1
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Shibata A, Yamaguchi F, Sasaki K, Yokobori S, Morita A. Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma in a Patient with Down Syndrome. J NIPPON MED SCH 2023; 90:346-350. [PMID: 35644559 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2023_90-502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial tumors are rare in persons with Down syndrome. Although germ cell tumors and gliomas have been reported in Down syndrome, primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) has not. We report a case of PCNSL in a 48-year-old man with Down syndrome and no history of malignant tumors. He visited our hospital for evaluation of left hemiparesis and gait disturbance. A thorough examination revealed brain tumors, and analysis of a biopsy specimen of the tumor confirmed a diagnosis of PCNSL. The final pathological diagnosis was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system. Chemotherapy with rituximab, methotrexate, procarbazine, and vincristine was administered, and whole-brain irradiation was planned in conjunction with chemotherapy. It is unclear whether chromosomal abnormalities related to Down syndrome were involved in the development of PCNSL. Further molecular biological analysis may clarify the mechanism of combined Down syndrome and PCNSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Shibata
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Fumio Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgical Surgery, Nippon Medical School
- Department of Neurosurgery for Community Health, Nippon Medical School
| | - Kazuma Sasaki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Shoji Yokobori
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Akio Morita
- Department of Neurosurgical Surgery, Nippon Medical School
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2
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Medulloblastoma and Down Syndrome: An Extremely Rare Association. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 44:415-418. [PMID: 35704799 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma has a reduced incidence in Down syndrome (DS). This protective characteristic has not been clarified yet. Here, we report the second case of SHH medulloblastoma and DS documented in the literature. A complete surgery was performed followed by reduced craniospinal irradiation dose and adjuvant chemotherapy. No evidence of tumor recurrence was observed. The overall survival was 9.1 years. No family history or physical stigma of other hereditary predisposition syndrome was found. In the elucidation of this extremely rare association, future case reports play an important role in defining the spectrum of brain tumors and their peculiar features in DS.
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3
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Osuna-Marco MP, López-Barahona M, López-Ibor B, Tejera ÁM. Ten Reasons Why People With Down Syndrome are Protected From the Development of Most Solid Tumors -A Review. Front Genet 2021; 12:749480. [PMID: 34804119 PMCID: PMC8602698 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.749480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
People with Down syndrome have unique characteristics as a result of the presence of an extra chromosome 21. Regarding cancer, they present a unique pattern of tumors, which has not been fully explained to date. Globally, people with Down syndrome have a similar lifetime risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. However, they have a very increased risk of developing certain tumors (e.g., acute leukemia, germ cell tumors, testicular tumors and retinoblastoma) and, on the contrary, there are some other tumors which appear only exceptionally in this syndrome (e.g., breast cancer, prostate cancer, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor). Various hypotheses have been developed to explain this situation. The genetic imbalance secondary to the presence of an extra chromosome 21 has molecular consequences at several levels, not only in chromosome 21 but also throughout the genome. In this review, we discuss the different proposed mechanisms that protect individuals with trisomy 21 from developing solid tumors: genetic dosage effect, tumor suppressor genes overexpression, disturbed metabolism, impaired neurogenesis and angiogenesis, increased apoptosis, immune system dysregulation, epigenetic aberrations and the effect of different microRNAs, among others. More research into the molecular pathways involved in this unique pattern of malignancies is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pilar Osuna-Marco
- Biology of Ageing Group, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain.,Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Unit, HM Hospitals, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Águeda Mercedes Tejera
- Biology of Ageing Group, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Adams JW, Malicki D, Levy M, Crawford JR. Low-grade glioma with novel mutations in KRAS and PMS2 in an adolescent with Down syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e245456. [PMID: 34376426 PMCID: PMC8356180 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-245456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Adams
- Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Denise Malicki
- Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michael Levy
- Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - John Ross Crawford
- Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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5
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Boni A, Ranalli M, Del Baldo G, Carta R, Lodi M, Agolini E, Rinelli M, Valentini D, Rossi S, Alesi V, Cacchione A, Miele E, Alessi I, Caroleo AM, Colafati GS, De Ioris MA, Boccuto L, Balducci M, Carai A, Mastronuzzi A. Medulloblastoma Associated with Down Syndrome: From a Rare Event Leading to a Pathogenic Hypothesis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020254. [PMID: 33562188 PMCID: PMC7915142 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosome abnormality with a unique cancer predisposition syndrome pattern: a higher risk to develop acute leukemia and a lower incidence of solid tumors. In particular, brain tumors are rarely reported in the DS population, and biological behavior and natural history are not well described and identified. We report a case of a 10-year-old child with DS who presented with a medulloblastoma (MB). Histological examination revealed a classic MB with focal anaplasia and the molecular profile showed the presence of a CTNNB1 variant associated with the wingless (WNT) molecular subgroup with a good prognosis in contrast to our case report that has shown an early metastatic relapse. The nearly seven-fold decreased risk of MB in children with DS suggests the presence of protective biological mechanisms. The cerebellum hypoplasia and the reduced volume of cerebellar granule neuron progenitor cells seem to be a possible favorable condition to prevent MB development via inhibition of neuroectodermal differentiation. Moreover, the NOTCH/WNT dysregulation in DS, which is probably associated with an increased risk of leukemia, suggests a pivotal role of this pathway alteration in the pathogenesis of MB; therefore, this condition should be further investigated in future studies by molecular characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Boni
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Marco Ranalli
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Giada Del Baldo
- Department of Onco-Hematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00146 Rome, Italy; (G.D.B.); (R.C.); (M.L.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (I.A.); (A.M.C.); (M.A.D.I.)
| | - Roberto Carta
- Department of Onco-Hematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00146 Rome, Italy; (G.D.B.); (R.C.); (M.L.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (I.A.); (A.M.C.); (M.A.D.I.)
| | - Mariachiara Lodi
- Department of Onco-Hematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00146 Rome, Italy; (G.D.B.); (R.C.); (M.L.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (I.A.); (A.M.C.); (M.A.D.I.)
| | - Emanuele Agolini
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00146 Rome, Italy; (E.A.); (M.R.); (V.A.)
| | - Martina Rinelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00146 Rome, Italy; (E.A.); (M.R.); (V.A.)
| | - Diletta Valentini
- Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Rossi
- Department of Laboratories, Pathology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Viola Alesi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00146 Rome, Italy; (E.A.); (M.R.); (V.A.)
| | - Antonella Cacchione
- Department of Onco-Hematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00146 Rome, Italy; (G.D.B.); (R.C.); (M.L.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (I.A.); (A.M.C.); (M.A.D.I.)
| | - Evelina Miele
- Department of Onco-Hematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00146 Rome, Italy; (G.D.B.); (R.C.); (M.L.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (I.A.); (A.M.C.); (M.A.D.I.)
| | - Iside Alessi
- Department of Onco-Hematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00146 Rome, Italy; (G.D.B.); (R.C.); (M.L.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (I.A.); (A.M.C.); (M.A.D.I.)
| | - Anna Maria Caroleo
- Department of Onco-Hematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00146 Rome, Italy; (G.D.B.); (R.C.); (M.L.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (I.A.); (A.M.C.); (M.A.D.I.)
| | - Giovanna Stefania Colafati
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Antonietta De Ioris
- Department of Onco-Hematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00146 Rome, Italy; (G.D.B.); (R.C.); (M.L.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (I.A.); (A.M.C.); (M.A.D.I.)
| | - Luigi Boccuto
- School of Nursing, College of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
- JC Self Research Institute of the Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Mario Balducci
- Department of Imaging, Radiation Oncology and Haematology, Policlinico A. Gemelli Fundation, IRCCS, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Carai
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Angela Mastronuzzi
- Department of Onco-Hematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00146 Rome, Italy; (G.D.B.); (R.C.); (M.L.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (I.A.); (A.M.C.); (M.A.D.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0668594664; Fax: +39-0668592292
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6
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Chan JL, Kashanian A, Bannykh SI, Majlessipour F, Breunig JJ, Danielpour M. RELA Fusion-Positive Ependymoma in a Child with Down Syndrome: A Case Report. Pediatr Neurosurg 2021; 56:146-151. [PMID: 33690230 DOI: 10.1159/000511673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Down syndrome (DS) is the most common multiple malformation syndrome in humans and is associated with an increased risk of childhood malignancy, particularly leukemia. Incidence of brain tumors in patients with DS is limited to sporadic cases. We report the first case of a RELA fusion-positive ependymoma in a 3-year-old boy with DS. CASE PRESENTATION Imaging prompted by new left-sided hemiparesis demonstrated an 8-cm hemorrhagic right temporal-parietal mass. Subsequent image-complete resection confirmed a RELA fusion-positive anaplastic ependymoma with 90% OLIG2 staining. Postoperatively, the patient, unfortunately, experienced fatal recurrence and drop metastases with leptomeningeal involvement. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a confirmed RELA fusion-positive ependymoma in a child with DS. We discuss this finding in the context of intracranial tumors in children with DS, as well as the finding of 90% positive OLIG2 expression and its potential as a prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Chan
- Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alon Kashanian
- Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Serguei I Bannykh
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fataneh Majlessipour
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joshua J Breunig
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Moise Danielpour
- Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA,
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7
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Rethoré MO, Rouëssé J, Satgé D. Cancer screening in adults with down syndrome, a proposal. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.103783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Petruzzellis G, Valentini D, Del Bufalo F, Ceglie G, Carai A, Colafati GS, Agolini E, Diomedi-Camassei F, Corsetti T, Alessi I, Mastronuzzi A, Locatelli F, Cacchione A. Vemurafenib Treatment of Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma in a Child With Down Syndrome. Front Oncol 2019; 9:277. [PMID: 31032231 PMCID: PMC6474392 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are the most common solid neoplasms of childhood, but they are very rarely reported in children with Down Syndrome (DS), who develop more commonly different types of malignancies. In particular, we hereby report the case of an 8-years-old child with DS that presented to our attention for neurological and endocrinological issues. Brain imaging revealed the presence of a mass that was partially resected revealing a histological diagnosis of Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA), a rare WHO grade II tumor extending from the diencephalic region into the surrounding brain tissue. These tumors can harbor the BRAF mutation p.V600E, targetable by the specific inhibitor Vemurafenib. After confirming the presence of the mutation in the tumor, the patient was treated with Vemurafenib. The treatment proved to be effective, leading to a partial response and a stabilization of the disease. Usually, in patients with DS a reduction of the dose of chemotherapeutic drugs is necessary. Vemurafenib was instead well-tolerated as the only observed adverse effect was grade I skin toxicity. This is, to our knowledge, the first case of a PXA reported in a child with DS and the first DS patient treated with Vemurafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Petruzzellis
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Diletta Valentini
- Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Del Bufalo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Ceglie
- University Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carai
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Agolini
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Corsetti
- Hospital Pharmacy Unit, Children's Hospital and Research Institute 'Bambino Gesù' (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Iside Alessi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Mastronuzzi
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cacchione
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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9
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Satgé D, Seidel MG. The Pattern of Malignancies in Down Syndrome and Its Potential Context With the Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3058. [PMID: 30631328 PMCID: PMC6315194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune surveillance theory of cancer posits that the body's immune system detects and destroys randomly occurring malignant cells. This theory is based on the observation of the increased frequency of malignancies in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, and is supported by the successful demonstration of immune augmentation in current oncological immune therapy approaches. We review this model in the context of Down syndrome (DS), a condition with a unique tumor profile and various immune defects. Children and adults with DS are more prone to infections due to anatomical reasons and a varying degree of T- and B-cell maturation defects, NK cell dysfunction, and chemotactic or phagocytic abnormalities. However, despite an increased incidence of lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leukemia of infants and children with DS, individuals with DS have a globally decreased incidence of solid tumors as compared to age-adjusted non-DS controls. Additionally, cancers that have been considered “proof of immune therapy principles,” such as renal carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, and malignant melanoma, are less frequent in adults with DS compared to the general population. Thus, despite the combination of an increased risk of leukemia with detectable immune biological abnormalities and a clinical immunodeficiency, people with DS appear to be protected against many cancers. This observation does not support the immune surveillance theory in the context of DS and indicates a potential tumor-suppressive role for trisomy 21 in non-hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Satgé
- Laboratoire Biostatistiques Epidémiologie Santé Publique, Team Cancer (EA 2415), and Oncodefi, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Montpellier, France.,Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health EA2415, Montpellier, France
| | - Markus G Seidel
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Hospital, Graz, Austria
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10
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Galati DF, Sullivan KD, Pham AT, Espinosa JM, Pearson CG. Trisomy 21 Represses Cilia Formation and Function. Dev Cell 2018; 46:641-650.e6. [PMID: 30100262 PMCID: PMC6557141 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy 21 (T21) is the most prevalent human chromosomal disorder, causing a range of cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neurological abnormalities. However, the cellular processes disrupted by T21 are poorly understood. Consistent with the clinical overlap between T21 and ciliopathies, we discovered that T21 disrupts cilia formation and signaling. Cilia defects arise from increased expression of Pericentrin, a centrosome scaffold and trafficking protein encoded on chromosome 21. Elevated Pericentrin is necessary and sufficient for T21 cilia defects. Pericentrin accumulates at centrosomes and dramatically in the cytoplasm surrounding centrosomes. Centrosome Pericentrin recruits more γ-tubulin and enhances microtubules, whereas cytoplasmic Pericentrin assembles into large foci that do not efficiently traffic. Moreover, the Pericentrin-associated cilia assembly factor IFT20 and the ciliary signaling molecule Smoothened do not efficiently traffic to centrosomes and cilia. Thus, increased centrosome protein dosage produces ciliopathy-like outcomes in T21 cells by decreasing trafficking between the cytoplasm, centrosomes, and cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico F Galati
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Kelly D Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew T Pham
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Chad G Pearson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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11
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Draper GJ, Bithell JF, Bunch KJ, Kendall GM, Murphy MFG, Stiller CA. Childhood cancer research in Oxford II: The Childhood Cancer Research Group. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:763-770. [PMID: 30131553 PMCID: PMC6173767 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We summarise the work of the Childhood Cancer Research Group, particularly in relation to the UK National Registry of Childhood Tumours (NRCT). METHODS The Group was responsible for setting up and maintaining the NRCT. This registry was based on notifications from regional cancer registries, specialist children's tumour registries, paediatric oncologists and clinical trials organisers. For a large sample of cases, data on controls matched by date and place of birth were also collected. RESULTS Significant achievements of the Group include: studies of aetiology and of genetic epidemiology; proposals for, and participation in, international comparative studies of these diseases and on a classification system specifically for childhood cancer; the initial development of, and major contributions to, follow-up studies of the health of long-term survivors; the enhancement of cancer registration records by the addition of clinical data and of birth records. The Group made substantial contributions to the UK government's Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment. CONCLUSION An important part of the ethos of the Group was to work in collaboration with many other organisations and individuals, both nationally and internationally: many of the Group's achievements described here were the result of such collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J Draper
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 24-29 St Giles, Oxford, OX1 3LB, UK.
| | - John F Bithell
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 24-29 St Giles, Oxford, OX1 3LB, UK
| | - Kathryn J Bunch
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Gerald M Kendall
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Michael F G Murphy
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Charles A Stiller
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, Public Health England, Chancellor Court, Oxford Business Park South, Oxford, OX4 2GX, UK
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12
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Ishida H, Chayama K, Kanamitsu K, Washio K, Tanaka T, Shimada A. Desmoid-type fibromatosis in a boy with Down syndrome. Pediatr Int 2017; 59:624-626. [PMID: 28417531 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Down syndrome (DS) have a markedly higher incidence of childhood leukemia, but a lower incidence of most solid tumors, compared with age-matched euploid individuals. Trisomy 21 might be protective against tumorigenesis because of several tumor suppressive mechanisms. Desmoid-type fibromatosis (DF) is a rare monoclonal, fibroblastic proliferation characterized by a variable clinical course. In recent reports, almost all cases of DF involved genomic alterations associated with activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Here, we report the case of a boy with DS who developed DF without activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of DS involving DF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Ishida
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kousuke Chayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | | | - Kana Washio
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takehiro Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akira Shimada
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
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Mangum R, Varga E, Boué DR, Capper D, Benesch M, Leonard J, Osorio DS, Pierson CR, Zumberge N, Sahm F, Schrimpf D, Pfister SM, Finlay JL. SHH desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma and Gorlin syndrome in the setting of Down syndrome: case report, molecular profiling, and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst 2016; 32:2439-2446. [PMID: 27444290 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-016-3185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk of acute leukemia compared to a markedly decreased incidence of solid tumors. Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood, is particularly rare in the DS population, with only one published case. As demonstrated in a mouse model, DS is associated with cerebellar hypoplasia and a decreased number of cerebellar granule neuron progenitor cells (CGNPs) in the external granule cell layer (EGL). Treatment of these mice with sonic hedgehog signaling pathway (Shh) agonists promote normalization of CGNPs and improved cognitive functioning. CASE REPORT We describe a 21-month-old male with DS and concurrent desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma (DNMB)-a tumor derived from Shh dysregulation and over-activation of CGNPs. Molecular profiling further classified the tumor into the new consensus SHH molecular subgroup. Additional testing revealed a de novo heterozygous germ line mutation in the PTCH1 gene encoding a tumor suppressor protein in the Shh pathway. DISCUSSION The developmental failure of CGNPs in DS patients offers a plausible explanation for the rarity of medulloblastoma in this population. Conversely, patients with PTCH1 germline mutations experience Shh overstimulation resulting in Gorlin (Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma) syndrome and an increased incidence of malignant transformation of CGNPs leading to medulloblastoma formation. This represents the first documented report of an individual with DS simultaneously carrying PTCH1 germline mutation. CONCLUSION We have observed a highly unusual circumstance in which the PTCH1 mutation appears to "trump" the effects of DS in causation of Shh-activated medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Mangum
- The Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, the Departments of Pediatrics, Surgery and Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Varga
- The Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, the Departments of Pediatrics, Surgery and Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniel R Boué
- The Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, the Departments of Pediatrics, Surgery and Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David Capper
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Benesch
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jeffrey Leonard
- The Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, the Departments of Pediatrics, Surgery and Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Diana S Osorio
- The Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, the Departments of Pediatrics, Surgery and Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- The Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, the Departments of Pediatrics, Surgery and Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas Zumberge
- The Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, the Departments of Pediatrics, Surgery and Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Felix Sahm
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schrimpf
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan L Finlay
- The Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, the Departments of Pediatrics, Surgery and Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Satgé D, Nishi M, Sirvent N, Vekemans M. A tumor profile in Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 172:296-306. [PMID: 27474103 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Constitutional trisomy 18 causes Edwards syndrome, which is characterized by intellectual disability and a particular set of malformations. Although this condition carries high mortality during prenatal and early postnatal life, some of the rare infants who survive the first months develop benign and malignant tumors. To determine the tumor profile associated with Edwards syndrome, we performed a systematic review of the literature. This review reveals a tumor profile differing from those of Down (trisomy 21) and Patau (trisomy 13) syndromes. The literature covers 45 malignancies: 29 were liver cancers, mainly hepatoblastomas found in Japanese females; 13 were kidney tumors, predominantly nephroblastomas; 1 was neuroblastoma; 1 was a Hodgkin disease; and 1 was acute myeloid leukemia in an infant with both trisomy 18 and type 1 neurofibromatosis. No instances of the most frequent malignancies of early life-cerebral tumors, germ cell tumors, or leukemia--are reported in children with pure trisomy 18. Tumor occurrence does not appear to correlate with body weight, tissue growth, or cancer genes mapping to chromosome 18. Importantly, the most recent clinical histories report successful treatment; this raises ethical concerns about cancer treatment in infants with Edwards syndrome. In conclusion, knowledge of the Edwards' syndrome tumor profile will enable better clinical surveillance in at-risk organs (i.e., liver, kidney). This knowledge also provides clues to understanding oncogenesis, including the probably reduced frequency of some neoplasms in infants and children with this genetic condition. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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15
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Low risk of solid tumors in persons with Down syndrome. Genet Med 2016; 18:1151-1157. [DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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16
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Yamamoto T, Shinojima N, Todaka T, Nishikawa S, Yano S, Kuratsu JI. Meningioma in Down Syndrome. World Neurosurg 2015; 84:866.e1-6. [PMID: 25862935 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Down syndrome comprises multiple malformations and is due to trisomy of chromosome 21. There is epidemiologic evidence that individuals with Down syndrome are at decreased risk for solid tumors including brain tumors. It has been suggested that some genes expressed on the extra copy of chromosome 21 act as tumor suppressor genes and contribute to protection against tumorigenesis. CASE DESCRIPTION We report the first case to our knowledge of a patient with Down syndrome, an 8-year-old boy, with an intracranial meningioma, in which the status of chromosome 21 was examined. The diagnosis was based on histologic examination of the surgically resected tumor. Postoperatively, the patient's neurologic status improved, and there was no tumor regrowth in the next 2 years. Fluorescence in situ hybridization for chromosome 22 confirmed high allele loss involving the neurofibromin 2 gene locus, a finding typical in meningiomas. Fluorescence in situ hybridization also revealed chromosome 21 heterogeneity in tumor cells; not only cells with trisomy 21 but also cells with disomy and monosomy 21 were present. All blood cells from the patient manifested trisomy 21. CONCLUSIONS Deletion of the chromosome 21 allele may be associated with tumorigenesis of meningioma in Down syndrome. This supports the hypothesis that some genes whose expression is increased on the extra copy of chromosome 21 function as tumor suppressor genes and that they contribute to the reduced tumor incidence in individuals with Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamamoto
- Division of Neurosurgery, Nobeoka Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Shinojima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Tatemi Todaka
- Division of Neurosurgery, Nobeoka Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | - Shigetoshi Yano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kuratsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
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17
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Dutka T, Hallberg D, Reeves RH. Chronic up-regulation of the SHH pathway normalizes some developmental effects of trisomy in Ts65Dn mice. Mech Dev 2015; 135:68-80. [PMID: 25511459 PMCID: PMC4297701 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS) is a highly complex developmental genetic disorder caused by trisomy for human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). All individuals with DS exhibit some degree of brain structural changes and cognitive impairment; mouse models such as Ts65Dn have been instrumental in understanding the underlying mechanisms. Several phenotypes of DS might arise from a reduced response of trisomic cells to the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) growth factor. If all trisomic cells show a similar reduced response to SHH, then up-regulation of the pathway in trisomic cells might ameliorate multiple DS phenotypes. We crossed Ptch1tm1Mps/+ mice, in which the canonical SHH pathway is expected to be up-regulated in every SHH-responsive cell due to the loss of function of one allele of the pathway suppressor, Ptch1, to the Ts65Dn DS model and assessed the progeny for possible rescue of multiple DS-related phenotypes. Down-regulation of Ptch produced several previously unreported effects on development by itself, complicating interpretation of some phenotypes, and a number of structural or behavioral effects of trisomy were not compensated by SHH signaling. However, a deficit in a nest-building task was partially restored in Ts;Ptch+/- mice, as were the structural anomalies of the cerebellum seen in Ts65Dn mice. These results extend the body of evidence indicating that reduced response to SHH in trisomic cells and tissues contributes to various aspects of the trisomic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Dutka
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dorothy Hallberg
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Roger H Reeves
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Ferraz ST, Valera ET, Brassesco MS, Santos de Oliveira R, Carlos dos Santos A, Saggioro FP, Neder L, Scrideli CA, Tone LG. Intracranial teratoma in children: the role of chromosome 21 trisomy. Neuropathology 2014; 34:197-200. [PMID: 24812702 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Teratomas are very rare intracranial tumors and cytogenetic information on this group remains rare. We report a case of a mature teratoma with abnormal +21 trisomy in tumor karyotype ocurring in a non-Down syndrome(DS) infant. Additionally, the evidence for the contribution of chromosome 21 trisomy in this neoplasia are briefly reviewed. The 6-month-old male baby presented with a posterior fossa tumor. Histological evaluation of tumor specimen showed a mature teratoma composed of fully differentiated ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal components. Although somatic karyotyping of the index case was normal, composite tumor karyotype depicted 47,XY,+21[6]/46,XY[6]. Besides previous reports of children with DS and intracranial teratomas, this is the first report to describe the occurrence of an isolated chromosome 21 trisomy within the tumor of a non-DS child. The participation of chromosome 21 in this rare pediatric tumor, either somatic or restricted to tumor specimen,may deserve special interest and further investigation.
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