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Jagetia GC. Genotoxic effects of electromagnetic field radiations from mobile phones. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113321. [PMID: 35508219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of wireless communication technology in mobile phones has revolutionized modern telecommunication and mobile phones have become so popular that their number exceeds the global population. Electromagnetic field radiations (EMR) are an integral part of wireless technology, which are emitted by mobile phones, mobile tower antennas, electric power stations, transmission lines, radars, microwave ovens, television sets, refrigerators, diagnostic, therapeutic, and other electronic devices. Manmade EMR sources have added to the existing burden of natural EMR human exposure arising from the Sun, cosmos, atmospheric discharges, and thunder storms. EMR including radiofrequency waves (RF) and extremely low-frequency radiation (ELF) has generated great interest as their short-term exposure causes headache, fatigue, tinnitus, concentration problems, depression, memory loss, skin irritation, sleep disorders, nausea, cardiovascular effects, chest pain, immunity, and hormonal disorders in humans, whereas long-term exposure to EMR leads to the development of cancer. The review has been written by collecting the information using various search engines including google scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, Science direct, EMF-portal, saferemr, and other websites from the internet. The main focus of this review is to delineate the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of EMR in humans and mammals. Numerous investigations revealed that exposure in the range of 0-300 GHz EMR is harmless as it did not increase micronuclei and chromosome aberrations. On the contrary, several other studies have demonstrated that exposure to EMR is genotoxic and mutagenic as it increases the frequency of micronuclei, chromosome aberrations, DNA adducts, DNA single and double strand breaks at the molecular level in vitro and in vivo. The EMR exposure induces reactive oxygen species and changes the fidelity of genes involved in signal transduction, cytoskeleton formation, and cellular metabolism.
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Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure and Apoptosis: A Scoping Review of In Vitro Studies on Mammalian Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042322. [PMID: 35216437 PMCID: PMC8877695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, experimental studies have been carried out to investigate the effects of radiofrequency (RF, 100 kHz–300 GHz) electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure on the apoptotic process. As evidence-based critical evaluation of RF and apoptosis in vitro is lacking, we performed a scoping literature review with the aim of systematically mapping the research performed in this area and identifying gaps in knowledge. Eligible for inclusion were in vitro studies assessing apoptosis in mammalian cells exposed to RF-EMF, which met basic quality criteria (sham control, at least three independent experiments, appropriate dosimetry analysis and temperature monitoring). We conducted a systematic literature review and charted data in order to overview the main characteristics of included studies. From the 4362 papers retrieved with our search strategy, 121 were pertinent but, among them, only 42 met basic quality criteria. We pooled data with respect to exposure (frequency, exposure level and duration) and biological parameters (cell type, endpoint), and highlighted some qualitative trends with respect to the detection of significant effect of RF-EMF on the apoptotic process. We provided a qualitative picture of the evidence accumulated so far, and highlighted that the quality of experimental methodology still needs to be highly improved.
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Lai YF, Wang HY, Peng RY. Establishment of injury models in studies of biological effects induced by microwave radiation. Mil Med Res 2021; 8:12. [PMID: 33597038 PMCID: PMC7890848 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-021-00303-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave radiation has been widely used in various fields, such as communication, industry, medical treatment, and military applications. Microwave radiation may cause injuries to both the structures and functions of various organs, such as the brain, heart, reproductive organs, and endocrine organs, which endanger human health. Therefore, it is both theoretically and clinically important to conduct studies on the biological effects induced by microwave radiation. The successful establishment of injury models is of great importance to the reliability and reproducibility of these studies. In this article, we review the microwave exposure conditions, subjects used to establish injury models, the methods used for the assessment of the injuries, and the indicators implemented to evaluate the success of injury model establishment in studies on biological effects induced by microwave radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Lai
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hao-Yu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Rui-Yun Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Alahmad YM, Aljaber M, Saleh AI, Yalcin HC, Aboulkassim T, Yasmeen A, Batist G, Moustafa AEA. Effect of cell-phone radiofrequency on angiogenesis and cell invasion in human head and neck cancer cells. Head Neck 2018; 40:2166-2171. [PMID: 29756334 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, the cell phone is the most widespread technology globally. However, the outcome of cell-phone radiofrequency on head and neck cancer progression has not yet been explored. METHODS The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and human head and neck cancer cell lines, FaDu and SCC25, were used to explore the outcome of cell-phone radiofrequency on angiogenesis, cell invasion, and colony formation of head and neck cancer cells, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to investigate the impact of the cell phone on the regulation of E-cadherin and Erk1/Erk2 genes. RESULTS Our data revealed that cell-phone radiofrequency promotes angiogenesis of the CAM. In addition, the cell phone enhances cell invasion and colony formation of human head and neck cancer cells; this is accompanied by a downregulation of E-cadherin expression. More significantly, we found that the cell phone can activate Erk1/Erk2 in our experimental models. CONCLUSION Our investigation reveals that cell-phone radiofrequency could enhance head and neck cancer by stimulating angiogenesis and cell invasion via Erk1/Erk2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tahar Aboulkassim
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital
| | - Amber Yasmeen
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital
| | - Gerald Batist
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital.,Oncology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Oncology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Syrian Research Cancer Centre of the Syrian Society against Cancer, Aleppo, Syria
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Berlana T, Úbeda A. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE OF NMR SPECTROMETRISTS TO STATIC AND RADIOFREQUENCY FIELDS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2017; 177:397-406. [PMID: 28472522 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to static and radiofrequency fields emitted by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers was assessed through systematic field metering during operation of 19 devices in nine research centers. Whereas no measurable levels of radiofrequency radiation were registered outside the spectrometers, significant exposure to static field was detected, with maximum values recorded at the user's hand (B = 683.00 mT) and head-thorax (B = 135.70 mT) during spectrometer manipulation. All values were well below the exposure limits set by the European standard for workers protection against the effects of acute field exposure only. As for potential effects of chronic exposure, waiting for more complete knowledge, adoption of technical and operational strategies for exposure minimizing is advisable. In this respect, the data revealed that compared with standard magnetic shielding, ultrashield technology allows a 20-65-fold reduction of the field strength received by the operator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Berlana
- Servicio Prevención, Ministerio de Energía, Turismo y Agenda Digital, 28047 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Úbeda
- Servicio BEM, Hospital Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Ghatei N, Nabavi AS, Toosi MHB, Azimian H, Homayoun M, Targhi RG, Haghir H. Evaluation of bax, bcl-2, p21 and p53 genes expression variations on cerebellum of BALB/c mice before and after birth under mobile phone radiation exposure. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 20:1037-1043. [PMID: 29085599 PMCID: PMC5651457 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2017.9273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The increasing rate of over using cell phones has been considerable in youths and pregnant women. We examined the effect of mobile phones radiation on genes expression variation on cerebellum of BALB/c mice before and after of the birth. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, a mobile phone jammer, which is an instrument to prevent receiving signals between cellular phones and base transceiver stations (two frequencies 900 and 1800 MHz) for exposure was used and twelve pregnant mice (BALB/c) divided into two groups (n=6), first group irradiated in pregnancy period (19th day), the second group did not irradiate in pregnancy period. After childbirth, offspring were classified into four groups (n=4): Group1: control, Group 2: B1 (Irradiated after birth), Group 3: B2 (Irradiated in pregnancy period and after birth), Group 4: B3 (Irradiated in pregnancy period). When maturity was completed (8-10 weeks old), mice were dissected and cerebellum was isolated. The expression level of bax, bcl-2, p21 and p53 genes examined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time RT- PCR). RESULTS The data showed that mobile phone radio waves were ineffective on the expression level of bcl-2 and p53 genes) P>0.05(. Also gene expression level of bax decreased and gene expression level of p21 increased comparing to the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION From the obtained data it could be concluded that the mobile phone radiations did not induce apoptosis in cells of the cerebellum and the injured cells can be repaired by cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Ghatei
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ariane Sadr Nabavi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hosein Azimian
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mansour Homayoun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Ghasemnezhad Targhi
- Department of Radiation Biology, School of Allied, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Haghir
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Lee JS, Kim JY, Kim HJ, Kim JC, Lee JS, Kim N, Park MJ. Effects of combined radiofrequency field exposure on amyloid-beta-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurones. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2016; 57:620-626. [PMID: 27325640 PMCID: PMC5137286 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrw040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease and it is caused by neuronal death in the brain. Recent studies have shown that non-ionizing radiofrequency (RF) radiation has some beneficial cognitive effects in animal models of AD. In this study, we examined the effect of combined RF radiation on amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 rat hippocampal neurons. Treatment with Aβ suppressed HT22 cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. RF exposure did not affect cell proliferation, and also had a marginal effect on Aβ-induced suppression of growth in HT22 cells. Cell cycle analysis showed that Aβ decreased the G1 fraction and increased the subG1 fraction, indicating increased apoptosis. Accordingly, Aβ increased the annexin V/propidium iodide (PI)-positive cell fraction and the degradation of poly (ADP ribose) polymerase and caspase-3 in HT22 cells. However, RF alone and the combination of Aβ and RF did not affect these events significantly. Aβ increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, thereby suppressing cell proliferation. This was abrogated by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment, indicating that Aβ-induced ROS generation is the main cause of suppression of proliferation. NAC also restored Aβ-induced annexin V/PI-positive cell populations. However, RF did not have a significant impact on these events. Finally, Aβ stimulated the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein/checkpoint kinase 1 DNA single-strand breakage pathway, and enhanced beta-site amyloid precursor protein expression; RF had no effect on them. Taken together, our results demonstrate that RF exposure did not significantly affect the Aβ-induced decrease of cell proliferation, increase of ROS production, or induction of cell death in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Sun Lee
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Research Center for Radio-Senescence, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowongil 75, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 139-706, Korea
| | - Jeong-Yub Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Research Center for Radio-Senescence, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowongil 75, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 139-706, Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Research Center for Radio-Senescence, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowongil 75, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 139-706, Korea
| | - Jeong Cheol Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Research Center for Radio-Senescence, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowongil 75, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 139-706, Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, Korea
| | - Nam Kim
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Park
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Research Center for Radio-Senescence, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowongil 75, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 139-706, Korea
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Kim JY, Kim HJ, Kim N, Kwon JH, Park MJ. Effects of radiofrequency field exposure on glutamate-induced oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 93:249-256. [PMID: 27648632 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1237058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To define the impact of radiofrequency (RF) under in vitro experimental Alzheimer's disease conditions, we investigated the effect of RF radiation on glutamate-induced oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell survival rate was measured by MTT and trypan blue exclusion assays. Cell cycle distribution, cell death, and ROS production were analyzed using flow cytometry. Expression of proteins was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS RF exposure alone had a marginal impact on cell proliferation; however, it significantly enhanced glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 cells. Glutamate augmented the subG1 fraction of cell cycle, annexin/propidium iodide positive cell population, and expression of cleaved poly (ADP ribose) polymerase, which were further increased by RF exposure. Glutamate induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and RF exposure further upregulated it. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment completely abrogated glutamate- and RF-induced ROS production followed by cell death and restored cell proliferation in HT22 cells. Finally, glutamate phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and RF increased this event further. Treatment with NAC and inhibitor of JNK decreased JNK phosphorylation and restored cell proliferation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that RF exposure enhanced glutamate-induced cytotoxicity by further increase of ROS production in HT22 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Yub Kim
- a Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences , Seoul , Korea.,b Department of Pathology , College of Medicine, Korea University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- a Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences , Seoul , Korea
| | - Nam Kim
- c School of Information and Communication Engineering , Chungbuk National University , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Kwon
- d Department of Radio Technology Research , Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Park
- a Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences , Seoul , Korea
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Quality Matters: Systematic Analysis of Endpoints Related to "Cellular Life" in Vitro Data of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13070701. [PMID: 27420084 PMCID: PMC4962242 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Possible hazardous effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) at low exposure levels are controversially discussed due to inconsistent study findings. Therefore, the main focus of the present study is to detect if any statistical association exists between RF-EMF and cellular responses, considering cell proliferation and apoptosis endpoints separately and with both combined as a group of “cellular life” to increase the statistical power of the analysis. We searched for publications regarding RF-EMF in vitro studies in the PubMed database for the period 1995–2014 and extracted the data to the relevant parameters, such as cell culture type, frequency, exposure duration, SAR, and five exposure-related quality criteria. These parameters were used for an association study with the experimental outcome in terms of the defined endpoints. We identified 104 published articles, from which 483 different experiments were extracted and analyzed. Cellular responses after exposure to RF-EMF were significantly associated to cell lines rather than to primary cells. No other experimental parameter was significantly associated with cellular responses. A highly significant negative association with exposure condition-quality and cellular responses was detected, showing that the more the quality criteria requirements were satisfied, the smaller the number of detected cellular responses. According to our knowledge, this is the first systematic analysis of specific RF-EMF bio-effects in association to exposure quality, highlighting the need for more stringent quality procedures for the exposure conditions.
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Banerjee S, Singh NN, Sreedhar G, Mukherjee S. Analysis of the Genotoxic Effects of Mobile Phone Radiation using Buccal Micronucleus Assay: A Comparative Evaluation. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC82-5. [PMID: 27135009 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/17592.7505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Micronucleus (MN) is considered to be a reliable marker for genotoxic damage and it determines the presence and the extent of the chromosomal damage. The MN is formed due to DNA damage or chromosomal disarrangements. The MN has a close association with cancer incidences. In the new era, mobile phones are constantly gaining popularity specifically in the young generation, but this device uses radiofrequency radiation that may have a possible carcinogenic effect. The available reports related to the carcinogenic effect of mobile radiation on oral mucosa are contradictory. AIM To explore the effects of mobile phone radiation on the MN frequency in oral mucosal cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The subjects were divided into two major groups: low mobile phone users and high mobile phone users. Subjects who used their mobile phone since less than five years and less than three hours a week comprised of the first group and those who used their mobile since more than five years and more than 10 hours a week comprised of the second group. Net surfing and text messaging was not considered in this study. Exfoliated buccal mucosal cells were collected from both the groups and the cells were stained with DNA-specific stain acridine orange. Thousand exfoliated buccal mucosal cells were screened and the cells which were positive for micronuclei were counted. The micronucleus frequency was represented as mean±SD, and unpaired Student t-test was used for intergroup comparisons. RESULTS The number of micronucleated cells/ 1000 exfoliated buccal mucosal cells was found to be significantly increased in high mobile phone users group than the low mobile phone users group. The use of mobile phone with the associated complaint of warmth around the ear showed a maximum increase in the number of micronucleated cells /1000 exfoliated buccal mucosal cells. CONCLUSION Mobile phone radiation even in the permissible range when used for longer duration causes significant genotoxicity. The genotoxicity can be avoided to some extent by the regular use of headphones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Banerjee
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Dental College, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences , Lamphelpat, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Narendra Nath Singh
- Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Center , Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gadiputi Sreedhar
- Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saikat Mukherjee
- DBT-Research Associate, Department of Biochemistry, Manipur University , Imphal, Manipur, India
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Dyka LD, Shakina LA, Strashnyuk VY, Shckorbatov YG. Effects of 36.6 GHz and static magnetic field on degree of endoreduplication in Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:222-7. [PMID: 26882320 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1137105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To study the effect of microwave (MW) irradiation and consistent action of microwaves and static magnetic field (MF) on the giant chromosomes endoreduplication in Drosophila melanogaster Meig. Materials and methods Experiments were carried out on inbred wild type Canton-S strain. Exposure to microwaves (frequency - 36.64 GHz, power density - 1 W/m(2), exposure time - 30 sec) and static magnetic field (intensity - 25 mT, exposure time - 5 min) applied at the egg stage after a 2-h oviposition. Giant chromosomes were investigated in squashed preparations of the salivary glands stained by acetoorcein by the cytomorphometric method. Preparations were obtained from Drosophila larvae at the 0 h prepupae stage. Results Exposure to microwaves increased the degree of polyteny in chromosomes (DPC) by 7.5%, and the statistical power of the impact was: h(2) = 35.3%. A similar effect occurred after the sequential action of microwaves and static magnetic field: The polyteny level of chromosomes increased by 7.4%, statistical power was: h(2) = 30.6%. Conclusions Exposure to microwaves on the stage of embryogenesis has a stimulating effect on endoreduplication in Drosophila development. The effect of microwaves was not modified by the action of the static magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliia D Dyka
- a Institute of Biology , V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University , Kharkiv , Ukraine
| | - Lyubov A Shakina
- a Institute of Biology , V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University , Kharkiv , Ukraine
| | | | - Yuriy G Shckorbatov
- a Institute of Biology , V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University , Kharkiv , Ukraine
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Gustavino B, Carboni G, Petrillo R, Paoluzzi G, Santovetti E, Rizzoni M. Exposure to 915 MHz radiation induces micronuclei inVicia fabaroot tips. Mutagenesis 2015; 31:187-92. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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The proposed mechanisms of radio frequency waves (RFWs) on nervous system functions impairment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-015-2096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Canseven AG, Esmekaya MA, Kayhan H, Tuysuz MZ, Seyhan N. Effects of microwave exposure and Gemcitabine treatment on apoptotic activity in Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) cells. Electromagn Biol Med 2014; 34:322-6. [PMID: 24901461 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2014.919591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of 1.8 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)-modulated microwave (MW) radiation on apoptotic level and cell viability of Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) cells with or without Gemcitabine, which exhibits cell phase specificity, primarily killing cells undergoing DNA synthesis (S-phase). Raji cells were exposed to 1.8 GHz GSM-modulated MW radiation at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.350 W/kg in a CO2 incubator. The duration of the exposure was 24 h. The amount of apoptotic cells was analyzed using Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) staining with flow cytometer. The apoptotic activity of MW exposed Raji cells was increased significantly. In addition, cell viability of exposed samples was significantly decreased. Combined exposure of MW and Gemcitabine increased the amount of apoptotic cells than MW radiation alone. Moreover, viability of MW + Gemcitabine exposed cells was lower than that of cells exposed only to MW. These results demonstrated that MW radiation exposure and Gemcitabine treatment have a synergistic effect on apoptotic activity of Raji cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Handan Kayhan
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Zahid Tuysuz
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Nesrin Seyhan
- a Department of Biophysics and Division of Hematology and
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Zuo H, Lin T, Wang D, Peng R, Wang S, Gao Y, Xu X, Li Y, Wang S, Zhao L, Wang L, Zhou H. Neural cell apoptosis induced by microwave exposure through mitochondria-dependent caspase-3 pathway. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:426-35. [PMID: 24688304 PMCID: PMC3970093 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether microwave (MW) radiation induces neural cell apoptosis, differentiated PC12 cells and Wistar rats were exposed to 2.856 GHz for 5 min and 15 min, respectively, at an average power density of 30 mW/cm². JC-1 and TUNEL staining detected significant apoptotic events, such as the loss of mitochondria membrane potential and DNA fragmentation, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy and Hoechst staining were used to observe chromatin ultrastructure and apoptotic body formation. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining was used to quantify the level of apoptosis. The expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3 and PARP were examined by immunoblotting or immunocytochemistry. Caspase-3 activity was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed chromatin condensation and apoptotic body formation in neural cells 6h after microwave exposure. Moreover, the mitochondria membrane potential decreased, DNA fragmentation increased, leading to an increase in the apoptotic cell percentage. Furthermore, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, expression of cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3 and PARP all increased. In conclusion, microwave radiation induced neural cell apoptosis via the classical mitochondria-dependent caspase-3 pathway. This study may provide the experimental basis for further investigation of the mechanism of the neurological effects induced by microwave radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zuo
- 1. Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Tao Lin
- 1. Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China; ; 2. High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Material Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, 350, Shushanhu Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Dewen Wang
- 1. Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ruiyun Peng
- 1. Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shuiming Wang
- 1. Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yabing Gao
- 1. Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xinping Xu
- 1. Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yang Li
- 1. Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shaoxia Wang
- 1. Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Li Zhao
- 1. Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- 1. Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- 3. Department of Radiation Protection and Health Physics, Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
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Gurbuz N, Sirav B, Colbay M, Yetkin I, Seyhan N. No genotoxic effect in exfoliated bladder cells of rat under the exposure of 1800 and 2100 MHz radio frequency radiation. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 33:296-301. [PMID: 24279630 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.831354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of 1800 and 2100 MHz Radio Frequency (RF) radiation on the number of micronucleus (MN) in exfoliated bladder cells of rat which shows the genotoxic damage. Exposure period was 30 min/day, 6 days/week for a month and two months exposure periods. Thirty male wistar albino rats were used for five groups: Group I (n = 6): 1800 MHz RF exposed animals for one month, Group II (n = 6): 2100 MHz RF exposed animals for one month, Group III (n = 6): 2100 MHz RF exposed for two months, Group IV (n = 6): control group for one month, Group V (n = 6): control group for two months. Rats of the control groups were housed in their home cages during the entire experimental period without subjecting to any experimental manipulation. 1800 and 2100 MHz RF exposures did not result in any significant MN frequencies in rat bladder cells with respect to the control groups (p > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between 2100 MHz RF exposed groups, either. Further studies are needed to demonstrate if there is any genotoxic effect, micronucleus formation in other tissues of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gurbuz
- Laboratory Animal Breeding & Experimental Research Center
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Khalil AM, Abu Khadra KM, Aljaberi AM, Gagaa MH, Issa HS. Assessment of oxidant/antioxidant status in saliva of cell phone users. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 33:92-7. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.783855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Pesnya DS, Romanovsky AV. Comparison of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of plutonium-239 alpha particles and mobile phone GSM 900 radiation in the Allium cepa test. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 750:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Liu YX, Tai JL, Li GQ, Zhang ZW, Xue JH, Liu HS, Zhu H, Cheng JD, Liu YL, Li AM, Zhang Y. Exposure to 1950-MHz TD-SCDMA electromagnetic fields affects the apoptosis of astrocytes via caspase-3-dependent pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42332. [PMID: 22870319 PMCID: PMC3411641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The usage of mobile phone increases globally. However, there is still a paucity of data about the impact of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on human health. This study investigated whether EMF radiation would alter the biology of glial cells and act as a tumor-promoting agent. We exposed rat astrocytes and C6 glioma cells to 1950-MHz TD-SCDMA for 12, 24 and 48 h respectively, and found that EMF exposure had differential effects on rat astroctyes and C6 glioma cells. A 48 h of exposure damaged the mitochondria and induced significant apoptosis of astrocytes. Moreover, caspase-3, a hallmark of apoptosis, was highlighted in astrocytes after 48 h of EMF exposure, accompanied by a significantly increased expression of bax and reduced level of bcl-2. The tumorigenicity assays demonstrated that astrocytes did not form tumors in both control and exposure groups. In contrast, the unexposed and exposed C6 glioma cells show no significant differences in both biological feature and tumor formation ability. Therefore, our results implied that exposure to the EMF of 1950-MHz TD-SCDMA may not promote the tumor formation, but continuous exposure damaged the mitochondria of astrocytes and induce apoptosis through a caspase-3-dependent pathway with the involvement of bax and bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-xiao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Guo-qing Li
- China Telecommunication Technology Labs, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-wen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-hui Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-sheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-de Cheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-ling Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - An-ming Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (AL)
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (AL)
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