGGs (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS DLL4 expression was correlated positively with the degree of PTBE and was an independent unfavorable prognostic indicator in patients with HGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Xin Qiu
- Tumor Invasion Micro-ecological Laboratory, Fujian Medical University; and ,Departments of 2 Neurosurgery and
| | - Chen-Hong Wang
- Tumor Invasion Micro-ecological Laboratory, Fujian Medical University; and
| | - Zhi-Xiong Lin
- Tumor Invasion Micro-ecological Laboratory, Fujian Medical University; and ,Departments of 2 Neurosurgery and
| | - Na You
- Tumor Invasion Micro-ecological Laboratory, Fujian Medical University; and
| | - Xing-Fu Wang
- Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yu-Peng Chen
- Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Long Chen
- Tumor Invasion Micro-ecological Laboratory, Fujian Medical University; and
| | - Shui-Yuan Liu
- Tumor Invasion Micro-ecological Laboratory, Fujian Medical University; and
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Thuy MN, Kam JK, Lee GC, Tao PL, Ling DQ, Cheng M, Goh SK, Papachristos AJ, Shukla L, Wall KL, Smoll NR, Jones JJ, Gikenye N, Soh B, Moffat B, Johnson N, Drummond KJ. A novel literature-based approach to identify genetic and molecular predictors of survival in glioblastoma multiforme: Analysis of 14,678 patients using systematic review and meta-analytical tools. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:785-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ping Y, Zhang H, Deng Y, Wang L, Zhao H, Pang L, Fan H, Xu C, Li F, Zhang Y, Gong Y, Xiao Y, Li X. IndividualizedPath: identifying genetic alterations contributing to the dysfunctional pathways in glioblastoma individuals. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 10:2031-42. [PMID: 24911613 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00289j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the extensive complexity and high genetic heterogeneity of genetic alterations in cancer, comprehensively depicting the molecular mechanisms of cancer remains difficult. Characterizing personalized pathogenesis in cancer individuals can help to reveal new details of the complex mechanisms. In this study, we proposed an integrative method called IndividualizedPath to identify genetic alterations and their downstream risk pathways from the perspective of individuals through combining the DNA copy number, gene expression data and topological structures of biological pathways. By applying the method to TCGA glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) samples, we identified 394 gene-pathway pairs in 252 GBM individuals. We found that genes with copy number alterations showed high heterogeneity across GBM individuals, whereas they affected relatively consistent biological pathways. A global landscape of gene-pathway pairs showed that EGFR linked with multiple cancer-related biological pathways confers the highest risk of GBM. GBM individuals with MET-pathway pairs showed significantly shorter survival times than those with only MET amplification. Importantly, we found that the same risk pathways were affected by different genes in distinct groups of GBM individuals with a significant pattern of mutual exclusivity. Similarly, GBM subtype analysis revealed some subtype-specific gene-pathway pairs. In addition, we found that some rare copy number alterations had a large effect on contribution to numerous cancer-related pathways. In summary, our method offers the possibility to identify personalized cancer mechanisms, which can be applied to other types of cancer through the web server (http://bioinfo.hrbmu.edu.cn/IndividualizedPath/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ping
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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Witusik-Perkowska M, Zakrzewska M, Szybka M, Papierz W, Jaskolski DJ, Liberski PP, Sikorska B. Astrocytoma-associated antigens - IL13Rα2, Fra-1, and EphA2 as potential markers to monitor the status of tumour-derived cell cultures in vitro. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:82. [PMID: 25788865 PMCID: PMC4364051 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular heterogeneity of high-grade astrocytomas underlies the difficulties in the development of representative and valuable in vitro experimental models for their studies. The purpose of our study was to estimate the value of astrocytoma-associated antigens (AAAs) - IL13Rα2, Fra-1, EphA2 - and the most common molecular aberrations typical for astrocytomas as potential markers to screen the status of tumour-derived cell cultures in vitro. Methods The tumour-derived cell cultures were established from high-grade astrocytomas. The expression analyses of the tested genes were performed via semi-quantitative real-time PCR and subsequently verified by immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical technique. The analyses of molecular aberrations at DNA level included gene dosage status evaluation based on real-time PCR, sequencing analysis, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) assay. Results The expression analyses based on semi-quantitative real-time PCR showed that in the final stage of culture the expression level of all tested AAAs was significantly higher or at least comparable to that of primary tumours; however, two expression patterns were observed during cell culture establishment. Analysis at the single cell level via immunocytochemistry also demonstrated an increase of the level of tested proteins and/or selection of tumour cell populations strongly positive for AAAs vs. other cell types including admixed non-tumoural cells. Confrontation of AAA expression data with the results of molecular analyses at DNA level seems to support the latter, revealing that the expression pattern of astrocytoma-associated antigens in tumour-derived cells in subsequent stages of culture is convergent with changes in the molecular profile of examined cell populations. Conclusions The consistency of the obtained results seems to support the use of the selected AAAs, in particular IL13Rα2 and Fra-1, as tools facilitating the establishment of tumour-derived cultures. However, the intratumoural heterogeneity of high-grade astrocytomas may require further detailed characterisation of the molecular profile of a tumour in order to evaluate the value of the experimental model in relation to the individual context of particular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Witusik-Perkowska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 8/10 str, Lodz, 92-216, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zakrzewska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 8/10 str, Lodz, 92-216, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Szybka
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 8/10 str, Lodz, 92-216, Poland
| | - Wielislaw Papierz
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 8/10 str, Lodz, 92-216, Poland
| | - Dariusz J Jaskolski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22 str, Lodz, 90-153, Poland
| | - Pawel P Liberski
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 8/10 str, Lodz, 92-216, Poland
| | - Beata Sikorska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 8/10 str, Lodz, 92-216, Poland
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Riehmer V, Gietzelt J, Beyer U, Hentschel B, Westphal M, Schackert G, Sabel MC, Radlwimmer B, Pietsch T, Reifenberger G, Weller M, Weber RG, Loeffler M. Genomic profiling reveals distinctive molecular relapse patterns in IDH1/2 wild-type glioblastoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:589-605. [PMID: 24706357 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular changes associated with the progression of glioblastoma after standard radiochemotherapy remain poorly understood. We compared genomic profiles of 27 paired primary and recurrent IDH1/2 wild-type glioblastomas by genome-wide array-based comparative genomic hybridization. By bioinformatic analysis, primary and recurrent tumor profiles were normalized and segmented, chromosomal gains and losses identified taking the tumor cell content into account, and difference profiles deduced. Seven of 27 (26%) pairs lacked DNA copy number differences between primary and recurrent tumors (equal pairs). The recurrent tumors in 9/27 (33%) pairs contained all chromosomal imbalances of the primary tumors plus additional ones, suggesting a sequential acquisition of and/or selection for aberrations during progression (sequential pairs). In 11/27 (41%) pairs, the profiles of primary and recurrent tumors were divergent, i.e., the recurrent tumors contained additional aberrations but had lost others, suggesting a polyclonal composition of the primary tumors and considerable clonal evolution (discrepant pairs). Losses on 9p21.3 harboring the CDKN2A/B locus were significantly more common in primary tumors from sequential and discrepant (nonequal) pairs. Nonequal pairs showed ten regions of recurrent genomic differences between primary and recurrent tumors harboring 46 candidate genes associated with tumor recurrence. In particular, copy numbers of genes encoding apoptosis regulators were frequently changed at progression. In summary, approximately 25% of IDH1/2 wild-type glioblastoma pairs have stable genomic imbalances. In contrast, approximately 75% of IDH1/2 wild-type glioblastomas undergo further genomic aberrations and alter their clonal composition upon recurrence impacting their genomic profile, a process possibly facilitated by 9p21.3 loss in the primary tumor. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Riehmer
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Jutten B, Rouschop KMA. EGFR signaling and autophagy dependence for growth, survival, and therapy resistance. Cell Cycle 2013; 13:42-51. [PMID: 24335351 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is amplified or mutated in various human epithelial tumors. Its expression and activation leads to cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Consistently, EGFR amplification or expression of EGFR variant 3 (EGFRvIII) is associated with resistance to conventional cancer therapy through activation of pro-survival signaling and DNA-repair mechanisms. EGFR targeting has successfully been exploited as strategy to increase treatment efficacy. Nevertheless, these targeting strategies have only been proven effective in a limited percentage of human tumors. Recent knowledge indicates that EGFR deregulated tumors display differences in autophagy and dependence on autophagy for growth and survival and the use of autophagy to increase resistance to EGFR-targeting drugs. In this review the dependency on autophagy and its role in mediating resistance to EGFR-targeting agents will be discussed. Considering the current knowledge, autophagy inhibition could provide a novel strategy to enhance therapy efficacy in treatment of EGFR deregulated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Jutten
- Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MaastRO) Lab; GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology; Maastricht University; Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kasper M A Rouschop
- Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MaastRO) Lab; GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology; Maastricht University; Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Tomaselli S, Galeano F, Massimi L, Di Rocco C, Lauriola L, Mastronuzzi A, Locatelli F, Gallo A. ADAR2 editing activity in newly diagnosed versus relapsed pediatric high-grade astrocytomas. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:255. [PMID: 23697632 PMCID: PMC3663793 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High-grade (WHO grade III and IV) astrocytomas are aggressive malignant brain tumors affecting humans with a high risk of recurrence in both children and adults. To date, limited information is available on the genetic and molecular alterations important in the onset and progression of pediatric high-grade astrocytomas and, even less, on the prognostic factors that influence long-term outcome in children with recurrence. A-to-I RNA editing is an essential post-transcriptional mechanism that can alter the nucleotide sequence of several RNAs and is mediated by the ADAR enzymes. ADAR2 editing activity is particularly important in mammalian brain and is impaired in both adult and pediatric high-grade astrocytomas. Moreover, we have recently shown that the recovered ADAR2 activity in high-grade astrocytomas inhibits in vivo tumor growth. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether changes may occur in ADAR2-mediated RNA editing profiles of relapsed high-grade astrocytomas compared to their respective specimens collected at diagnosis, in four pediatric patients. Methods Total RNAs extracted from all tumor samples and controls were tested for RNA editing levels (by direct sequencing on cDNA pools) and for ADAR2 mRNA expression (by qRT-PCR). Results A significant loss of ADAR2-editing activity was observed in the newly diagnosed and recurrent astrocytomas in comparison to normal brain. Surprisingly, we found a substantial rescue of ADAR2 editing activity in the relapsed tumor of the only patient showing prolonged survival. Conclusions High-grade astrocytomas display a generalized loss of ADAR2-mediated RNA editing at both diagnosis and relapse. However, a peculiar Case, in complete remission of disease, displayed a total rescue of RNA editing at relapse, intriguingly suggesting ADAR2 activity/expression as a possible marker for long-term survival of patients with high-grade astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tomaselli
- Laboratory of RNA Editing, Department of Pediatric Haematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S, Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy
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Li WB, Tang K, Chen Q, Li S, Qiu XG, Li SW, Jiang T. MRI manifestions correlate with survival of glioblastoma multiforme patients. Cancer Biol Med 2013; 9:120-3. [PMID: 23691466 PMCID: PMC3643659 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-3941.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify the correlation between magnetic resonance manifestation and survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Methods The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of 30 glioblastoma patients were collected. Imaging features including degrees of contrasted area, edema surrounding the tumor, and intensity in T2-weighted imaging were selected to determine their correlation with patient survival. The relationship between imaging and survival time was studied using SPSS 19.0 software. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test were used to compare the survival curves. Results Patients with ≤5% contrasted enhancement area of tumor had longer overall survival (OS) than those with >5% contrasted enhancement area of tumor. Patients without edema surrounding the tumor had longer OS than those with edema. Patients with tumor of hyperintensity and/or isointensity in T2-weighted imaging had longer OS than those with hyperintensity and/or isointensity and hypointensity. Conclusions Some MR imaging features including degrees of contrasted area, edema surrounding the tumor, and intensity in T2-weighted imaging are correlated with the survival of patients with GBM. These features can serve as prognostic indicators for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Li
- Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
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Purkait S, Jha P, Sharma MC, Suri V, Sharma M, Kale SS, Sarkar C. CDKN2A deletion in pediatric versus adult glioblastomas and predictive value of p16 immunohistochemistry. Neuropathology 2013; 33:405-12. [PMID: 23311918 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle regulator genes are major target of mutation in many human malignancies including glioblastomas (GBMs). CDKN2A is one such tumor suppressor gene which encodes p16INK4a protein and serves as an inhibitor of cell cycle progression. Very few studies are available regarding the association of CDKN2A deletion with p16 protein expression in GBMs. There is limited data on the frequency of CDKN2A deletion in different age groups. The aim of the present study was to analyze the frequency of CDKN2A gene deletions in GBM and correlate CDKN2A deletional status with (i) age of the patient (ii) p16 protein expression and (iii) other genetic alterations, namely EGFR amplification and TP53 mutation. A combined retrospective and prospective study was conducted. Sixty seven cases were included. The patients were grouped into pediatric (≤ 18 years), young adults (19-40 years) and older adults (>40 years). CDKN2A and EGFR status were assessed by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization.TP53 mutation was analyzed by PCR based method. p16 expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry. CDKN2A deletion was noted in 40.3% cases of GBM with majority being homozygous deletion (74%). It was commoner in primary GBMs (65.8%) and cases with EGFR amplification (50%). A variable frequency of CDKN2A was observed in older adults (42.3%), young adults (44%), and pediatric patients (31.25%). The difference however was not statistically significant. There was statistically significant association between CDKN2A deletion and p16 immunonegativity with a high negative predictive value of immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Purkait
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Chen X, Zang W, Xue F, Shen Z, Zhang Q. Bioinformatics analysis reveals potential candidate drugs for different subtypes of glioma. Neurol Sci 2012; 34:1139-43. [PMID: 23053832 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-1198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors of the central nervous system. However, current approaches for treating glioma have limited success, with a low 5-year survival rate. Besides, gliomas can be classified based on various criteria and the exact method of grading changes over time, it is hard for the surgeons to choose the suitable treatment strategies for glioma patients. In present study, we sought to explore the commonalities between different subtypes of glioma, and then identify biologically active small molecules capable of targeting all subtypes of glioma using a computational bioinformatics analysis of gene expression. Results showed that there were common differentially expressed genes between different subtypes of glioma. Pathways related to tumorigenesis and signaling transduction were dysfunctional in the progression of glioma. Further, we identified a group of small molecules. Candidate agents identified by our approach may provide the groundwork for a combination therapy approach for glioma. However, further evaluation for their potential use in the treatment of glioma is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
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Comparative genomic and proteomic analysis of high grade glioma primary cultures and matched tumor in situ. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:2245-56. [PMID: 22705586 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing targeted therapies for high grade gliomas (HGG), the most common primary brain tumor in adults, relies largely on glioma cultures. However, it is unclear if HGG tumorigenic signaling pathways are retained under in-vitro conditions. Using array comparative genomic hybridization and immunohistochemical profiling, we contrasted the epidermal and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (EGFR/PDGFR) in-vitro pathway status of twenty-six primary HGG cultures with the pathway status of their original HGG biopsies. Genomic gains or amplifications were lost during culturing while genomic losses were more likely to be retained. Loss of EGFR amplification was further verified immunohistochemically when EGFR over expression was decreased in the majority of cultures. Conversely, PDGFRα and PDGFRβ were more abundantly expressed in primary cultures than in the original tumor (p<0.05). Despite these genomic and proteomic differences, primary HGG cultures retained key aspects of dysregulated tumorigenic signaling. Both in-vivo and in-vitro the presence of EGFR resulted in downstream activation of P70s6K while reduced downstream activation was associated with the presence of PDGFR and the tumor suppressor, PTEN. The preserved pathway dysregulation make this glioma model suitable for further studies of glioma tumorigenesis, however individual culture related differences must be taken into consideration when testing responsiveness to chemotherapeutic agents.
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Kim JH, Bae Kim Y, Han JH, Cho KG, Kim SH, Sheen SS, Lee HW, Jeong SY, Kim BY, Lee KB. Pathologic diagnosis of recurrent glioblastoma: morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular analysis of 20 paired cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2012; 36:620-8. [PMID: 22441548 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e318246040c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the prognostic value of the volume of residual viable tumor versus therapy-induced necrosis in resection material and the diagnostic value of ancillary tests in recurrent glioblastoma (GBM), we conducted a retrospective review of 20 patients whose initial and recurrent specimens were available. Recurrent GBMs were graded according to the extent of histopathologic parameters: recurrent tumor with high-grade, non-high-grade, and pure high-grade tumor components and therapy-related necrosis. We also examined MIB-1 labeling, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation, and epidermal growth factor receptor amplification in primary and recurrent GBMs. To evaluate patient outcomes according to clinical and pathologic parameters, a survival analysis was performed, and correlations between histopathologic parameters and each ancillary test were assessed. Among clinical parameters, age above 60 years was associated with decreased survival (P=0.022), but other clinical parameters showed no significant association with overall survival. Among the 3 histopathologic parameters, the extent of recurrent tumor, including high-grade and non-high-grade components, revealed a significant association with overall survival (P=0.042), but neither the extent of pure high-grade components nor therapy-related necrosis showed any prognostic value. MIB-1 labeling, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation, and epidermal growth factor receptor amplification were useful for the diagnosis of recurrent GBMs but showed no prognostic value. Our data suggest that histopathologic evaluation on the basis of tumor extent in resected recurrent GBM specimens may provide additional prognostic information on the survival of patients with recurrent GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Hee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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39
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Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Pushing the limits of glioma resection using electrophysiologic brain mapping. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:2437-40. [PMID: 22529267 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.40.6959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ross HH, Rahman M, Levkoff LH, Millette S, Martin-Carreras T, Dunbar EM, Reynolds BA, Laywell ED. Ethynyldeoxyuridine (EdU) suppresses in vitro population expansion and in vivo tumor progression of human glioblastoma cells. J Neurooncol 2011; 105:485-98. [PMID: 21643840 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine analogs (TAs) are synthetic nucleosides that incorporate into newly synthesized DNA. Halogenated pyrimidines (HPs), such as bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), are a class of TAs that can be detected with antibodies and are commonly used for birthdating individual cells and for assessing the proliferative index of cell populations. It is well established that HPs can act as radiosensitizers when incorporated into DNA chains, but they are generally believed not to impair normal cell function in the absence of secondary stressors. However, we and others have shown that HP incorporation leads to a sustained suppression of cell cycle progression in mammalian cells, resulting in cellular senescence in somatic cells. In addition, we have shown that HP incorporation results in delayed tumor progression in a syngeneic rat model of glioma. Here we examine ethynyldeoxyuridine (EdU), a newly developed and alkylated TA, for its anti-cancer activity, both in vitro and in vivo. We show that EdU, like HPs, leads to a severe reduction in the proliferation rate of normal and transformed cells in vitro. Unlike HPs, however, EdU incorporation also causes DNA damage resulting in the death of a substantial subset of treated cells. When administered over an extended time as a monotherapy to mice bearing subcutaneous xenografts of human glioblastoma multiforme tumors, EdU significantly reduces tumor volume and increases survival without apparent significant toxicity. These results, combined with the fact that EdU readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, support the continued investigation of EdU as a potential therapy for malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather H Ross
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Jaeckle KA, Decker PA, Ballman KV, Flynn PJ, Giannini C, Scheithauer BW, Jenkins RB, Buckner JC. Transformation of low grade glioma and correlation with outcome: an NCCTG database analysis. J Neurooncol 2010; 104:253-9. [PMID: 21153680 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) may originate de novo (primary), or following transformation from a lower grade glioma (secondary), and it has been postulated that these tumors may have different biological behaviors. We performed a correlative analysis involving 204 patients with glioma treated prospectively on NCCTG clinical trials. Central pathology review of tumor tissues taken at the time of initial diagnosis and at recurrence were performed in all patients. Tumors progressed from low (WHO grade 2) to high (grade 3-4) at recurrence in 45% low grade oligodendroglioma patients, in 70% with low grade oligoastrocytoma, and 74% with low grade astrocytoma (P = 0.031). Median overall survival (OS) from initial diagnosis varied by histology: oligodendroglioma, 8.8 years; (95% CI 5.7-10.2); oligoastrocytoma, 4.4 years (95% CI 3.5-5.6); astrocytoma grade 2 3.1 years (astrocytoma grade 2-4, 2.1 years) (95% CI 1.7-2.5, P < 0.001). Mean time to recurrence (TTR) also varied between patients with de novo GBM, those secondary GBM, and those that remained non-GBM at recurrence (1.1 ± 1.1 vs. 2.9 ± 1.8 vs. 4.0 ± 2.9 years, respectively, P < 0.001). Median OS from time of recurrence also varied between these three categories (0.7 years, 95% CI: 0.5-1.1 vs. 0.6 years, CI: 0.5-1.0 vs. 1.4 years, 95% CI: 1.1-2.0, respectively) (P < 0.001). At time of relapse, transformation to higher grade is frequent in low grade pure and mixed astrocytomas, but is observed in less than half of those with low grade oligodendroglioma. From time of recurrence, OS was not significantly different for those with primary versus secondary GBM, and it may thus be reasonable include patients with secondary GBM in clinical therapeutic trials for recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Jaeckle
- Mayo Clinic, Cannaday 2-E, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Broniscer A, Baker JN, Baker SJ, Chi SN, Geyer JR, Morris EB, Gajjar A. Prospective collection of tissue samples at autopsy in children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Cancer 2010; 116:4632-7. [PMID: 20589749 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain tissue obtained at autopsy has been used in research for non-oncologic disorders. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, this tool has never been systematically used in large investigational studies for cancer. A prospective, multicenter study was conducted to assess the feasibility of tissue collection at autopsy and its suitability for molecular analyses in children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. METHODS Tumor tissue was collected at the time of diagnosis, if clinically indicated, or at autopsy. Normal brain tissue was also collected at autopsy. The integrity of DNA and RNA was evaluated in all samples. Logistic data regarding autopsies were recorded. The feasibility of tissue collection at autopsy was assessed for patients treated at a single institution over a 43-month period. RESULTS Tumor samples were collected at the time of diagnosis (n = 3) or at autopsy (n = 38) at 29 centers across the United States; samples were obtained at diagnosis and autopsy in 2 cases. The median interval from death to autopsy was 7.7 hours. DNA and RNA with minimal or partial degradation, which were suitable for genome-wide analysis, were obtained from 100% and 63% of tumor samples, respectively. At the coordinating institution, approximately 40% of parents consented to autopsy and 40% declined. During the study period, 12 autopsies were performed on patients who did not receive therapy at the coordinating center. CONCLUSIONS Multicenter, biological studies based on tissue obtained at autopsy appear to be feasible in children with brain cancer. The current experience established a new paradigm for brain tissue collection, which may increase the potential for research studies in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Broniscer
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.
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Jeuken JWM, Sijben A, Bleeker FE, Boots-Sprenger SHE, Rijntjes J, Gijtenbeek JMM, Mueller W, Wesseling P. The nature and timing of specific copy number changes in the course of molecular progression in diffuse gliomas: further elucidation of their genetic "life story". Brain Pathol 2010; 21:308-20. [PMID: 21029244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Up till now, typing and grading of diffuse gliomas is based on histopathological features. However, more objective tools are needed to improve reliable assessment of their biological behavior. We evaluated 331 diffuse gliomas for copy number changes involving 1p, 19q, CDKN2A, PTEN and EGFR(vIII) by Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA®, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Specifically based on the co-occurrence of these aberrations we built a model for the timing of the different events and their exact nature (hemi- → homozygous loss; low-level gain → (high-copy) amplification) in the course of molecular progression. The mutation status of IDH1 and TP53 was also evaluated and shown to correlate with the level of molecular progression. The relevance of the proposed model was confirmed by analysis of 36 sets of gliomas and their 39 recurrence(s) whereas survival analysis for anaplastic gliomas confirmed the actual prognostic relevance of detecting molecular malignancy. Moreover, based on our results, molecular diagnostic analysis of 1p/19q can be further improved as different aberrations were identified, some of them being indicative for advanced molecular malignancy rather than for favorable tumor behavior. In conclusion, identification of molecular malignancy as proposed will aid in establishing a risk profile for individual patients and thereby in therapeutic decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith W M Jeuken
- Department of Pathology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences UMC St Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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McLendon RE, Rich JN. Glioblastoma Stem Cells: A Neuropathologist's View. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2011:397195. [PMID: 21052560 PMCID: PMC2971570 DOI: 10.1155/2011/397195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (WHO Grade IV) is both the most common primary brain tumor and the most malignant. Advances in the understanding of the biology of the tumor are needed in order to obtain a clearer picture of the mechanisms driving these tumors. To neuropathologists, glioblastoma is a tumor that represents a complex system of migrating pleomorphic tumor cells, proliferating blood vessels, infiltrating inflammatory cells, and necrosis. This review will highlight how the glioma stem cell concept brings these elements together into a collective whole, interacting with microenvironmental influences in complex ways. Borrowing from chaos theory a vocabulary of "self organizing systems" and "complex adaptive systems" that seem useful in describing these pathologic features, a new paradigm of glioblastoma biology will be proposed that genetic changes should be understood in a three dimensional framework as they relate not only to the tumor cells themselves but also to the multicellular hierarchical unit, not isolated from, but responsive to, its local milieu. In this way we will come to better appreciate the impact our therapeutic interventions have on the regional phenotypic heterogeneity that exists within the tumor and the intercellular communications directing adaptation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger E. McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeremy N. Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Mazzoleni S, Politi LS, Pala M, Cominelli M, Franzin A, Sergi Sergi L, Falini A, De Palma M, Bulfone A, Poliani PL, Galli R. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression identifies functionally and molecularly distinct tumor-initiating cells in human glioblastoma multiforme and is required for gliomagenesis. Cancer Res 2010; 70:7500-13. [PMID: 20858720 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a known diagnostic and, although controversial, prognostic marker of human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). However, its functional role and biological significance in GBM remain elusive. Here, we show that multiple GBM cell subpopulations could be purified from the specimens of patients with GBM and from cancer stem cell (CSC) lines based on the expression of EGFR and of other putative CSC markers. All these subpopulations are molecularly and functionally distinct, are tumorigenic, and need to express EGFR to promote experimental tumorigenesis. Among them, EGFR-expressing tumor-initiating cells (TIC) display the most malignant functional and molecular phenotype. Accordingly, modulation of EGFR expression by gain-of-function and loss-of-function strategies in GBM CSC lines enhances and reduces their tumorigenic ability, respectively, suggesting that EGFR plays a fundamental role in gliomagenesis. These findings open up the possibility of new therapeutically relevant scenarios, as the presence of functionally heterogeneous EGFR(pos) and EGFR(neg) TIC subpopulations within the same tumor might affect clinical response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mazzoleni
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Unit, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Noushmehr H, Weisenberger DJ, Diefes K, Phillips HS, Pujara K, Berman BP, Pan F, Pelloski CE, Sulman EP, Bhat KP, Verhaak RG, Hoadley KA, Hayes DN, Perou CM, Schmidt HK, Ding L, Wilson RK, Van Den Berg D, Shen H, Bengtsson H, Neuvial P, Cope LM, Buckley J, Herman JG, Baylin SB, Laird PW, Aldape K. Identification of a CpG island methylator phenotype that defines a distinct subgroup of glioma. Cancer Cell 2010; 17:510-22. [PMID: 20399149 PMCID: PMC2872684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1759] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have profiled promoter DNA methylation alterations in 272 glioblastoma tumors in the context of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We found that a distinct subset of samples displays concerted hypermethylation at a large number of loci, indicating the existence of a glioma-CpG island methylator phenotype (G-CIMP). We validated G-CIMP in a set of non-TCGA glioblastomas and low-grade gliomas. G-CIMP tumors belong to the proneural subgroup, are more prevalent among lower-grade gliomas, display distinct copy-number alterations, and are tightly associated with IDH1 somatic mutations. Patients with G-CIMP tumors are younger at the time of diagnosis and experience significantly improved outcome. These findings identify G-CIMP as a distinct subset of human gliomas on molecular and clinical grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houtan Noushmehr
- USC Epigenome Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033 USA
| | | | - Kristin Diefes
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Heidi S. Phillips
- Department of Tumor Biology and Angiogenesis, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Kanan Pujara
- Department of Tumor Biology and Angiogenesis, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin P. Berman
- USC Epigenome Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033 USA
| | - Fei Pan
- USC Epigenome Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033 USA
| | - Christopher E. Pelloski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Erik P. Sulman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Krishna P. Bhat
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roel G.W. Verhaak
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Katherine A. Hoadley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - D. Neil Hayes
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Charles M. Perou
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Heather K. Schmidt
- The Genome Center at Washington University, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Li Ding
- The Genome Center at Washington University, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Richard K. Wilson
- The Genome Center at Washington University, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - David Van Den Berg
- USC Epigenome Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033 USA
| | - Hui Shen
- USC Epigenome Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033 USA
| | - Henrik Bengtsson
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Pierre Neuvial
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Leslie M. Cope
- Department on Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Jonathan Buckley
- USC Epigenome Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033 USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - James G. Herman
- Department on Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Stephen B. Baylin
- Department on Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Peter W. Laird
- USC Epigenome Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033 USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. , FAX: (323) 442-7880
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Zhao Y, Xiao A, diPierro CG, Carpenter JE, Abdel-Fattah R, Redpath GT, Lopes MBS, Hussaini IM. An extensive invasive intracranial human glioblastoma xenograft model: role of high level matrix metalloproteinase 9. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:3032-49. [PMID: 20413683 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The lack of an intracranial human glioma model that recapitulates the extensive invasive and hypervascular features of glioblastoma (GBM) is a major hurdle for testing novel therapeutic approaches against GBM and studying the mechanism of GBM invasive growth. We characterized a high matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expressing U1242 MG intracranial xenograft mouse model that exhibited extensive individual cells and cell clusters in a perivascular and subpial cellular infiltrative pattern, geographic necrosis and infiltrating tumor-induced vascular proliferation closely resembling the human GBM phenotype. MMP-9 silencing cells with short hairpin RNA dramatically blocked the cellular infiltrative pattern, hypervascularity, and cell proliferation in vivo, and decreased cell invasion, colony formation, and cell motility in vitro, indicating that a high level of MMP-9 plays an essential role in extensive infiltration and hypervascularity in the xenograft model. Moreover, epidermal growth factor (EGF) failed to stimulate MMP-9 expression, cell invasion, and colony formation in MMP-9-silenced clones. An EGF receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitor, a RasN17 dominant-negative construct, MEK and PI3K inhibitors significantly blocked EGF/EGFR-stimulated MMP-9, cell invasion, and colony formation in U1242 MG cells, suggesting that MMP-9 is involved in EGFR/Ras/MEK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway-mediated cell invasion and anchorage-independent growth in U1242 MG cells. Our data indicate that the U1242 MG xenograft model is valuable for studying GBM extensive invasion and angiogenesis as well as testing anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunge Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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