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Kieran MW, Chisholm J, Casanova M, Brandes AA, Aerts I, Bouffet E, Bailey S, Leary S, MacDonald TJ, Mechinaud F, Cohen KJ, Riccardi R, Mason W, Hargrave D, Kalambakas S, Deshpande P, Tai F, Hurh E, Geoerger B. Phase I study of oral sonidegib (LDE225) in pediatric brain and solid tumors and a phase II study in children and adults with relapsed medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2017; 19:1542-1552. [PMID: 28605510 PMCID: PMC5737275 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sonidegib (LDE225) is a potent, selective hedgehog (Hh) inhibitor of Smoothened. This study explored the safety and pharmacokinetics of sonidegib in children with relapsed/recurrent tumors followed by a phase II trial in pediatric and adult patients with relapsed medulloblastoma (MB) to assess tumor response. METHODS Pediatric patients aged ≥1 to <18 years were included according to a Bayesian design starting at 372 mg/m2 of continuous once daily oral sonidegib. Tumor samples were analyzed for Hh pathway activation using a validated 5-gene Hh signature assay. In phase II, pediatric patients were treated at the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) while adults received 800 mg daily. RESULTS Sixteen adult (16 MB) and 60 pediatric (39 MB, 21 other) patients with an age range of 2-17 years were enrolled. The RP2D of sonidegib in pediatric patients was established at 680 mg/m2 once daily. The phase II study was closed prematurely. The 5-gene Hh signature assay showed that the 4 complete responders (2 pediatric and 2 adult) and 1 partial responder (adult) all had Hh-activated tumors, while 5 patients with activated Hh had either stable disease (n = 3) or progressive disease (n = 2). No patient with an Hh-negative signature (n = 50) responded. The safety profile for pediatric patients was generally consistent with the one established for adult patients; however, growth plate changes were observed in prepubertal pediatric patients. CONCLUSIONS Sonidegib was well tolerated and the RP2D in pediatric patients was 680 mg/m2 once daily. Five of the 10 MB patients with activated Hh pathway demonstrated complete or partial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Kieran
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
| | - Julia Chisholm
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
| | - Michela Casanova
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
| | - Alba A Brandes
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
| | - Isabelle Aerts
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
| | - Simon Bailey
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
| | - Sarah Leary
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
| | - Tobey J MacDonald
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
| | - Francoise Mechinaud
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
| | - Kenneth J Cohen
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
| | - Riccardo Riccardi
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
| | - Warren Mason
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
| | - Darren Hargrave
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
| | | | - Priya Deshpande
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
| | - Feng Tai
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
| | | | - Birgit Geoerger
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.W.K.); The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK (J.C.); Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (M.C.); Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL—IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bologna, Italy (A.A.B.); Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France (I.A); Division of Haematology/Oncology at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (E.B.); Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK (S.B.); Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA (S.L.); Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.J.M.); The Royal Children’s Hospital, Children’s Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia (F.M.); The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (K.J.C.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (R.R.); Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.M.); Paediatric Oncology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (D.H.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA (S.K., P.D., F.T., E.H.); Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (B.G.)
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